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fish health sampling, vaccination, probiotics, INAD’s, and increased access to make-up water to better control temperature. Perhaps more importantly, it reinforced the need to think of and understand the system as a whole; gaining an appreciation for how seemingly small changes in condition might result in large differences in outcome. This was a critical management lesson that would be reinforced again and again over the years. Process Evaluation Leads to Further Improvements Technology After stabilizing mortality, the company was able to implement improvements to its treatment process that had been developed as a result of the process evaluation effort. Development, testing and installation of upgraded filtration systems enabled increased feeding intensity while improving key water quality parameters by as much as 70%. This upgrade shifted the principle constraint from the culture environment to the capability of the fish themselves. Breeding Program Introduced Having addressed the major limitations of the culture system, our research efforts were redirected toward breeding superior fish. In 1995 the company initiated a domestication program. Our goal was to establish a founding population of performance tested broodstock in order to produce superior performing fingerlings. Since 1995, the Company evaluated over 7,000 individually and/or genetically tagged fish from 70 families and 12 distinct strains. The top performing families resulting from this effort reach market 40% more quickly than commercially available hybrids. Ongoing efforts are underway to produce stable lines of superior hybrids for commercial production. Overview of Technical Accomplishments In 1998, after a decade of focused effort, AquaFuture developed its third-generation technology. This system optimizes the balance between fish biomass, feed input and filtration capacity, achieving a 50% increase in average daily feed input and nearly doubling production per filter module. The improved system offers a 70% reduction in capital cost per unit output and a 20% reduction in unit production costs while improving oxygenation and CO2 removal and needing less manpower to operate. We then incorporated leading edge technologies including waste feed detection, a patented sump for segregating and removing mortalities and improved control systems. A comparison of first, second and third generation systems is shown in Figure 1. Integration and Experience A decade of commercial experience has underscored the need to broaden our development efforts to manage critical areas interrelated with, but beyond the controlled environment central to RAS. Achieving consistently superior biological performance requires well developed approaches to managing nutrition, health and genetics tailored to the species and culture system (see figure 2, below). Gaining access to effective metrics, tools and approaches has been both illusive and costly. On the positive side, some aspects of the controlled environment established in RAS have proven to be excellent platforms for making sustained gains in these critical areas. 3
Figure 1: Comparison of First, Second & Third Generation Systems First Generation: 1980 - 1990 4 Second Generation: 1990 - 1996 Third Generation: 1997 - 1998 Production Pounds Output Per Module 10,000 65,000 100,000 Average No. Fish Per System 6,500 40,000 60,000 Average Feed Input (Lbs/day) 50 330 500 Daily Fish Growth (Lbs/day) 30 200 300 Operations System Volume (gal) 18,000 160,000 120,000 Recirculation Flow (GPM) 400 1,800 2,200 Energy Use: (kW/pound) 4.3 2.8 1.6 Water Use: (gal/pound output) 238 110 72 Economics Capital Investment Per Module $ 160,000 $ 350,000 $ 150,000 $ Capital / Ton Output $ 18,000 $ 11,000 $ 3,300 Output Per Employee (tons/yr.) 5 21 60 Figure 2: Key Disciplines Required For Successful Production within Commercial RAS Controll d e Envronm i t eRASn (with excess capacity to provide robustness) Benefi s: t • Bet er Feed t Converson i • Lower Mortaityl • Faster Growth • Siti g Flexib n li yi t • Consist nt eQualty i • Cos Reduct t on i MIS Systems: Monitoring Anal , sis y& Process Control Precise Co tron Creates l a Platf rm ofor Co ti n n s u o u Co t Red s ctio u ann I dproved m System Performance Healt Man h gemen a Systems t Nuritio t & need F anagement M Genetics & reedB i n g
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
Page 7 and 8: into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
Page 9 and 10: one above the other, reducing the
Page 11 and 12: nutritional requirements of summer
Page 13 and 14: Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Commercial Application
Page 17 and 18: System Performance: Nine of these r
Page 19 and 20: electrical costs reduced by more th
Page 21 and 22: Nitrate, as the final product of th
Page 23 and 24: Culture conditions On August 1, 199
Page 25 and 26: surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
Page 27 and 28: achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
Page 29 and 30: ecomes possible without water repla
Page 31 and 32: tropical countries for tropical fis
Page 33 and 34: fastest absorption of nutrients fro
Page 35 and 36: Recirculation System Design; The KI
Page 37 and 38: The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
Page 39 and 40: Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
Page 41 and 42: Our largest error though was in not
Page 43 and 44: Before You Invest. In my role as a
Page 45 and 46: are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
Page 47 and 48: Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
Page 49 and 50: have projects in the planning stage
Page 51 and 52: As the upward trend for seafood dem
Page 53 and 54: and the World Health Organization (
Page 55 and 56: Abstract not available at time of p
Page 57: increase the potential for bottlene
Page 61 and 62: Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
Page 63 and 64: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
Page 65 and 66: and the polyphenol content (Northup
Page 67 and 68: References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
Page 69 and 70: Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
Page 71 and 72: In comparison of gravity separation
Page 73 and 74: NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
Page 75 and 76: O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
Page 78 and 79: The Hatchery The hatchery supports
Page 80 and 81: in crayfish populations, disappeara
Page 82 and 83: Table 2. Summary of average flows a
Page 84 and 85: depth decreases. Improvements in tr
Page 86 and 87: Perspective on the Role of Governme
Page 88 and 89: unprecedented in the growth of a ne
Page 90 and 91: with siting and the special equipme
Page 92 and 93: disease. We need to create environm
Page 94 and 95: Introduction Implications of Total
Page 96 and 97: The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
Page 98 and 99: Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
Page 100 and 101: ’ Conduct research and help devel
Page 102 and 103: Information sources for aquaculture
Page 104 and 105: Tilapia is an important fish specie
Page 106 and 107: To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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