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( 100 − X ) ⎛ Cni− ⎞ = ⎜ × Tw × + Wn ⎟ × Tw ⎝ 1000 100 ⎠ 1 −1 Cni i × It was calculated about the case that it was reared in the commercial facilities size of the total volume of water 130 m 3 for 1 year. Fig.4 is the change of the nitrate nitrogen concentration when the replacement water rate was 0-10 % per day. A calculation is when the density of the fish per the tank increases linearly to 5 % from 0.01 % for 1 year, in a total system volume of 130 m 3 (Table 2). The feeding rate was 1, and all the feed containing 50 % protein containing rates was consumed. We postulate when 35 % of the nitrogen content of that was excreted as dissolved nitrogen such as ammonia. For this calculation we fixed the rates of nitrogen absorption and of excretion, though in reality these values vary according to species and growth stage. When 10 % (13 m 3 /day) of the total system volume is replaced per day, nitrate nitrogen concentration reaches 100 mg/l for 1 year. In this case, water with the nitrate nitrogen concentration of 100 mg/l is discharged at a rate of 13 m 3 per day. With zero water exchange, nitrate nitrogen accumulates to a concentration of nearly 2000 mg/l after 1 year. NO 3-N (mg/l) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Fig. 4. The change of the nitrate nitrogen concentration in the culture water when the replacement water rate was 0-10 % per day. Calculated for the case where the total volume of water was 130 m 3 for 1 year. The nitrate concentration of the culture water is greatly affected by the metabolic rate of the fish, and exchange rate of new water. And, the decrease of the nitrate concentration 9 1000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Culture period (day) (2) replacement water rate 0% 0.5% 2% 10%
ecomes possible without water replacement if denitrification is done. Denitrification is considered necessary when closed recirculating aquaculture systems are used though there is little study of fish tolerance toward the nitrate. Current design practices should consider an acceptable nitrate nitrogen concentration, a water exchange rate based on site conditions and the denitrification filter sized accordingly. Acknowledgement This work was supported by Japan International Food and Aquaculture Society. The authors would like to thank Inlandwater Experimental Station Kanagawa Pref. Fisheries Research Institute for give pejerrey eyed eggs and Abiko Research Laboratory Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry for give denitrification bacteria, and the staff at R & D Dept. Hokkaido Industrial Technology Center for sample analysis. References Bower, C. E. and Bidwell, J. P. "Ionization of Ammonia in Aeawater:Effects of Temperature, pH, and Salinity." J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35 (1978) :1012-1016. Colt, J. and Tchobanoglous, G. "Evaluation of the short-term toxicity of nitrogenous compounds to channel catfish." Aquaculture 8(3) (1976) : 209-224. Hirayama, K. "Influences of nitrate accumulated in culturing water on Octopus vulgaris." Bulletin of Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 32(2) (1966) : 105-111. Jeris, J. S. and Owens, R. W. Pilot-scale, high rate biological denitrification. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 47 1975 : 2043-2057. Muir, J. F. and Roberts, R. J. Recirculated water systems in aquaculture. Recent Advances in Aquaculture. Westview Press : Boulder. 1982. Yoshino, H., Gruenberg, D. E., Watanabe, I., Miyajima, K., and Satoh, O. "Denitrification in a Closed Recirculating Seawater Aquaculture System." Suisanzoushoku 47(3) (1999) : 445-451. Watanabe, Y., Kikuchi, K., Takeda, S. and Kiyono, M. "Development of Water Purification Technologies for Intensive Fish Culture, 7.Removal of Nitrate Accumulating in Cultural Seawater and Some Factors Affecting the Denitrification of Marine Denitrifying Bacteria." Abiko Research Laboratory Rep. No.U91002 (1991) : 1-21. 10
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
Page 3 and 4: iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
Page 5 and 6: v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
Page 7 and 8: into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
Page 9 and 10: one above the other, reducing the
Page 11 and 12: nutritional requirements of summer
Page 13 and 14: Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Commercial Application
Page 17 and 18: System Performance: Nine of these r
Page 19 and 20: electrical costs reduced by more th
Page 21 and 22: Nitrate, as the final product of th
Page 23 and 24: Culture conditions On August 1, 199
Page 25 and 26: surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
Page 27: achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
Page 31 and 32: tropical countries for tropical fis
Page 33 and 34: fastest absorption of nutrients fro
Page 35 and 36: Recirculation System Design; The KI
Page 37 and 38: The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
Page 39 and 40: Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
Page 41 and 42: Our largest error though was in not
Page 43 and 44: Before You Invest. In my role as a
Page 45 and 46: are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
Page 47 and 48: Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
Page 49 and 50: have projects in the planning stage
Page 51 and 52: As the upward trend for seafood dem
Page 53 and 54: and the World Health Organization (
Page 55 and 56: Abstract not available at time of p
Page 57 and 58: increase the potential for bottlene
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
Page 61 and 62: Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
Page 63 and 64: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
Page 65 and 66: and the polyphenol content (Northup
Page 67 and 68: References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
Page 69 and 70: Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
Page 71 and 72: In comparison of gravity separation
Page 73 and 74: NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
Page 75 and 76: O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
Page 78 and 79:
The Hatchery The hatchery supports
Page 80 and 81:
in crayfish populations, disappeara
Page 82 and 83:
Table 2. Summary of average flows a
Page 84 and 85:
depth decreases. Improvements in tr
Page 86 and 87:
Perspective on the Role of Governme
Page 88 and 89:
unprecedented in the growth of a ne
Page 90 and 91:
with siting and the special equipme
Page 92 and 93:
disease. We need to create environm
Page 94 and 95:
Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
Page 106 and 107:
To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
Page 114 and 115:
Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
Page 162 and 163:
Introduction Removal of Protein and
Page 164 and 165:
higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
Page 170 and 171:
A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
Page 174 and 175:
Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
Page 176 and 177:
Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
Page 178 and 179:
Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
Page 208 and 209:
Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
Page 214 and 215:
Several dramatically different hull
Page 216 and 217:
support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
Page 222 and 223:
Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
Page 234 and 235:
Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
Page 250 and 251:
The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
Page 290 and 291:
Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
Page 296 and 297:
carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
Page 298 and 299:
possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
Page 338 and 339:
The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
Page 346 and 347:
Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
Page 348 and 349:
Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
Page 352 and 353:
Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
Page 356 and 357:
ecirculating system after mortality
Page 358 and 359:
Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
Page 362 and 363:
The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
Page 364 and 365:
This apparent interaction between t
Page 366:
References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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