TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Symposium 1 - the National Sea ...

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unprecedented in the growth of a new major agriculture production sector. Ranging from environmental regulations imposed by the local county health department to global trade barriers based on genetics or food additives, the nascent aquaculture industry is spending too much time deciphering and responding to regulatory code and interpretations of new policy. With a clearer, more stable set of rules, the time and limited financial resources could be better used in improving production efficiency and environmental compatibility directly through the competitive marketplace. Government initiatives should be directed toward supporting infrastructure needed by all sides to provide a better knowledgebase for decision-making and business productivity. These should include- • Support a coordinated research and development effort focused on industry constraints or areas of conflict with public policy • Accelerate technology transfer of public research to the private sector • Establish a clearly stated and consistent regulatory and policy framework The role of industry in support of aquaculture sustainability Various sources have made predictions for the future growth of global aquaculture. It seems to be assumed that such growth will occur as a matter of destiny. However, the aquaculture industry must be responsible for seizing the opportunities for commercial development and maintaining its competitiveness in the world economy (Anon. 1995). Catfish farming has a 30-year record of business sustainability (Boyd and Tucker 1995), the trout industry even longer. Yet, clearly, conditions today are very different than even a decade ago and conditions ten years forward will bring even more changes. Past performance does not guarantee future success and sustainability does not mean immutability. Examination of the basic trends supporting the predicted growth of global aquaculture provides some instruction. The commercial aquaculture sector, outside of mainland China, has been primarily focused on the production of high value stocks destined for markets in the industrialized nations (New 1999). Yet much of the scope for growth in global aquaculture production is more closely related to finding a solution to a projected world shortfall in food protein supply. Conventional commercial aquaculture is increasingly distanced from the issues of world hunger and population growth (Currie 2000) and may be poised to miss one of the great economic opportunities in agriculture in the next century. The aquaculture industry must play a greater part in shaping its own business environment. The aquaculture industry understands better than most the issues of nutrient loadings, toxicity and physiology, water quality and environmental stewardship. Instead of viewing effluent regulations as a constraint, the aquaculture industry should shape these regulations into competitive opportunities to utilize waste products as inputs that create value in other production systems (Adler, Takeda et al. 1996). In other agricultural systems, it has been found that there is substantial economic and environmental 3
justification for an investment into waste processing to reduce distribution costs by volume reduction and to increase macronutrient concentration in wastes (Gray 1999; Janzen, McGill et al. 1999), rather than seek out the apparent low cost waste disposal solution. The aquaculture industry has a vested interest in gaining access to and maintaining high quality, clean and productive growing sites. The aquaculture industry should strive to be perceived as an agent working for clean water and not an industry running away from its own environmental obligations. In both the developing and industrialized world, access to fresh water supplies will soon become one of the most pressing environmental and economic issues. In the long run, aquaculture industry growth depends on expanded access to water. It may well be that the next regulatory issue will not be effluent water quality but influent water quality as a criteria for culture use and suitability. As a potentially harmless or even beneficial user of water resources, the aquaculture industry has an opportunity to demonstrate leadership in appropriate development and use of limited water supplies for the production of food products (Jenkins, Wade et al. 1995). The U.S. and European aquaculture industries, and to some extent the general public, has mixed feelings about intensification of production and the appropriate application of highyield technology to increase productivity (Kilman 1999; Urch 1999). Other sectors of the global aquaculture community may have made more pragmatic decisions (Leggett and Johnson 2000). One can clearly argue that for terrestrial agriculture (Avery 1999; Huber 1999) and specifically for aquaculture (Bergheim, Kristiansen et al. 1993; Summerfelt 1998), that intensification provides the only foreseeable solution to meeting the at odds imperatives of conserving natural resources and meeting the food production requirements of a growing global population. Low yield aquaculture will not get us where we need to go. We simply must get smart enough to create and use the tools technology provides in a sustainable manner (Avery 1999). The role of research in support of aquaculture sustainability Public investment in research programs allow science to take a long view and assess the implications and requirements to support growth of the aquaculture industry domestically in the face of a variety of international and domestic factors. Research can be described under three specific themes that should be addressed in funded program initiatives. • Set priorities for near and long term aquaculture research and sustainable aquaculture development through systems analyses that put biological factors, the physical environment and external input use in perspective. The issues of production site and water resource scarcity and the issue of high capital cost of aquaculture investment are interrelated. Three factors influence the capital cost required for aquaculture development. First, and most familiar to producers, is the cost of technology to provide intensive or semi-intensive culture systems that are viable our economy. Second, an increasingly important factor, is the cost of infrastructure associated 4
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
Page 37 and 38: The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
Page 39 and 40: Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
Page 41 and 42: Our largest error though was in not
Page 43 and 44: Before You Invest. In my role as a
Page 45 and 46: are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
Page 47 and 48: Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
Page 49 and 50: have projects in the planning stage
Page 51 and 52: As the upward trend for seafood dem
Page 53 and 54: and the World Health Organization (
Page 55 and 56: Abstract not available at time of p
Page 57 and 58: increase the potential for bottlene
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
Page 61 and 62: Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
Page 63 and 64: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
Page 65 and 66: and the polyphenol content (Northup
Page 67 and 68: References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
Page 69 and 70: Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
Page 71 and 72: In comparison of gravity separation
Page 73 and 74: NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
Page 75 and 76: O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
Page 78 and 79: The Hatchery The hatchery supports
Page 80 and 81: in crayfish populations, disappeara
Page 82 and 83: Table 2. Summary of average flows a
Page 84 and 85: depth decreases. Improvements in tr
Page 86 and 87: Perspective on the Role of Governme
Page 90 and 91: with siting and the special equipme
Page 92 and 93: disease. We need to create environm
Page 94 and 95: Introduction Implications of Total
Page 96 and 97: The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
Page 98 and 99: Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
Page 100 and 101: ’ Conduct research and help devel
Page 102 and 103: Information sources for aquaculture
Page 104 and 105: Tilapia is an important fish specie
Page 106 and 107: To determine the RSE of the examine
Page 108 and 109: Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
Page 110 and 111: Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
Page 112 and 113: feeder control algorithms on a PC s
Page 114 and 115: Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
Page 116 and 117: The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
Page 118 and 119: Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
Page 120 and 121: Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
Page 122 and 123: Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
Page 124 and 125: Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
Page 126 and 127: similar disinfection efficiency. Th
Page 128 and 129: (2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
Page 130 and 131: Materials and Method Schematic draw
Page 132 and 133: the amount of added increase by pro
Page 134 and 135: Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
Page 136 and 137: the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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