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Propagation and Culture of Endangered Freshwater Juvenile Mussels in a Recirculating Aquaculture System Jess W. Jones and Richard J. Neves Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061 Phone: (540) 231-8865 e-mail: vtaquaculture@hotmail.com Although North America contains the greatest diversity of freshwater mussels in the world, roughly 300 species, this family of mollusks is the most imperiled group of animals in the U.S.. Already, 21 species are extinct and 69 species are listed as endangered or threatened. To help prevent additional species loss, biologists at the Virginia Tech Aquaculture Center in Blacksburg, VA, have developed methods to propagate and culture endangered juvenile mussels for release into rivers of the upper Tennessee River drainage. Freshwater mussels have a unique life history, requiring the use of fish in the life cycle. Thus, the process of producing juvenile mussels begins by collecting suitable host fish from the river and holding them in captivity until gravid female mussels can be found. In the laboratory, the larvae (glochidia) in the gills of the female mussel are flushed out using a hypodermic needle filled with water. This nonlethal method allows us to return females to the river once her progeny have been removed. The larvae can number more than 200,000 per female. These larvae are then introduced into a bucket holding the host fish, and aeration is used to keep the water agitated to allow larvae to attach to the gills of the fish. After 1 hour of exposure, the fish are moved to large aquaria where the attached larvae begin the transformation process, which requires 2-3 weeks. Once these young juveniles drop from their host fish, they are collected by siphoning the tank bottoms. They are put in recirculating streams in a greenhouse facility, where they are fed cultured algae until a desired size is achieved for release to the wild, usually 1-2 months. In 1998 and 1999, a total of 150,000 juvenile mussels of 8 species were released into the Clinch and Powell rivers in Tennessee. 1
Use of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) for Eel (Anguilla rostrata) Production in Virginia Marketing Scott Smith 7760 Anguilla Dr. Prince George, VA 23875 There are two markets for eels raised in the U.S. as food fish. The primary market is the value-added eel market in the U.S. and Japan. Kabayaki is a type of “value added” product made by steaming and grilling the eel fillet and adding a special blend of spices. The importation of Kabayaki from China and other Asian countries into the U.S. exceed 5,000 MT per year with a wholesale value of 38 million dollars. The secondary market for eels, raised in the U.S., is the live export market to Asia and Europe. Japan imports in excess of 48,000 metric tons of live eels per year with an average wholesale value of 6.00 dollars per lb. ($576 million US). The demand for whole eel in Japan for Kabayaki production is increasing by 10% per year. Eels can be grown in the U.S. and shipped into Japan's live market for a wholesale price of $4.50 per lb. Eel Culture Technology (ECT) is a company that produces fingerling eels for exportation to Asia, Europe, and South America. ECT utilizes Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) to produce over three million fingerling eels annually. ECT is located 22 miles southeast of Richmond. Facilities A 30,000 ft 2 building, two deep wells producing 30 gallons per min., and two, 56 m 3 recirculating systems. Each system contains 24 3-m 3 fiberglass tanks, rotating drum filtration, biological filtration, propane heat exchanger, degassing tower, and ultraviolet irradiation. ECT has a permit with Virginia Marine Resource Commission for the annual harvest of 600 kg of glass eels (approximately 3,000,000 glass eels). Inputs ECT uses a commercial trout diet produced by Southern States to feed 1-5% eel biomass per day (45% crude protein, 10% crude fat, 4% crude fiber, 1% phosphorus). Each system is capable of receiving up to 75 kg/feed/d or 6 kg/N/d while maintaining adequate water quality parameters for eel culture. Oxygen cones are used to maintain oxygen saturation in the culture tanks from 100-250% saturation. Oxygen is used at a rate of 9-12 g O2/kg eel bio-mass/d or 0.9 kg O2/kg feed/d. Fluidized bead filters are used for the removal of ammonia and nitrite. Bio-barrels are used as the fluidized media 1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
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Abstract not available at time of p
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increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
Page 280 and 281: Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
Page 282 and 283: (a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
Page 284 and 285: 6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
Page 286 and 287: control unit. Two distinct advantag
Page 288 and 289: the many variables that are involve
Page 290 and 291: Filtration Recirculation systems re
Page 292 and 293: 6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
Page 294 and 295: Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
Page 296 and 297: carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
Page 298 and 299: possible to predict mean monthly ta
Page 300 and 301: Recirculation Systems for Farming E
Page 302 and 303: of this pilot-system will be evalua
Page 304 and 305: Figure 2. The main screen of the en
Page 306 and 307: What: What is your business structu
Page 308 and 309: should more than offset the costs o
Page 310 and 311: • Any other documents indicating
Page 312 and 313: production projects. Once these par
Page 314 and 315: A single discharge pipe works to re
Page 316 and 317: 1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
Page 318 and 319: 2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
Page 320 and 321: Discharge pipe Number used within e
Page 322 and 323: Previous efforts by the Illinois De
Page 324 and 325: media. The water enters the filter
Page 326 and 327: Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
Page 328 and 329: References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
Page 332 and 333: at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
Page 334 and 335: Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
Page 336 and 337: MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
Page 338 and 339: The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
Page 340 and 341: The Potential for the Presence of B
Page 342 and 343: The main advantage for microorganis
Page 344 and 345: organism causes disease in humans,
Page 346 and 347: Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
Page 348 and 349: Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
Page 350 and 351: Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
Page 352 and 353: Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
Page 354 and 355: systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
Page 356 and 357: ecirculating system after mortality
Page 358 and 359: Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
Page 360 and 361: disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
Page 362 and 363: The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
Page 364 and 365: This apparent interaction between t
Page 366: References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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