TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Symposium 1 - the National Sea ...

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Summer Flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) Recirculating Mariculture Initiative Michael H. Schwarz Aquaculture Specialist Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center 102 South King Street Hampton, Virginia 23669 Introduction 1 Michael L. Jahncke Director/Associate Professor Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center 102 South King Street Hampton, Virginia 23669 According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), total world fish production reached 122 million tons in 1997. Of this amount, over 28.8 million tons (> 20 %), was derived from aquaculture (Anonymous, 2000). Unfortunately, production has been limited mostly to foreign countries, and is overshadowed by an even greater decrease in wild capture fisheries. The world’s fisheries supplies have stabilized at approximately 80 million metric tons, and projected demand for seafood by 2010 is 110 to 120 million metric tons. As the upward trend for seafood increases, the U.S. must develop alternative seafood supplies or suffer increasing trade imbalances in fishery products (Garrett et al., 2000). These trends have resulted in economic hardship to coastal states and adds to the growing US trade deficit. In addition, over the past 15 years flounder catches in this country have declined significantly (Waters, 1996). Landings of flounder on the Atlantic coast dropped from 185 million pounds in 1984 to 53 million pounds in 1994 (Waters, 1996). Virginia is severely impacted by the loss of natural fisheries stocks. Boat landings of summer flounder in Virginia dropped from 9.6 million pounds in 1984 to 3 million pounds in 1994, and are regulated by a quota of approximately 2 million pounds per year (VMRC, 1998). In September of 1997, the Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center (VSAREC), Hampton, VA, initiated a marine recirculating aquaculture. This initiative was designed to foster Virginia’s fledging marine commercial aquaculture industry. Summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), an emerging aquaculture species, is the focus of research at the VSAREC. Summer flounder was chosen as the primary species for the mariculture program. Our research program is focused on isolation and quarantine, production systems, diet optimization and genetic selection. Isolation and Quarantine In June 1998, flounder were purchased from outside sources and stocked into a special isolation and quarantine room. The isolation facility incorporates the use of lobster holding vessels. These tanks lend themselves to flatfish production as they can be stacked
one above the other, reducing the ‘footprint” or floor space requirement of the system. A ¾ HP pump and upflow bead filter with enhanced media provides primary mechanical filtration. Water leaving the bead filter, flows through an air-driven rotating biological contactor (RBC). Following biological filtration, the water falls into the top tank providing aeration, off gassing and a self-cleaning circular flow pattern for the top tank. Water overflows the center drain of the top tank and falls by gravity, into the bottom tank. Water is removed via the center drain using a pump and flows to the bead filter. A customized countercurrent protein skimmer utilizes ozone injection and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) monitoring to regulate ozonation. Results indicate survival rates of 64%, and food conversion ratios (FCR) of 1.21 on a mean fish size of 235 grams. The low average weight is because survival was emphasized, allowing many poor performing fish to remain in the system. Production Systems In June 1999, a second facility was constructed for the production systems. These production systems are designed to minimize construction and operating costs while maximizing growth and survival. Utilizing double-drain technology in conjunction with swirl separators and RBC’s, these systems incorporate airlift technology for water flow, aeration, and degassing. Low total suspended solids (TSS) water from the double drain flows directly to air-driven RBC’s, via airlift manifolds. Solids laden water from the double drains flows into swirl separators, through custom designed protein skimmers, returning to the systems via the RBC vessels. Skimmers are operated via injected ozone. Low moisture feed gas is provided using a small air compressor and refrigerated air dryer. Ozone generation is controlled using ORP controllers, maintaining the systems between 200 and 300 mV. Within this range, adequate oxidation is maintained, while minimizing buildup of hyperbromous acid and other byproducts formed by ozonating natural seawater. With the application of swirl separators and increased flocculation characteristics provided by highly efficient ozonated protein skimmers, the systems are performing beyond expectation. The systems were initially operated at five percent exchange per day, and are presently stocked at 0.25 pounds per gallon, and operating at less than two percent exchange per week. Diet Optimization Considering Virginia's climate, environmental requirements of summer flounder and the necessity of operating environmentally responsible grow-out facilities, on-shore culture of marine summer flounder will probably be limited to intensive RAS. Fish grown in RAS are totally dependent on artificial feeds for their nourishment (Lovell, 1989). In RAS, feeds are required to supply all essential nutrients required for cultured fish, including metabolism, respiration, immune response, locomotion and growth. Since there are no secondary nutritional inputs as exist in pond aquaculture, a complete understanding of the nutrient requirements of a species for commercial culture in RAS is essential. 2
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
Page 3 and 4: iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
Page 5 and 6: v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
Page 7: into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
Page 11 and 12: nutritional requirements of summer
Page 13 and 14: Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Commercial Application
Page 17 and 18: System Performance: Nine of these r
Page 19 and 20: electrical costs reduced by more th
Page 21 and 22: Nitrate, as the final product of th
Page 23 and 24: Culture conditions On August 1, 199
Page 25 and 26: surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
Page 27 and 28: achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
Page 29 and 30: ecomes possible without water repla
Page 31 and 32: tropical countries for tropical fis
Page 33 and 34: fastest absorption of nutrients fro
Page 35 and 36: Recirculation System Design; The KI
Page 37 and 38: The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
Page 39 and 40: Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
Page 41 and 42: Our largest error though was in not
Page 43 and 44: Before You Invest. In my role as a
Page 45 and 46: are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
Page 47 and 48: Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
Page 49 and 50: have projects in the planning stage
Page 51 and 52: As the upward trend for seafood dem
Page 53 and 54: and the World Health Organization (
Page 55 and 56: Abstract not available at time of p
Page 57 and 58: increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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