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ecirculating system after mortality occurred and systems, including biofilters, disinfected with 10 ppm chloramine-T and new fish added neither enteric redmouth nor furunculosis occuured within six weeks after restocking. Culturing feces, mucus or biofilters also failed to show the pathogens. Transmission of Y. ruckeri and A salmonicida by disinfecting the entire system with 10 ppm chloramine-T immediately after the five day culture addition, procedure 2, failed to produce clinical disease in rainbow trout or char. Culture of feces from 25 rainbow trout 3 wk after chloramine-T disinfection failed to show Y. ruckeri, while 1 of six biofilters was positive for the pathogen. Five wks after chloramine-T disinfection none of the 25 mucus samples from char was positive for A. salmonicida, while one of six biofilters was positive. Monitoring of both rainbow and char is being continued. Our results to date show that when Y. ruckeri or A. salmonicida are continuouely added to our recycle system for five days these bacteria remain in the biofilters, even after 24 hr of continuous washing, and can produce overt disease in rainbow trout or char. However, if infected fish are removed and the entire system disinfected with 10 ppm chloramine-T and then restocked no disease occurs and the pathogens cannot be cultured from feces, mucus, or biofilters. When the entire culture system is disinfected with 10 ppm chloramine-T and fish stocked no disease occurs and bacteria cannot be isolated from feces or mucus, but can be isolated from biofilters. It is possible that chloramine-T disinfection reduces the pathogens to a level where months may be required before overt disease is produced. However the presence of pathogens in the biofilters is a threat for newly stocked fish. We will continue to monitors fish and biofilters over several months to determine if disease will occur if pathogens are not added again and new fish stocked into the systems. Table 1. Transmission of Yersinia ruckeri and Aeromonas salmonicida after Rinsing biofilters and disinfection of the rest of the system with chlorine. Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Y. ruckeri Y. ruckeri A. salmonicida 5 day culture addition 6.0 x 10 9 /ml 6.0 x 10 9 /ml 2.5 x 10 6 /ml Pathogen in system 1/6 biofilters+ 3/6 biofilters + 6/6 biofilters + after culture addition tank water + tank water + tank water + Pathogen in system not done 1/6 biofilters + 1/6 biofilters + After disinfection tank water - tank water - Mortality after restocking 21 days 11 days 15 days Prevalence before or after 6/25 feces + 2/25 feces + 2/25 mucus + mortality 1/6 biofilters + 0/6 biofilters + 6/6 biofilters + before mortality after mortality after mortality Presence of pathogen after 0/6 biofilters + not done 0/6 biofilters + Chloramine-T tank water - tank water – Mortality after restocking no mortality 6 no mortality 6 wk no mortality 6 wk Or presence of pathogen wk biofilters and biofilters and biofilters and feces - Feces - Mucus - 4
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service under agreement number 59-1930-8-038. Any opinions findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the USDA. References Bullock, G. L., Hankins, J,. Heinen, J., Starliper, C., and Teska, J. 1993. “ Qualitative and quantitative bacteriological studies on a fluidized sand biofilter used in a semiclosed trout culture system.” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 17. Cipriano, R., Bullock, G. L., and Noble, A. 1996. “ Nature of Aeromonas salmonicida carriage on asymptomatic rainbow trout mailntained in a culture system with recirculating water and fluidized-sand biofilters.” J. Aquat. Anim. Health 8:47-51. Egusa, S. 1981. Fish diseases and their control in intensive culture utilizing heated effluents or recirculation systems. Pages 33-38 In K.Tiews (ed.), Aquaculture in heated effluents and recirculation systems, Vol. 2. Heenemann Veerlagsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin, Germany. Mellergaard, S., Dalsgaard, I. 1987. “Disease problems in danish eel farms.” Aquaculture 67:139-146. Miles, A. A and Misra, S. S. 1938. “.The estimation of the bacteriocidal power of the blood.” J. Hygiene 38:732-749. Noble, A. C., Summerfelt, S.T. 1996. Diseases encountered in rainbow trout cultured in recirculating systems. Pages 65-92 In M. Faisal and F. M.Hetrick (eds.) Annual Review of Fish Diseases, Vol 6. Elsiever, Great Britain. Waltman, W. D.,Shotts, E.B., Jr. 1984. “A medium for the isolation and differentiation of Yersinia ruckeri.” Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41:804-806. Udey , L. R., 1982. “A differential medium for distinguishing Alr + from Alr - phenotypes of Aeromonas salmonicida.” Page 41 In Proceedings of the 13 th annual conference and 7 th annual eastern fish health workshop. International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine, Baltimore, Md. 5
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
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Abstract not available at time of p
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increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
Page 306 and 307: What: What is your business structu
Page 308 and 309: should more than offset the costs o
Page 310 and 311: • Any other documents indicating
Page 312 and 313: production projects. Once these par
Page 314 and 315: A single discharge pipe works to re
Page 316 and 317: 1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
Page 318 and 319: 2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
Page 320 and 321: Discharge pipe Number used within e
Page 322 and 323: Previous efforts by the Illinois De
Page 324 and 325: media. The water enters the filter
Page 326 and 327: Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
Page 328 and 329: References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
Page 330 and 331: Propagation and Culture of Endanger
Page 332 and 333: at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
Page 334 and 335: Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
Page 336 and 337: MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
Page 338 and 339: The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
Page 340 and 341: The Potential for the Presence of B
Page 342 and 343: The main advantage for microorganis
Page 344 and 345: organism causes disease in humans,
Page 346 and 347: Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
Page 348 and 349: Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
Page 350 and 351: Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
Page 352 and 353: Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
Page 354 and 355: systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
Page 358 and 359: Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
Page 360 and 361: disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
Page 362 and 363: The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
Page 364 and 365: This apparent interaction between t
Page 366: References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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