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cheap, and make it do the job. Our first two prototype recirculating raceways were built with loosely stacked concrete blocks, two rows high, and lined with styrofoam and plastic liners. Even these 75 foot long structures looked small in our 350 foot long chicken barn. The main lesson I brought back from Wisconsin was the crucial need for solids removal. This was done with settling areas behind penned section of trout, and with a filter section made of cut-up plastic field tile. The removal of suspended solids allowed our main biofilters to remain clear of organic residues, and the submerged pea-gravel filters were found to operate 8 to 10 years before need of cleaning or replacement. More refinements were incorporated into a second generation design, such as airlift pumps and aeration or “tidal” flushing of the biofilters, and the core of our business was the production of market-sized rainbow trout at a cost of $0.75 per pound. That may not be good in Idaho, but when you have markets of 1.5 million people an hour away, the ability to sell a premium fish product improves the economics. These older recirculating systems are still in continuous operation, and their production of one half pound trout per gallon of water are maintained with 95-98% recirculation. The most important thing we have discovered at our facility is that in insulated pole barns (with supplemental solar heat) the water temperatures are easily maintained between 50 and 70 degrees F. This is very suitable for trout, and the recirculating systems, which we dubbed “WaterSmith Systems” allowed their installation in numerous other farms where water was a limiting factor. Pre-treatment of incoming water is sometimes necessary when excessive levels of iron (>0.5ppm) or ammonia (>1.0 ppm) are present in the water supply, but most well water sources are adequate. We have converted many other hog farms, cattle barns, and chicken farms since 1988, and have formed a network of growers in our area with joint feed purchases and marketing through Freshwater Farms of Ohio. Production costs now vary between $0.82 and $1.09 per lb., and the delivered price of graded whole live trout to our processing facility is $1.65 per lb. Therefore our farmers are operating on a margin of $0.56 to $0.83 per lb., depending on the particular facility. The key here is that a WaterSmith raceway system can be installed for as little as $5,000 in renovated hog pits that are capable of producing 10,000 pounds of trout per year. No supplemental heat has ever been necessary when our solar heater system is used, and for good reason, as heating a system of this size just 1.0 degree C. can add $0.85 per pound in production costs (year 2000 dollars, Meade, 1973). Our third generation design has been in operation over a year, and incorporates the same filter systems we have used for the past fifteen years, but incorporates timesaving and space-saving improvements. In a space of 13 feet by 20 feet we build modules with conical bottom polyethylene tanks set in the gravel biofilters for support. This approach allows three times the production in the same space as our raceways, and foregoes the normal daily chore of vacuum sweeping the settling areas of raceways (20 minutes per day per raceway). The system consists of two tanks per filter module, with a combination of sizes available, usually 950 gallon or 1500 gallon tanks. The latter requires ceiling heights over 12 feet, or with below-grade excavation, 10 feet. We also 2
have projects in the planning stages that will incorporate these 1500 gallon tank modules in retrofitting hog barns with 8 foot deep pits, with existing slats providing access to the tank tops. One converted cattle barn has had these same modules in production for over a year, and capacity at time of harvest was 1500 pounds of trout per module. We seem to reach an oxygen transfer limitation at levels above that, and modifications to incorporate the use of bulk liquid oxygen are being examined. 3
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
Page 3 and 4: iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
Page 5 and 6: v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
Page 7 and 8: into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
Page 9 and 10: one above the other, reducing the
Page 11 and 12: nutritional requirements of summer
Page 13 and 14: Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Commercial Application
Page 17 and 18: System Performance: Nine of these r
Page 19 and 20: electrical costs reduced by more th
Page 21 and 22: Nitrate, as the final product of th
Page 23 and 24: Culture conditions On August 1, 199
Page 25 and 26: surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
Page 27 and 28: achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
Page 29 and 30: ecomes possible without water repla
Page 31 and 32: tropical countries for tropical fis
Page 33 and 34: fastest absorption of nutrients fro
Page 35 and 36: Recirculation System Design; The KI
Page 37 and 38: The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
Page 39 and 40: Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
Page 41 and 42: Our largest error though was in not
Page 43 and 44: Before You Invest. In my role as a
Page 45 and 46: are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
Page 47: Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
Page 51 and 52: As the upward trend for seafood dem
Page 53 and 54: and the World Health Organization (
Page 55 and 56: Abstract not available at time of p
Page 57 and 58: increase the potential for bottlene
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
Page 61 and 62: Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
Page 63 and 64: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
Page 65 and 66: and the polyphenol content (Northup
Page 67 and 68: References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
Page 69 and 70: Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
Page 71 and 72: In comparison of gravity separation
Page 73 and 74: NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
Page 75 and 76: O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
Page 78 and 79: The Hatchery The hatchery supports
Page 80 and 81: in crayfish populations, disappeara
Page 82 and 83: Table 2. Summary of average flows a
Page 84 and 85: depth decreases. Improvements in tr
Page 86 and 87: Perspective on the Role of Governme
Page 88 and 89: unprecedented in the growth of a ne
Page 90 and 91: with siting and the special equipme
Page 92 and 93: disease. We need to create environm
Page 94 and 95: Introduction Implications of Total
Page 96 and 97: The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
Page 98 and 99:
Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
Page 100 and 101:
’ Conduct research and help devel
Page 102 and 103:
Information sources for aquaculture
Page 104 and 105:
Tilapia is an important fish specie
Page 106 and 107:
To determine the RSE of the examine
Page 108 and 109:
Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
Page 110 and 111:
Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
Page 112 and 113:
feeder control algorithms on a PC s
Page 114 and 115:
Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
Page 116 and 117:
The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
Page 118 and 119:
Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
Page 120 and 121:
Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
Page 122 and 123:
Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
Page 124 and 125:
Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
Page 126 and 127:
similar disinfection efficiency. Th
Page 128 and 129:
(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
Page 130 and 131:
Materials and Method Schematic draw
Page 132 and 133:
the amount of added increase by pro
Page 134 and 135:
Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
Page 138 and 139:
daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
Page 140 and 141:
At this time, the control (both tan
Page 142 and 143:
yellow color, while the water in th
Page 144 and 145:
Case Study: Genetic improvement of
Page 146 and 147:
and human effort. This commitment m
Page 148 and 149:
- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
Page 150 and 151:
Figure 1. Production and selection
Page 152 and 153:
Performance Comparison of Geographi
Page 154 and 155:
Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
Page 156 and 157:
The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
Page 158 and 159:
Second, as the salmon farming indus
Page 160 and 161:
Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
Page 162 and 163:
Introduction Removal of Protein and
Page 164 and 165:
higher superficial air velocity gre
Page 166 and 167:
Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
Page 168 and 169:
The ideal mean residence time was a
Page 170 and 171:
A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
Page 172 and 173:
tank’s dead time. When fish were
Page 174 and 175:
Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
Page 176 and 177:
Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
Page 178 and 179:
Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
Page 180 and 181:
dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
Page 182 and 183:
Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
Page 184 and 185:
Effects of Temperature and Feeding
Page 186 and 187:
aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
Page 190 and 191:
greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
Page 196 and 197:
C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
Page 200 and 201:
Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
Page 202 and 203:
Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
Page 206 and 207:
Development Rationale for the Use o
Page 208 and 209:
Further, reduction in operating cos
Page 210 and 211:
The operation of the MRBF is domina
Page 212 and 213:
equired a high frequency of washing
Page 214 and 215:
Several dramatically different hull
Page 216 and 217:
support airlift applications. These
Page 218 and 219:
Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
Page 220 and 221:
The last filter media used in this
Page 222 and 223:
Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
Page 224 and 225:
1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
Page 226 and 227:
Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
Page 228 and 229:
The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
Page 230 and 231:
Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
Page 234 and 235:
Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
Page 236 and 237:
diffused aeration. The experiments
Page 238 and 239:
It needs to be pointed out that the
Page 240 and 241:
ammonia removal rate was low in the
Page 242 and 243:
Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
Page 246 and 247:
Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
Page 248 and 249:
Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
Page 250 and 251:
The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
Page 252 and 253:
Introduction In the Central Valley
Page 254 and 255:
Each of the two recirculation syste
Page 256 and 257:
Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
Page 258 and 259:
usiness expectations and limited te
Page 260 and 261:
needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
Page 262 and 263:
sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
Page 264 and 265:
In response to the large levels of
Page 266 and 267:
planning at the outset will, more t
Page 268 and 269:
Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
Page 272 and 273:
Information flow 1. Initial concept
Page 274 and 275:
achieve continuous production, faci
Page 276 and 277:
Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
Page 278 and 279:
The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
Page 280 and 281:
Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
Page 282 and 283:
(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
Page 284 and 285:
6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
Page 286 and 287:
control unit. Two distinct advantag
Page 288 and 289:
the many variables that are involve
Page 290 and 291:
Filtration Recirculation systems re
Page 292 and 293:
6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
Page 294 and 295:
Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
Page 296 and 297:
carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
Page 298 and 299:
possible to predict mean monthly ta
Page 300 and 301:
Recirculation Systems for Farming E
Page 302 and 303:
of this pilot-system will be evalua
Page 304 and 305:
Figure 2. The main screen of the en
Page 306 and 307:
What: What is your business structu
Page 308 and 309:
should more than offset the costs o
Page 310 and 311:
• Any other documents indicating
Page 312 and 313:
production projects. Once these par
Page 314 and 315:
A single discharge pipe works to re
Page 316 and 317:
1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
Page 318 and 319:
2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
Page 320 and 321:
Discharge pipe Number used within e
Page 322 and 323:
Previous efforts by the Illinois De
Page 324 and 325:
media. The water enters the filter
Page 326 and 327:
Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
Page 328 and 329:
References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
Page 330 and 331:
Propagation and Culture of Endanger
Page 332 and 333:
at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
Page 334 and 335:
Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
Page 336 and 337:
MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
Page 338 and 339:
The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
Page 340 and 341:
The Potential for the Presence of B
Page 342 and 343:
The main advantage for microorganis
Page 344 and 345:
organism causes disease in humans,
Page 346 and 347:
Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
Page 348 and 349:
Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
Page 350 and 351:
Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
Page 352 and 353:
Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
Page 354 and 355:
systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
Page 356 and 357:
ecirculating system after mortality
Page 358 and 359:
Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
Page 360 and 361:
disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
Page 362 and 363:
The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
Page 364 and 365:
This apparent interaction between t
Page 366:
References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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