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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G. (1989) Structure and Function of Biofilms. In: W.G. Characklis and P.A. Wilderer (Eds.), Structure and Function of Biofilms. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Wong, A.C.L. (1998) Biofilms in food processing environments. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 2770. Yu, F.P. and McFeters, G.A. (1994) Physiological responses of bacteria in biofilms to disinfection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology July, 2462. Yu, T. and Bishop, P.I. (1998) Stratification of microbial metabolic processes and redox potential change in an aerobic biofilm studied using microelectodes. Water Science and Technology 37, 195. Zlotkin, A., Hershko, H. and Eldar, A. (1998) Possible Transmision of Streptococcus iniae from Wild Fish to Cultured marine Fish. Applied and Environmental Microbiology Oct., 4065.
Transmission of Furunculosis and Enteric Redmouth by Means of Fluidized Sand Biofilters G. L. Bullock, Research Microbiologist, Conservation Fund’s Freshwater Institute, Shepherdstown, WV. W. B. Schill, Chemist, USGS, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Kearneysville, WV. Abstract E. Burchard, Research Associate, Conservation Fund’s Freshwater Institute, Shepherdstown, WV. Two bacterial pathogens of salmonids, Aeromonas salmonicida cause of furunculosis, or Yersinia ruckeri, cause of enteric redmouth, were added for five days to the pump inlet of a recirculating culture system, without fish, in order to determine if the pathogens would become established in the fluidized sand biofilters and infect newly added salmonids. Before addition of the cultures, the biofilters were sampled and found free of both pathogens. However, both pathogens could be cultured from biofilters after cultures were added. When culture addition was completed the recycle system, except for biofilters, was disinfected with 200 ppm chlorine for two hours. Biofilters were continuously washed for 24 hr with springwater. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to detect Y. ruckeri, or Arctic char (salvelinus alpinus), to detect A. salmonicida, were then added to the recycle system. Three weeks after addition of rainbow trout, Y. ruckeri was cultured from feces and trout began dying from enteric redmouth. Two weeks after char were added clinical furunculosis was diagnosed and A. salmonicida was isolated from survivors. After enteric redmouth or furunculosis had been transmitted from biofilters, fish were removed, and the entire system was treated with 10 ppm chloramine-T in an attempt to remove the pathogens from the biofilters. The system was then restocked with either char or rainbow trout. After six weeks neither furunculosis nor redmouth occurred and neither pathogen could be isolated from salmonids or bilofilters. Biofilter transmission experiments were repeated with both pathogens, and an additional procedure for disease transmission tested. Introduction Infectious diseases are a major cause of mortality in intensive aquaculture. Precautions such as use of specific pathogen frees stocks of fish, clean water supply, proper sanitation, and biosecurity are necessary to reduce disease outbreaks. In a recirculating culture system another possible source of pathogens is biofilters. If a disease outbreak occurs there is a possibility the pathogen may become established in biofilters and infect newly stocked fish. Several reviews have described disease problems in recirculating 1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
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Abstract not available at time of p
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increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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Page 304 and 305: Figure 2. The main screen of the en
Page 306 and 307: What: What is your business structu
Page 308 and 309: should more than offset the costs o
Page 310 and 311: • Any other documents indicating
Page 312 and 313: production projects. Once these par
Page 314 and 315: A single discharge pipe works to re
Page 316 and 317: 1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
Page 318 and 319: 2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
Page 320 and 321: Discharge pipe Number used within e
Page 322 and 323: Previous efforts by the Illinois De
Page 324 and 325: media. The water enters the filter
Page 326 and 327: Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
Page 328 and 329: References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
Page 330 and 331: Propagation and Culture of Endanger
Page 332 and 333: at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
Page 334 and 335: Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
Page 336 and 337: MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
Page 338 and 339: The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
Page 340 and 341: The Potential for the Presence of B
Page 342 and 343: The main advantage for microorganis
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Page 346 and 347: Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
Page 348 and 349: Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
Page 350 and 351: Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
Page 354 and 355: systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
Page 356 and 357: ecirculating system after mortality
Page 358 and 359: Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
Page 360 and 361: disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
Page 362 and 363: The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
Page 364 and 365: This apparent interaction between t
Page 366: References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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