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U.S. STEEL DUQUESNE WORKS HAER No. PA-115 (Page 169) 1951, each of the furnaces at Open Hearth Number One had a capacity of 90 tons, while those at Open Hearth Number Two each had a capacity of 145 tons. Finally, between 1951 and 1954, changes with respect to improved furnace design and fuel usage resulted in a significant reduction of heat times. Among the most important design improvements was the replacement of acid by basic refractory brick-lined furnace roofs and ends. Acid-lined furnace roofs and ends limited the temperature at which the furnace could be fired because of their inability to withstand high temperatures without decomposing. The construction of two 4,000,000 gallon capacity storage tanks, moreover, made it possible to regularly augment whatever fuel was being burned in the furnaces with number six fuel oil. By atomizing the fuel oil with steam at the furnace burners, operators were able to adjust the character of the flame in such a manner as to increase its emissivity (or radiation intensity) while decreasing total fuel consumption at the same time. As a result, heat times were reduced from an average of 12.6 hours in 1950 to 10 hours in 1954, while fuel consumption was reduced by 9 percent. 4 ENDNOTES: l.J. M. Camp and C. B. Francis, The Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel, Fourth Edition, (Pittsburgh, 1924), 200; United States Steel Corporation, The Making, Shaping,, and Treating of Steel, Sixth Edition, (Pittsburgh, 1951), 401; United States Steel Corporation, "Duquesne Works - Steel Production Conference," Tms, 1951, 41. 2."The Open Hearth Plant and 40-Inch Blooming Mill of the Carnegie Steel Co., at Duquesne, Pa.," The Iron Trade Review 36 (January 1, 1903): 84, 85; "The Duquesne Works of the Carnegie Steel Company: The Open Hearth Plant and the Blooming and 14-Inch Morgan Continuous Mills," The Iron Age 71 (January 1, 1903): 12- 14; Camp and Francis, 290-93; and The Making, Sixth Edition, 401, 448-49. 3.Carnegie Steel Company, "Duquesne Works: Plant Description Book," (Duquesne, 1925), 47, 50, 51, 58, 59; "Open Hearth Installation at Duquesne Completed - Bessemer Converters Replaced," The Iron Trade Review 45 (August 5, 1909): 242; Carnegie Steel Company, "Section Through 60 Ton Open Hearth Furnaces, Stock Yard No. One, & Gas Producer Building: Drawing #8793, August 1, 1911."; "Section Through Mould & Cinder Yard Number Two, Open Hearth Plant Number Two, Stock Yard, and Gas Producer Plant: Drawing #9050, December 15, 1912."; "Upper Works - Duquesne, PA - Tracks and Equipment: Drawing #12960, April 20, 1923"; and Camp and Francis, 73, 74, 293.
• U.S. STEEL DUQUESNE WORKS HAER No. PA-115 (Page 170) 4."U. S. Steel Shuts Down Duquesne Open Hearths," Blast Furnace and Steel Plant 53 (October 1965): 959; Williams Brothers Company, "Preliminary Engineering Report on Clairton - Homestead Coke-Oven Gas Pipelines," (Tulsa, 1956), 2; United States Steel Company, "Duquesne Works -Steel Production Conference," Tms, 1951, 4-6; "Location Second 4,000,000 Gallon Fuel oil Storage Tank: Drawing #25302, October 10, 1951."; Bruce Shields, "Combustion in the Open Hearth Furnace," Tms, 1952, 4, 5; United States Steel Corporation, "Operating Statistics, Duquesne Works, 1950-1954," Tms, 4; Bruce Shields, former Chief Metallurgist at the Duquesne Works and former Director of Metallurgical for the United States Steel Corporation, Interview with author, July 10, 1990.
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Installation Date: 1955. U.S. STEEL
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cooling tower has a capacity of 190
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