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solublized and transformed into microbial biomass. The bacterial layer is decomposed and oxidized during rest periods between doses. Biological clogging will occur if the organic loading rate and biological growth within the bed exceeds the capacity of decomposition. When microbial growth exceeds decomposition, the microbial biomass will increasingly decrease pore volume, hydraulic conductivity, and oxygen transport, leading to the development of anaerobic conditions, a reduction in decomposition rate, and eventual failure of the filter to operate. The interaction of loading and assimilation rate will determine the filter capacity and life span. Temperature and availability of oxygen directly affect the rate of biodegradation and degree of stabilization. The design criteria for recirculating and intermittent sand filters differ; in general, the loading rates are greater with recirculating sand filters. Operation is best when the volume per dose is such that water flow around the filter medium is as a thin film to maximize absorption of soluble and colloidal material and oxygen transfer. However, when the volume of liquid applied is sufficient to fill in the pore space, particles and microorganisms can pass through the filter untreated. The typical filter bed depth is 60 cm. At bed depths of 45cm, BOD and TSS removal remain high, but the degree of nitrification is significantly reduced. The hydraulic loading rate is typically 4-8 cm/d for intermittent and 12-20 cm/d for recirculating sand filters, a dose not exceeding 10% of the field capacity ensures film flow of the liquid. Typical organic loading rates range from 2.5-10g BOD/m 2 /d for intermittent and 10-40g BOD/m 2 /d for recirculating sand filters. To convert sand filters into a resource recovery approach, carbon, such as straw or sawdust, can be substituted for the sand, yielding an organic soil end product with value. With sand as the filter medium, concurrent with removing organic matter from the water, a waste sand byproduct is generated. Carbon filters with a hydraulic loading rate of 47cm/d and total suspended solids (TSS) loading rate of 20-100g/m 2 /d, removed more than 95% of the TSS (Adler, unpublished data), but performance varied with carbon source. Carbon source is a critical design parameter in optimizing ecological systems for resource recovery. The addition of epegic earthworms significantly increased bed hydraulic conductivity by maintaining pore volume at greater organic loading rates. Costs associated with reducing the environmental impact of aquaculture production can be decreased by: (1) reducing input costs through co-utilization of waste byproducts rather than using higher grade inputs, (2) reducing labor costs through use of ecosystem services, and (3) using resource recovery systems to conserve and increase the value of waste byproducts. Developing integrated farming systems is critical to maintaining economic and environmental sustainability. Other cycles of integration need to be conceived and developed in addition to reintegrating animal and feed or plant production (e.g. soil farming, i.e. producing soil for non-farm markets, etc.). 6
References CAST. 1996. Integrated Animal Waste Management. Task Force Report No. 128. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. Ames, IA. Crites, R. and G. Tchobanoglous. 1998. Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems. The McGraw-Hill Companies. New York, New York. Frosch, R.A. 1998. "Industrial ecology and sustainability". American Scientist. 86:2. IDEQ. 1996. Idaho Waste Management Guidelines for Aquaculture Operations. Idaho Division of Environmental Quality. Janzen, R.A., W.B. McGill, J.J. Leonard, and S.R. Jeffrey. 1999. "Manure as a resource- Ecological and economic considerations in balance." Transactions of the ASAE 42:1261- 1273. Korcak, R.F. 1998. Why Co-Utilization? In Beneficial Co-Utilization of Agricultural, Municipal and Industrial By-Products. Brown, S., J.S. Angle, and L. Jacobs (eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Lavelle, P. 1997. "Faunal activites and soil processes: Adaptive strategies that determine ecosystem function." Adv. Ecol. Res. 27:93-132. Lee, S. H., S. Vigneswaran, and L. Bajracharya. "Phosphorus Transport in Saturated Slag Columns: Experimental and Mathematical Models." Water Sci. Tech., 34(1-2):153-160. Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. 1991. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse, Third Edition, revised by G. Tchobanoglous and F.L. Burton. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY. Northup, R.R., R.A. Dahlgren, T.M. Aide, J.K. Zimmerman. 1999. Effect of plant polyphenols on nutrient cycling and implications for community structure, p. 369-380. In Principles and practices in plant ecology: Allelochemical interactions. Inderjit, K.M.M. Dakshini, and C.L. Foy (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Reed, S.C., R.W. Crites, and E.J. Middlebrooks. 1995. Natural Systems for Waste Management and Treatment. Second Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, NY. Rynk, R. 1992. On-Farm Composting Handbook. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service, NRAES-54. 7
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Commercial Application
Page 17 and 18: System Performance: Nine of these r
Page 19 and 20: electrical costs reduced by more th
Page 21 and 22: Nitrate, as the final product of th
Page 23 and 24: Culture conditions On August 1, 199
Page 25 and 26: surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
Page 27 and 28: achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
Page 29 and 30: ecomes possible without water repla
Page 31 and 32: tropical countries for tropical fis
Page 33 and 34: fastest absorption of nutrients fro
Page 35 and 36: Recirculation System Design; The KI
Page 37 and 38: The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
Page 39 and 40: Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
Page 41 and 42: Our largest error though was in not
Page 43 and 44: Before You Invest. In my role as a
Page 45 and 46: are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
Page 47 and 48: Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
Page 49 and 50: have projects in the planning stage
Page 51 and 52: As the upward trend for seafood dem
Page 53 and 54: and the World Health Organization (
Page 55 and 56: Abstract not available at time of p
Page 57 and 58: increase the potential for bottlene
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
Page 61 and 62: Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
Page 63 and 64: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
Page 65: and the polyphenol content (Northup
Page 69 and 70: Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
Page 71 and 72: In comparison of gravity separation
Page 73 and 74: NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
Page 75 and 76: O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
Page 78 and 79: The Hatchery The hatchery supports
Page 80 and 81: in crayfish populations, disappeara
Page 82 and 83: Table 2. Summary of average flows a
Page 84 and 85: depth decreases. Improvements in tr
Page 86 and 87: Perspective on the Role of Governme
Page 88 and 89: unprecedented in the growth of a ne
Page 90 and 91: with siting and the special equipme
Page 92 and 93: disease. We need to create environm
Page 94 and 95: Introduction Implications of Total
Page 96 and 97: The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
Page 98 and 99: Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
Page 100 and 101: ’ Conduct research and help devel
Page 102 and 103: Information sources for aquaculture
Page 104 and 105: Tilapia is an important fish specie
Page 106 and 107: To determine the RSE of the examine
Page 108 and 109: Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
Page 110 and 111: Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
Page 112 and 113: feeder control algorithms on a PC s
Page 114 and 115: Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
Page 364 and 365:
This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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