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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3 - -N/L) Effluent nitrite conc. (mg NO - 2 -N/L) Denitrification efficiency (%) 12 9 6 3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 Operating periods (day) R-1(o ppt) R-2(7.5 ppt) R-3(15 ppt) R-4(30ppt) Fig. 1. Operation of denitrifying reactor with immobilized denitrifier ; Nitrate nitrogen concentrations of the influents and effluent of reactors (a), nitrite nitrogen concentrations of the effluent of reactors (b) and denitrification efficiency(c) with different salinity Influent R-1(●) Effluent R-1(❍) ; 0ppt of salinity Influent R-2(▲) Effluent R-2(u) ; 7.5ppt of salinity Influent R-3(■) Effluent R-3(y) ; 15ppt of salinity Influent R-4(▼) Effluent R-4(v) ; 30ppt of salinity The effect of acclimation method on the denitrification process. Fig. 2. shows nitrate removal rates and nitrite nitrogen concentrations of the acclimation method from the fresh water denitrification system to the marine system. R-1 was maintained to the fresh water system as the control reactor to correct changes in cultivation conditions, for example temperature, pH and DO, because all reactors were operated at room temperature and 4 months were required for the operation. In the control reactor, R-1, the nitrate nitrogen removal rates were reduced to 18.5, 13.3 and 8.6 g NO3 - -N/m 3 /day at each step and the nitrite nitrogen concentration was lower than 0.05 mg NO2 - -N/L during operating periods and temperatures in the reactor were measured 27~28, 20~23 and 17~18 o C at each step, respectively. Decrease in room temperature might cause reductions of nitrate nitrogen removal rates[3]. In R-2, the salinity was increased to 30 ppt by 3 steps, and the nitrate removal rates were 18.2, 12.6 and 7.9 g NO3 - -N/m 3 /day and the rates were reduced on salinity, however, these were 98.4, 94.7 and 91.5 % compared to the control of the same periods, respectively. Nitrite nitrogen concentration was 0.05, 0.15 and 0.27 mg NO2 - -N/L, respectively. In R-3, salinity was increased to 30 ppt by 2 steps nitrate nitrogen removal rates were 16.3 and 11.9 g NO3 - -N/m 3 /day and nitrite nitrogen concentrations were 0.68 and 0.70 mg NO2 - -N/L. As the nitrate nitrogen removal rate was compared to the same method of R-2, these were 88.1 and 89.5 %. In R-4 with seawater, the nitrate nitrogen removal rate was 17.4 g NO3 - -N/m 3 /day and it was 94.1 % compared to the control and nitrite nitrogen concentration was 0.69 mg NO2 - -N/L. Therefore, direct acclimation was more efficient than stepwise acclimation when the freshwater denitrification system was converted to the marine system, although the nitrite nitrogen concentration showed 0.69 mg NO2 - -N/L. However, nitrite concentrations could be maintained within the criteria in the marine system[9]. Also, the direct acclimation method required less time periods to convert the fresh water system to the marine system. 3
The effect of HRT on the marine denitrification system. Fig. 3 shows the nitrate nitrogen removal rate and denitrification efficiency on HRT (hydraulic retention time). As HRT was reduced the nitrate nitrogen removal rate increased until 3 hours of HRT. However, the rate suddenly decreased at HRT under 3 hours. The denitrification efficiency decreased by the decrease in HRT. Even though the efficiency decreased, the nitrate removal rate increased with the decrease of HRT due to the high flow rate until 3 hours of HRT. Considering the nitrate removal rate and denitrification efficiency, the optimum HRT was limited to 3 hours although denitrification efficiency was somewhat low as 36%. The maximum nitrate nitrogen removal rate was 10 g NO3 - -N/m 3 /day at 3 hours of HRT. Nitrate removal rate - 3 (g NO3 -N/m /day) Nitrite conc. (mg NO 2 - -N/L) 20 15 10 5 0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 Step 1, 27-28 o C Step 2, 20-23 o C Step 3, 17-18 o C R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 Fig. 2. Nitrate removal rate and nitrite concentration Fig. 3. Nitrate removal rate and denitrification by the acclimation method of the fresh water system efficiency on HRT in marine denitrification to marine system. system. REFERENCES 1. Colt, J. and G. Tchobanoglous. “Evaluation of the short-term toxicity of nitrogenous compounds to channel catfish.” Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture 8(1976):209-24. 2. Hashimoto, S., and K. Furukawa. “Immobilization of activated sludge by PVAboric acid method.” Biotech. Bioeng. 30(1987): 52-59. 3. Henze, M., and P. Harremoes. “Biological denitrification of sewage; A literature review.” Prog. Water Technol. 8(1977): 509-55. 4. Mattiasson, B., M. Ramstorp, I. Nilsson, and B. Hahn. “Comparison of the performance of a hallow fiber membrane reactor with a reactor containing alginate entrapped cells denitrification of water using Pseudomonas denitrificans.” Biotechnol. Lett. 3(1981): 561-566. 5. Nilsson, I., and S. Ohlson. “Immobilized cells in microbial nitrate reduction.” Appl. Biochem. 7(1982): 39-41. 4 Nitrate removal rate (g/m 3 /day) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Hydraulic Retention Time (hr) Removal rate Efficicency 100 80 60 40 20 0 Denitrification efficiency (%)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
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Abstract not available at time of p
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increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
Page 232 and 233: 120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
Page 234 and 235: Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
Page 236 and 237: diffused aeration. The experiments
Page 238 and 239: It needs to be pointed out that the
Page 240 and 241: ammonia removal rate was low in the
Page 242 and 243: Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
Page 244 and 245: Ammonia removal activity was increa
Page 246 and 247: Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
Page 248 and 249: Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
Page 250 and 251: The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
Page 252 and 253: Introduction In the Central Valley
Page 254 and 255: Each of the two recirculation syste
Page 256 and 257: Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
Page 258 and 259: usiness expectations and limited te
Page 260 and 261: needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
Page 262 and 263: sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
Page 264 and 265: In response to the large levels of
Page 266 and 267: planning at the outset will, more t
Page 268 and 269: Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
Page 270 and 271: a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
Page 272 and 273: Information flow 1. Initial concept
Page 274 and 275: achieve continuous production, faci
Page 276 and 277: Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
Page 278 and 279: The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
Page 280 and 281: Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
Page 284 and 285: 6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
Page 286 and 287: control unit. Two distinct advantag
Page 288 and 289: the many variables that are involve
Page 290 and 291: Filtration Recirculation systems re
Page 292 and 293: 6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
Page 294 and 295: Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
Page 296 and 297: carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
Page 298 and 299: possible to predict mean monthly ta
Page 300 and 301: Recirculation Systems for Farming E
Page 302 and 303: of this pilot-system will be evalua
Page 304 and 305: Figure 2. The main screen of the en
Page 306 and 307: What: What is your business structu
Page 308 and 309: should more than offset the costs o
Page 310 and 311: • Any other documents indicating
Page 312 and 313: production projects. Once these par
Page 314 and 315: A single discharge pipe works to re
Page 316 and 317: 1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
Page 318 and 319: 2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
Page 320 and 321: Discharge pipe Number used within e
Page 322 and 323: Previous efforts by the Illinois De
Page 324 and 325: media. The water enters the filter
Page 326 and 327: Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
Page 328 and 329: References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
Page 330 and 331: Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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