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Network logic Enhancing service delivery Communities have always provided a range of services to their own members, through self-help groups and mutual aid. Interpersonal networks, based on trust and need, enable people to access services and resources without an exchange of money or formal contract. These arrangements work when people can be confident that such exchanges are likely to be reciprocated, either directly through returned favours or indirectly through a shared commitment to the ‘common good’. Local exchange trading schemes (LETS) and TimeBank initiatives have sought to replicate this networking through the explicit use of tokens or time credits. Voluntary organisations regard communities as their natural constituency, claiming that they are innovative and sensitive to the requirements of disadvantaged sections of the population that have been neglected by mainstream services. In seeking to tackle social exclusion, the government has looked to strengthen the capacity of the voluntary and community sector to deliver a wider range of services, acknowledging its particular strengths in reaching the hardest to reach. However, even though compacts have been developed to validate and protect the autonomy of voluntary and community organisations, greater partnership working still runs the risk of eroding the independent and pioneering nature of many voluntary organisations. Recent reviews have recommended a targeted increase in resources to the sector, but at the same time called for a rationalisation of intermediary and support bodies in favour of ‘front-line’ service providers. These trends in funding arrangements may make it less easy for the sector to maintain its flexible, boundaryspanning networks because of the pressure to deliver services and provide formal consultation mechanisms. These new policy directions acknowledge that communities can contribute to democratic decision-making by adding value to the design, development and delivery of services, and in so doing promote social inclusion and cohesion. However, the rhetoric of participation and partnership has proved difficult to turn into a reality. There has been an over-reliance on voluntary sector 148 Demos
Developing the well-connected community professionals or self-appointed community leaders acting as representatives for the sector, and a failure to allow enough time for relationships of trust, respect and understanding to develop between partners and communities. Partnership boards have been under pressure to spend budgets and find solutions to hitherto intractable social problems. Unrealistic timescales set by electoral cycles and a tradition of short-termism have created additional pressures. It is not surprising that many are experiencing major difficulties in achieving the ambitious targets set by government. Developing ‘community’ networks Despite this focus on service delivery there has been a growing realisation that community engagement is not the same as voluntary sector liaison. Community leaders have often been unpaid and undervalued activists who are constantly asked to convey the (sometimes unknown) views of their communities and to defend decisions over which they feel no sense of ownership. Effective community involvement in cross-sectoral partnerships can only be sustained, therefore, on the basis of sufficient organisational capacity and strong interpersonal connections. Communities are themselves complex and dynamic, comprising overlapping but shifting networks and alliances, used by communities to promote or defend their interests in an everchanging environment. Communities exist where there is interaction and mutual influence. Social networks express and reinforce a sense of belonging, of mutuality, based on somewhat transient notions of ‘us’ and ‘them’. To varying extents, community networks comprise neighbours, work colleagues, fellow activists, those who might share a faith or hobby, or people who have faced similar experiences, for example, through migration or discrimination. If this is the case, then how can networks be shaped to contribute to stronger, more inclusive communities? The well-connected community In the first instance, it is important to acknowledge that communities have always contained differences and divisions, even where these Demos 149
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Network Logic Who governs in an int
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About Demos Demos is a greenhouse f
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Open access. Some rights reserved.
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Network logic 10. Your friendship n
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We are some way from being able to
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Network logic urban communities, re
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Network logic a weblog called DearR
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Network logic networks permit, to c
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Network logic Power The changing na
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Network logic Boundaries of identit
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Network logic verbal forms of mutua
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Network logic framework for the und
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3. Towards a theory of government K
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Towards a theory of government What
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Seeing the connectedness of things
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Network logic against risk: protect
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Network logic the actions to tackle
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Editors’ note A significant featu
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5. Untangling the threads networks,
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Untangling the threads Given the co
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Networks, knowledge and innovation
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Asked about leadership, most people
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Network logic which they are part.
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Network logic Finally, in the refor
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Network logic The challenges of net
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Power does not reside in institutio
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Network logic recombinant power, pr
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Copyright 226 Demos DEMOS - Licence
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