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these exotic viruses (Anon, 1995). Without an appropriate risk management strategy, these diseases have the potential to eliminate the shrimp and aquaculture industries in South Carolina and Texas. The potential for transmission of exotic diseases, specifically shrimp viruses, into native wild stocks has been recognized by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) as the single most serious resource management issue (McKinney, 1997). The South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR) has developed a risk management approach to permitting importation of non-native stocks (Stokes and Browdy, 1997). Other states such as Texas and Minnesota, have written regulations concerning possession and transportation of exotic species. This is a good start, but a more comprehensive risk management approach needs to be incorporated into state and Federal plans. Disease outbreaks within an aquaculture facility are a common occurrence that, if unchecked, can wipe out an entire year’s crop (Schwarz, personal communication). The detrimental effects of disease are even more apparent in intensive recirculating aquaculture operations. To control disease, many aquaculture companies rely heavily on the use of chemotherapeutics. Currently there are only five approved antibiotics for use in aquaculture, and these can only be used for certain species and certain life stages. Inappropriate and/or misuse of such chemicals is not only illegal but can pose potential food safety hazards to consumers (Garrett et al., 1997). Similarly, the transmission of Streptococcus iniae from whole fish to human fish cutters illustrates the complex interaction of animal, human and environmental safety issues associated with aquaculture (CDC, 1996; Garrett et al., 2000). In addition to diseases and exotic pathogens, the aquaculture industry also faces major challenges concerning escapement of exotic species and subsequent displacement of wild native species from their natural environment. An example of this is the escapement of 100,000 pen cultured Atlantic salmon into the Puget Sound (Brennan and Keene, 1997). There are numerous other examples of escapement of exotic species from aquaculture operations into the wild, potentially displacing native species and altering gene pools. Application of Haccp Principles for Risk Management The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is a risk management approach that has been accepted on a worldwide basis to prevent major food safety hazards. The Codex Alimentarius Commission has recognized the benefits of HACCP for use as a global food-control system (Garrett et al., 1997). In addition to food safety, HACCP principles can be used to control a variety of non-food safety related hazards. At a National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) “Workshop on Integrated Assessment of Shrimp Pathogens,” the HACCP concept was proposed as a potential risk management tool to control exotic shrimp viruses in shrimp ponds and processing facilities (Jahncke, 1996). The Food And Agricultural Organization (FAO) 3
and the World Health Organization (WHO) also recommended that the HACCP concept be applied to fresh waster aquaculture programs in Asia to control foodborne digenetic trematode infections in humans (Son et al., 1995; Santos, 1997). The results in Vietnam showed that application of HACCP princples to silver carp culture in North Vietnam was effective in preventing and controlling Clonorchis sinensi. Similarly, the application of these principles to fresh water aquaculture ponds in Thailand and Laos to control Opisthorchis viverrini infections was also successful (Son et al., 1995; Santos, 1997). Application of HACCP principles at aquaculture sites has the potential to control transmission of exotic animal and human pathogens, and escapement of exotic species. However, except for the application of HACCP principles to control human pathogens in Asia, no additional research on the use of HACCP Principles for these purposes has been conducted. References Anonymous. “NFI set sights on 20 lbs. per capita.” Water Farming Journal. 5(1990):14. Anonymous. “Native shrimp susceptible to South American virus.” The Aquaculture News. Aug. 3(1995):2. Brennan, M., L. Keene. “Farm salmon escape pens.” The Seattle Times Company. Mon. July 21, 1997. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). “Invasive infection with Streptococcus iniae- Ontario”. Morb. Mort. Wkly. Rep. 45(1996):650-653. Department of Commerce (DOC). “Our living oceans. Report on the status of U.S. living marine resources.” NOAA Technical Memorandum. NMFS-F/SPO-15. 1993. Garrett, E.S., M.L. Jahncke, and R.E. Martin. “Applications of HACCP principles to address food safety and other issues in aquaculture: An overview.” J. of Aquatic Food Prod. Technol. (In Press). 2000. Garrett, E.S., M.L. Jahncke, and J. M. Tennyson. “Microbiological hazards and emerging food-safety issues associated with seafoods.” J. of Food Prot. 60(1997):1409- 1415. Jahncke, M.L. The application of the HACCP concept to control exotic shrimp viruses. Paper presented at the NMFS Workshop on Integrated Assessment of Shrimp Pathogens. New Orleans, LA. June, 1996. McKinney, L. The management of shrimp fisheries and mariculture-Balancing the risk of disease-Why everyone hates you and thinks you are an idiot. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Seafood Sciences Tropical and Subtropical Technological Society of the Americas, Biloxi, MS. Oct. 5-7, 1997. 4
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
Page 3 and 4: iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
Page 5 and 6: v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
Page 7 and 8: into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
Page 9 and 10: one above the other, reducing the
Page 11 and 12: nutritional requirements of summer
Page 13 and 14: Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Commercial Application
Page 17 and 18: System Performance: Nine of these r
Page 19 and 20: electrical costs reduced by more th
Page 21 and 22: Nitrate, as the final product of th
Page 23 and 24: Culture conditions On August 1, 199
Page 25 and 26: surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
Page 27 and 28: achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
Page 29 and 30: ecomes possible without water repla
Page 31 and 32: tropical countries for tropical fis
Page 33 and 34: fastest absorption of nutrients fro
Page 35 and 36: Recirculation System Design; The KI
Page 37 and 38: The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
Page 39 and 40: Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
Page 41 and 42: Our largest error though was in not
Page 43 and 44: Before You Invest. In my role as a
Page 45 and 46: are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
Page 47 and 48: Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
Page 49 and 50: have projects in the planning stage
Page 51: As the upward trend for seafood dem
Page 55 and 56: Abstract not available at time of p
Page 57 and 58: increase the potential for bottlene
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
Page 61 and 62: Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
Page 63 and 64: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
Page 65 and 66: and the polyphenol content (Northup
Page 67 and 68: References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
Page 69 and 70: Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
Page 71 and 72: In comparison of gravity separation
Page 73 and 74: NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
Page 75 and 76: O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
Page 78 and 79: The Hatchery The hatchery supports
Page 80 and 81: in crayfish populations, disappeara
Page 82 and 83: Table 2. Summary of average flows a
Page 84 and 85: depth decreases. Improvements in tr
Page 86 and 87: Perspective on the Role of Governme
Page 88 and 89: unprecedented in the growth of a ne
Page 90 and 91: with siting and the special equipme
Page 92 and 93: disease. We need to create environm
Page 94 and 95: Introduction Implications of Total
Page 96 and 97: The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
Page 98 and 99: Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
Page 100 and 101: ’ Conduct research and help devel
Page 102 and 103:
Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
Page 106 and 107:
To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
Page 114 and 115:
Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
Page 214 and 215:
Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
Page 296 and 297:
carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
Page 298 and 299:
possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
Page 302 and 303:
of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
Page 310 and 311:
• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
Page 322 and 323:
Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
Page 326 and 327:
Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
Page 328 and 329:
References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
Page 338 and 339:
The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
Page 346 and 347:
Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
Page 348 and 349:
Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
Page 350 and 351:
Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
Page 352 and 353:
Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
Page 362 and 363:
The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
Page 364 and 365:
This apparent interaction between t
Page 366:
References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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