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Network logic located within geographical boundaries and anchored by shared values and assumptions. Policy-makers have regarded the idea of community as a panacea for society’s ills – a haven where people can find, and express, solidarity and compassion. The term ‘community’ is used in policy debates to soften the edges of unpalatable programmes and to harness the unpaid energy, expertise and enthusiasm of local volunteers and activists. The government’s interest in ‘community’ can be broken down in relation to three different but not mutually exclusive goals. Improving governance Broad swathes of government policy require public and private agencies to work in partnership arrangements, and to engage with communities in developing and delivering programmes that meet needs and aspirations. Decision-making procedures, led by elected politicians and implemented by public servants, are augmented or displaced by consultative forums and mechanisms for encouraging greater participation and influence among groups who have hitherto been marginalised or alienated by formal political systems. New forms of governance are being devised to support more effective community representation in a concerted attempt to modernise democracy and renovate civil society. Yet there is still a long way to go in learning how these complex multi-agency structures can manage the interface between communities, programme managers and policy-makers. One key challenge is to understand better the impact of informal networks on what should be transparent and democratic processes. 2 Community representatives report that they feel disempowered by the culture of many partnerships, finding themselves ‘out of the loop’ of much of the decision-making. While often being excluded from the informal networks where crucial discussions take place, their attendance at partnership meetings also means that they have less time to attend to their own community networks, which provide support and ensure accountability. The resulting frustrations and suspicions can lead to derailment and delays because of the lack of trust among partners 146 Demos
Developing the well-connected community and a consequent unwillingness to delegate to delivery agents on the part of policy-makers. Strengthening social capital Over the past few years, there has been a burgeoning interest in the concept of ‘social capital’, a term coined by social scientists to highlight the collective value of the networks of personal relationships and organisational connections. There is a growing body of empirical evidence suggesting that robust and diverse social networks enhance the health and happiness of individuals, and contribute to the well-being of society as a whole. In his well-known book, Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam sets out a range of studies linking measures of social capital to educational attainment, economic regeneration, crime reduction and employability. 3 All of these are key themes in the government’s neighbourhood renewal agenda and, as a consequence, policy-makers have enthusiastically embraced social capital theory as a possible framework for increasing social inclusion and community cohesion – hence current programmes supporting volunteering, active citizenship and the work of social entrepreneurs. The government is particularly interested in ‘bridging’ and ‘linking’ social capital, and recognises the important role that voluntary and community organisations play in this respect. However, sceptics have raised issues around the social capital approach to strengthening communities, pointing to inequalities operating within networks and arguing that ‘norms’ can be oppressive for some, while empowering for others. Putnam’s studies relied on survey data on civic engagement and membership of voluntary organisations. It has proved much harder, however, to capture the ‘connectivity’ that this is supposed to reflect, mainly because it has been difficult to collect and analyse evidence on the nature and extent of informal community networks, let alone make an assessment of how these might have changed over time. This is beginning to be addressed through the use of participatory appraisal techniques, where communities undertake their own research into local social capital. 4 Demos 147
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Network Logic Who governs in an int
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Open access. Some rights reserved.
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Network logic 10. Your friendship n
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We are some way from being able to
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Network logic the actions to tackle
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Editors’ note A significant featu
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5. Untangling the threads networks,
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Untangling the threads Given the co
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Networks, knowledge and innovation
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Power does not reside in institutio
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Copyright 226 Demos DEMOS - Licence
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