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Honda, H., Y. Watanabe, K. Kikuchi, N. Iwata, S. Takeda, H. Uremoto, T. Furata, and M. Kiyono. “High density rearing of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, with closed seawater recirculating system equipped with a denitrification unit”. Suisanzoshoku. 41 (1993): 19-26. Kim, I.B, and J.Y. Jo. “Recirculating aquaculture systems in Korea – Development of an environmentally friendly aquaculture system, Intensive Bio-Production Korean (IBK) system.” Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture. Ronoake, Virginia. July 16-19. 1998:139-146. Lee, N.-H. “A swine wastewater treatment by using water hyacinth systems”. Doctoral Dissertation. National Fisheries University of Pusan. 1993. Payne, W.J, “Reduction of nitrogenous oxides by microorganisms”. Bacterial. Rev, 37,(1973) 409-452. Reed, S.C., E.J. Middlebrooks, and R.W. Crites. Natural Systems for Waste Management and Treatment. New York: McGrow-Hill 1988. Rakocy, J.E. “Waste management in integrated recirculating systems”. Bull. Natl. Res. Inst. Aquaculture, Suppl. 1 (1994): 75-80. Russo, R.C. and R.V. Thurston. “Toxicity of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate to fishes” In Aquaculture and Water Quality. The World Aquaculture Society (1991): 58-89. Sawyer, C.N. and P.L. McCarty. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. New York: McGrow-Hill. 1978. 5
Recirculation System Design; The KISS Concept Rene’ Remmerswaal (1), Rolli Hadas Israel (2) (1) Haogenplast Projects, Israel, E-mail: renerem@netvision.net.il (2) Kora Engineering, Israel. E-mail: kora1980@netvision.net.il Having installed over 80.000 m³ of intensive culture pond volume Haogenplast Projects is a major fish farm constructor. Large efforts were made to develop costeffective recirculation systems. Experience was gained with roundfish, flatfish and shrimp, both in seawater and fresh water. A wide variety of equipment and system set-ups were tested and evaluated. Finally this work is yielding various effective solutions. The key is the KISS rule; Keep It Simple, Stupid! The system concept is described that is now in use for culture of shrimp, Hybrid striped bass and Seabream. The fish or shrimps are grown in D-ended raceways of 100-500 m², 0.6-1.2 m. deep. A central baffle and paddlewheel aerators provide a one-directional current as well as O2 addition and CO2 stripping. The farm is in a greenhouse that is covered with transparent plastic (Tilapia), green plastic (Bass) or an insulating material (Flatfish). A special bottom outlet removes settled solids, while the main water treatment flow is taken via an overflow weir. Densities are kept modest (10-20 kg/m³ for fish). The main water treatment consists of a combination of a hydrocyclone / settler and beadfilter for solid removal and submerged aerated biofilters. Both components use “Haogenplast macaroni”, small extruded tubes with a large surface area. Pumping is done by airlift pumps. The solid catchers are periodically aerated for cleaning and the backwash water is directed to a covered denitrification pond. Here organics are digested, nitrate is turned to nitrogen gas and alkalinity is recovered. The effluent of the denitrification pond can be discharged or re-directed into the system. Small system adaptations are made if the cultured species requires so. The combination of large water volumes, large water flows and an overdimensioned watertreatment unit assure a good and stable water quality. The strong dependence on aeration by blowers makes the system technically simple and highly reliable, even in seawater. The system components are designed for one task but have dual purpose. Airlifts pump water but significantly contribute to gas exchange. Depending on the water quality they also function as foam fractionator. The beadfilter is designed for solid capture but gives a bonus by working as biofilter as well. High energy efficiency is achieved by fine-tuning the airlift design and by operating paddlewheels and airlifts on-demand. This is achieved by an advanced 1
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
Page 3 and 4: iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
Page 5 and 6: v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
Page 7 and 8: into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
Page 9 and 10: one above the other, reducing the
Page 11 and 12: nutritional requirements of summer
Page 13 and 14: Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Commercial Application
Page 17 and 18: System Performance: Nine of these r
Page 19 and 20: electrical costs reduced by more th
Page 21 and 22: Nitrate, as the final product of th
Page 23 and 24: Culture conditions On August 1, 199
Page 25 and 26: surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
Page 27 and 28: achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
Page 29 and 30: ecomes possible without water repla
Page 31 and 32: tropical countries for tropical fis
Page 33: fastest absorption of nutrients fro
Page 37 and 38: The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
Page 39 and 40: Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
Page 41 and 42: Our largest error though was in not
Page 43 and 44: Before You Invest. In my role as a
Page 45 and 46: are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
Page 47 and 48: Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
Page 49 and 50: have projects in the planning stage
Page 51 and 52: As the upward trend for seafood dem
Page 53 and 54: and the World Health Organization (
Page 55 and 56: Abstract not available at time of p
Page 57 and 58: increase the potential for bottlene
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
Page 61 and 62: Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
Page 63 and 64: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
Page 65 and 66: and the polyphenol content (Northup
Page 67 and 68: References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
Page 69 and 70: Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
Page 71 and 72: In comparison of gravity separation
Page 73 and 74: NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
Page 75 and 76: O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
Page 78 and 79: The Hatchery The hatchery supports
Page 80 and 81: in crayfish populations, disappeara
Page 82 and 83: Table 2. Summary of average flows a
Page 84 and 85:
depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
Page 364 and 365:
This apparent interaction between t
Page 366:
References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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