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Network logic area? Or, to put it another way, why do networks matter when it comes to inequality? The answer lies in the role of networks in distributing power, resources and opportunity across a wider system. Historically, patterns of social connectivity have been instrumental in the production and reproduction of gender disadvantage, an idea most commonly expressed in the phrase the ‘old boy network’ (OBN). When first coined in the mid-nineteenth century, this phrase referred specifically to the alumni of an elite educational institution, whose shared educational backgrounds and common affiliations naturally translated into an informal system of favours and mutual support throughout later life. Although these types of networks still exist and retain some influence in certain quarters, as a concept, the OBN has gained a wider meaning as familiar shorthand for all forms of male power in public life and the workplace. Today, the patterns of social connectivity among men that are of most concern for equality in Britain’s workplaces are less likely to be tied to the public school or the gentleman’s club than ever before. Instead, they tend to reflect embedded forms of sociability that do not formally exclude women but, combined with unequal caring roles in the home and women’s often asymmetrical working patterns, contribute to the concentration of power in male hands. In other words, these processes often create organisational cultures that value and reward qualities or behaviours that women are less likely to exhibit than men; that require, as US law professor Susan Estrich puts it, women’s ‘adaptation to a male comfort zone’. 8 In this sense, the new girl networks are not mirror images of their male counterparts, as is sometimes supposed. While many supporters believe that women can and should employ some of the same tactics as the OBN, particularly with regard to using one’s contacts instrumentally, few networks aspire to achieving the same hegemony for women that men have traditionally enjoyed in the workplace. Women’s networks have transparent structures and formal status, and exist primarily for the purpose of supporting women’s networking 122 Demos
Old boys and new girls practices. In contrast, the institutions that nurture social ties among men do not tend to hold networking as their formal or explicit aim. Furthermore, women’s networks should be understood as being fundamentally concerned with altering social relations, rather than preserving them. Just as it is useful to view patterns of social connectivity among men through the filter of power relations, it is also helpful to see women’s networks as a disruptive force impacting upon those relations. By actively creating opportunities for women to extend their personal and professional networks, women’s networks alter the dynamics of the patterns of social ties established by men, and create alternative spaces in which male norms and behaviours can be challenged. Directed in the right way, women’s networks thus have the potential to create more inclusive working environments for all. For example, the GE Women’s Network allows men to attend meetings as a way of drawing them into conversation about the dynamics of gender in the workplace and how managers can treat employees of both sexes fairly. In its early years of existence, the Lloyds TSB Women’s Network developed a set of professional development tools for its members, which were eventually adopted by Human Resources and taken into the mainstream of the core programme offered to all employees. The missing link in equality strategies? These insights have much to offer the current debate on the future of gender equality. For much of the last 30 years, the legislative and policy instruments of the state have been regarded as the most effective way to protect individuals from discrimination and to compensate for historical disparities of power. Over the past decade this framework has been challenged by the ‘business case for equality’ – an approach that attempts to link equality goals with workplace diversity and business objectives. Thus business imperatives, in theory at least, remove the need for coercion or heavy regulation by the state. While the ‘business case’ approach is widely recognised by policy-makers and employers, concerned voices from the equality lobby point to slow rates of progress and the failure of ‘soft’ tools to Demos 123
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Network Logic Who governs in an int
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About Demos Demos is a greenhouse f
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Open access. Some rights reserved.
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Network logic 10. Your friendship n
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We are some way from being able to
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Network logic urban communities, re
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Network logic a weblog called DearR
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Network logic Power The changing na
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Network logic Boundaries of identit
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Network logic beliefs, explanations
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Network logic verbal forms of mutua
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Network logic framework for the und
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3. Towards a theory of government K
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Towards a theory of government in f
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Towards a theory of government What
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Towards a theory of government Look
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Towards a theory of government enge
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Seeing the connectedness of things
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Network logic up the political agen
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Network logic against risk: protect
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Network logic Holism The second pri
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Network logic the actions to tackle
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Editors’ note A significant featu
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5. Untangling the threads networks,
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Untangling the threads Given the co
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Untangling the threads teachers exp
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14. The information utility John Ta
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The information utility task will b
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The information utility instrumenta
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The information utility Goods and s
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The information utility other publi
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Smart mobs aren’t a ‘thing’ t
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Network logic ‘People Power’ pe
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Network logic Netwar is an emerging
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Network logic another Lovegety owne
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Network logic performance of partic
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Social movements have always had an
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Network logic experience of diverse
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Network logic Use of network techno
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Network logic The challenges of net
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Network logic domain. Increasing us
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Power does not reside in institutio
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Network logic technological paradig
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Network logic recombinant power, pr
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Copyright 226 Demos DEMOS - Licence
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