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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifier Consortium Immobilized in Polyvinyl Alcohol Sung-Koo Kim Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Pukyong National University, Pusan, 608-737, Korea Jae-Koan Seo Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Pukyong National University, Pusan, 608-737, Korea Introduction 1 Eun-Ju Park Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Pukyong National University, Pusan, 608-737, Korea Kuen-Hack Suh Department of Chemical Engineering Pukyong National University, Pusan, 608-737, Korea Nitrate, the end product of biological nitrification, is accumulated unless denitrification or the hydroponic system is connected to the water treatment process. Although nitrate is not generally regarded as an acute toxic compound to fish[1, 8], it should not be left to accumulate, because phytoplankton blooms, inhibition of nitrification and toxicity problems eventually occur at certain concentrations of nitrate[6]. Since the 1980s, biological denitrification has been performed using immobilized cells[4, 5]. However, the study on the denitrification process into marine aquacultural systems and aquaria has not been carried out except for denitrification by gram negative halophilic bacteria reported by Shieh et al.[7]. Therefore, the possibility of acclimation from fresh water denitrification to the marine system, the optimum acclimation method and the effect of HRT on marine denitrification were evaluated by the addition of sea water into fresh water denitrification system and total sea water exchange. Preparation of denitrifiers immobilized in PVA The immobilization of denitrifier consortium was carried out using the activated sludge acclimated to the denitrifier consortium(JangLim sewage treatment facility, Pusan, Korea) by feeding nitrate and glucose for 120 days. Immobilized denitrifiers were prepared by the PVA (polyvinyl alcohol)-boric acid method[2]. The experiment was run by four completely mixed continuous flow reactors. The working volume of each reactor is 1 L. The feed tank was in a cooling bath of 4 o C to maintain the composition of feed solution. To acclimate denitrifier of the freshwater system to seawater, salinity was controlled by diluting seawater. The composition of the feed solution was KNO3 72.2 mg/L, Glucose 66.5 mg/L, Na2HPO4 40 mg/L, and MnSO4 2 mg/L. Reactor 1(R-1) was kept in the fresh water denitrification system as the control and the salinity of reactor 2~4(R-2~4) were stepwise increased with increased sea water addition in order to evaluate the acclimation characteristics from the fresh water denitrification system to the marine system. The nitrate nitrogen loading rate was 20 g/m 3 /day. After the marine denitrification system was reached at a steady state, the
HRT was reduced from 12 hours to 1 hour to get the highest removal rate. The influent nitrate nitrogen concentration was 3.5 mg/L. The effect of salinity on the denitrification process. The effect of the salinity on the denitrification process was evaluated by the addition of sea water. The salinity of the raw coastal sea water was about 30 ppt and the salinity of each reactor was controlled to 0, 7.5, 15 and 30 ppt for R-1 to 4, respectively. Fig. 1(a) shows the nitrate nitrogen concentrations of the influent and effluent at each reactor with different salinity levels. The average influent nitrate nitrogen concentration was 10.3 mg NO3 - -N/L and the effluent nitrate nitrogen concentration was stable from the start of the operation for the control reactor, R-1, and its concentration was average 1.5 mg NO3 - -N/L. However, the reactors containing salt showed less nitrate nitrogen removal in the reactor for 4 days of operation. The concentrations reached 3.4 mg NO3 - -N/L at a salinity level of 7.5 ppt in R-2, 4.5 mg NO3 - -N/L at salinity level of 15 ppt in R-3 and 7.2 mg NO3 - -N/L at salinity level of 30 ppt in R-4. Therefore, the addition of salt inhibited the denitrification reaction at the initial operation periods. When salinity was high, the inhibition for denitrification was severe and showed 30% of removal efficiency with sea water. However, effluent nitrate nitrogen concentrations of all reactors became similar to that of the control reactor after 10 days of operation and they reached 2 mg NO3 - -N/L with a steady state condition. Effluent nitrite nitrogen concentration was shown in Fig. 1(b). At the control reactor, R-1, the concentration was lower than 0.05 mg NO2 - -N/L without nitrite accumulation. However, at the reactor with a salinity level of 7.5 ppt, the nitrite nitrogen concentration suddenly increased to 0.75 mg/L and was maintained for 15 days of operation and then decreased to lower than 0.05 mg NO2 - -N/L after 18 days of operation. When the salinity level was higher than 15 ppt, the nitrite concentrations were maintained at 0.5 0.75 mg NO2 - -N/L as soon as the sea water was added. According to Wickins[9], nitrite toxicity was more severe than ammonia toxicity in an intensive fish culture facility, especially in the recirculation culturing system. Nitrite could accumulate in a recirculating system as a result of incomplete bacterial reduction. Although nitrite is a considerable toxic compound, the toxicity of nitrite to marine and estuarine fish might be low. Therefore, Wickins[9] recommended a maximum of 1.0 mg NO2 - -N/L in sea water. This indicates that the process in this study is safe for the fish because the nitrite concentrations were maintained lower than 1.0 mg NO2 - -N/L. Fig. 1(c) shows that denitritication efficiency was affected by salinity. In the early stage of the operation, when the salinity was high, denitrification efficiency decreased, however, the activity recovered after 10 days of operation regardless of salinity. The denitrifiers were surrounded by extracellular polymers, which enabled them to endure the changes in cultivation conditions[2] and adjust to a new environment 2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
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Abstract not available at time of p
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increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
Page 230 and 231: Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
Page 232 and 233: 120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
Page 234 and 235: Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
Page 236 and 237: diffused aeration. The experiments
Page 238 and 239: It needs to be pointed out that the
Page 240 and 241: ammonia removal rate was low in the
Page 242 and 243: Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
Page 244 and 245: Ammonia removal activity was increa
Page 246 and 247: Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
Page 248 and 249: Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
Page 250 and 251: The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
Page 252 and 253: Introduction In the Central Valley
Page 254 and 255: Each of the two recirculation syste
Page 256 and 257: Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
Page 258 and 259: usiness expectations and limited te
Page 260 and 261: needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
Page 262 and 263: sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
Page 264 and 265: In response to the large levels of
Page 266 and 267: planning at the outset will, more t
Page 268 and 269: Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
Page 270 and 271: a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
Page 272 and 273: Information flow 1. Initial concept
Page 274 and 275: achieve continuous production, faci
Page 276 and 277: Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
Page 278 and 279: The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
Page 282 and 283: (a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
Page 284 and 285: 6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
Page 286 and 287: control unit. Two distinct advantag
Page 288 and 289: the many variables that are involve
Page 290 and 291: Filtration Recirculation systems re
Page 292 and 293: 6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
Page 294 and 295: Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
Page 296 and 297: carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
Page 298 and 299: possible to predict mean monthly ta
Page 300 and 301: Recirculation Systems for Farming E
Page 302 and 303: of this pilot-system will be evalua
Page 304 and 305: Figure 2. The main screen of the en
Page 306 and 307: What: What is your business structu
Page 308 and 309: should more than offset the costs o
Page 310 and 311: • Any other documents indicating
Page 312 and 313: production projects. Once these par
Page 314 and 315: A single discharge pipe works to re
Page 316 and 317: 1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
Page 318 and 319: 2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
Page 320 and 321: Discharge pipe Number used within e
Page 322 and 323: Previous efforts by the Illinois De
Page 324 and 325: media. The water enters the filter
Page 326 and 327: Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
Page 328 and 329: References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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