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onitoring/control system that also regulates the temperature in the farm through regulating passive ventilation and by operating heat-reflective screens. Technical data about the farm design, technical and biological performance will be presented. 2
The Japanese Aquaculture Market and Changes into the 21st Century Daniel Gruenberg Ecologic, Co. Japan/Asian Technology & Business Development 4-20-8-106 Himonya, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-0003 Despite this small island nation of 120 million population being the world's largest seafood importer, Japan's mariculture industry, by far the world's most mature, is suffering from the effects of the longest post WWII recession as well as structural and market obstacles to profitability. Producer morale is low and the outlook is poor. In this paper, I will describe briefly the historical development of the large industry with the intent that other nations can learn from Japan's mistakes and also I will cover some technologies that may help bring about recovery of this multi-billion dollar industry. Current producers are plagued by low survival rates, lack of effective vaccines, unregulated access to antibiotics, extremely inefficient distribution, water pollution, toxic algae blooms, expensive feed and poor benthos quality. Farmers are leaving the aquaculture industry in droves as the red-ink piles up. A large majority of farmed fish are shipped live in Japan due to the Japanese consumers' obsession with freshness required for enjoyable consumption of sushi and sashimi, uncooked forms of preparing fish. Approximately 95% of Japan's 70,000 ton production of red sea bream and about 65% of the 150,000 tons of Seriola are harvested and shipped to market in live holding trucks. We are proposing to the Japanese producers and regulators several solutions to the current dilemma, some of which are already well underway. First disease needs to be prevented through an effective vaccine program, and many Japanese and foreign companies have registration applications underway. However, some laws in existence prevent for example long-term effective viral vaccines and we are lobbying for changes to these laws. Feed and feeding practice improvements will decrease feeding cost and decrease organic loading, providing synergistic improvements in environment and production efficiency. In concert with these production related improvements, much effort is being put into improving the distribution system with emphasis on live fish distribution technology, which the author has been concentrating on for the last two years. Current technology and that under development will be examined in detail. 1
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
Page 3 and 4: iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
Page 5 and 6: v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
Page 7 and 8: into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
Page 9 and 10: one above the other, reducing the
Page 11 and 12: nutritional requirements of summer
Page 13 and 14: Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Commercial Application
Page 17 and 18: System Performance: Nine of these r
Page 19 and 20: electrical costs reduced by more th
Page 21 and 22: Nitrate, as the final product of th
Page 23 and 24: Culture conditions On August 1, 199
Page 25 and 26: surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
Page 27 and 28: achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
Page 29 and 30: ecomes possible without water repla
Page 31 and 32: tropical countries for tropical fis
Page 33 and 34: fastest absorption of nutrients fro
Page 35: Recirculation System Design; The KI
Page 39 and 40: Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
Page 41 and 42: Our largest error though was in not
Page 43 and 44: Before You Invest. In my role as a
Page 45 and 46: are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
Page 47 and 48: Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
Page 49 and 50: have projects in the planning stage
Page 51 and 52: As the upward trend for seafood dem
Page 53 and 54: and the World Health Organization (
Page 55 and 56: Abstract not available at time of p
Page 57 and 58: increase the potential for bottlene
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
Page 61 and 62: Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
Page 63 and 64: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
Page 65 and 66: and the polyphenol content (Northup
Page 67 and 68: References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
Page 69 and 70: Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
Page 71 and 72: In comparison of gravity separation
Page 73 and 74: NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
Page 75 and 76: O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
Page 78 and 79: The Hatchery The hatchery supports
Page 80 and 81: in crayfish populations, disappeara
Page 82 and 83: Table 2. Summary of average flows a
Page 84 and 85: depth decreases. Improvements in tr
Page 86 and 87:
Perspective on the Role of Governme
Page 88 and 89:
unprecedented in the growth of a ne
Page 90 and 91:
with siting and the special equipme
Page 92 and 93:
disease. We need to create environm
Page 94 and 95:
Introduction Implications of Total
Page 96 and 97:
The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
Page 114 and 115:
Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
Page 144 and 145:
Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
Page 148 and 149:
- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
Page 162 and 163:
Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
Page 170 and 171:
A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
Page 174 and 175:
Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
Page 176 and 177:
Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
Page 178 and 179:
Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
Page 206 and 207:
Development Rationale for the Use o
Page 208 and 209:
Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
Page 212 and 213:
equired a high frequency of washing
Page 214 and 215:
Several dramatically different hull
Page 216 and 217:
support airlift applications. These
Page 218 and 219:
Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
Page 220 and 221:
The last filter media used in this
Page 222 and 223:
Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
Page 224 and 225:
1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
Page 278 and 279:
The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
Page 284 and 285:
6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
Page 290 and 291:
Filtration Recirculation systems re
Page 292 and 293:
6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
Page 294 and 295:
Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
Page 296 and 297:
carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
Page 298 and 299:
possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
Page 302 and 303:
of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
Page 328 and 329:
References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
Page 334 and 335:
Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
Page 338 and 339:
The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
Page 340 and 341:
The Potential for the Presence of B
Page 342 and 343:
The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
Page 346 and 347:
Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
Page 348 and 349:
Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
Page 350 and 351:
Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
Page 352 and 353:
Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
Page 356 and 357:
ecirculating system after mortality
Page 358 and 359:
Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
Page 362 and 363:
The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
Page 364 and 365:
This apparent interaction between t
Page 366:
References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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