TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Symposium 1 - the National Sea ...

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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling finfish Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii). These fish require high-density conditions (>~10kg/m 3 ), to alleviate otherwise natural territorial behaviour. Instead of two different sized tanks (2m 3 and 10m 3 ) in the conventional eels system the Dutch RAS now accommodates at least four different sized tanks (ranging from 1.5m 3 to 10m 3 ) in the same capacity of systems which have recently been built. This enables sufficient crowding of fish after grading or an increase in tank size (both operations effectively reduce density within tanks), thereby reducing mortalities and stress related to low stocking densities. Recent experience with small and large-scale operations in Australia has highlighted a number of key investment issues that need to be considered prior to investing in RAS technology. These include: Fish husbandry skills. There is currently a real shortage of people able to operate RAS systems proficiently. There are currently more than 30 registered training organisations and institutions in Australia, some of which have teaching modules relating directly to RAS, however it is recognised there is no replacement for hands on experience. Water quality maintenance. Optimal water quality requirements for species previously farmed in RAS in other countries (such as eels and tilapia), appear to be similar, but are largely undetermined for most Australian native finfish. System design and function. Some RAS have been adapted from European or British systems designed to farm such species as Anguilla anguilla (European eel) and tilapia to successfully farm Australian native species of finfish. This process is ongoing, and continual refinements have already seen marked improvements in husbandry and economic performances in RAS. Farm viability. The commercial history of RAS in Australia may be described as sketchy at best. However some excellent software packages have been developed to aid proponents make a more informed business decision before investing. One of the greatest problems associated with RAS is that technical feasibility and economic viability are not necessarily synonymous. In response to these observations and the need for cautious and informed investment decision-making processes when contemplating RAS, Fisheries Victoria has developed AQUAFarmer V1.1 3 . In developing AQUAFarmer V1.1 particular attention was focused on generating feasibility reports that reveal the critical link between key bio-economic variables (eg. feed conversion, growth rates, stocking density) and financial performance. AQUAFarmer V1.1 provides a model or platform that can be used to run different case studies based on new information input by the proponent, resulting in the generation of a series of best-case/worst-case scenarios. These 3 For further information about AQUAFarmer visit the web site at http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/web/root/domino/cm_da/nrenfaq.nsf/frameset/NRE+Fishing+and+Aquaculture? OpenDocument 4
scenarios then assist in the development and/or fine-tuning of an aquaculture business plan or feasibility study. As producers intensify their aquaculture activities, the margin for management error becomes more acute as more intense “biofeedback’s” occur. The inevitable link between stocking densities, necessary to cover the higher fixed and variable costs associated with all species in RAS must be overlayed on largely unknown biological requirements of different species in Australia. 3 Species currently being farmed in RAS in Australia Many species are farmed in intensive RAS systems in Australia, most of which are still in the developmental phase. The number of RAS operations within each state varies from two in Tasmania to 44 in Queensland (see Table 2). While the numbers of farms and quantities of fish produced are not large on a world scale, the variety of species currently grown, and the number of species with potential for farming in RAS highlights the significant potential for RAS in Australia. In terms of industry growth in Queensland the numbers of RAS operations increased from 37 farms in 1997/98 to 44 in 1998/99, with similar trends observed in NSW, South Australia, Western Australia and Victoria. Some of the primary commercial species currently being produced and some with potential are summarised in the paragraphs following. Murray cod Murray cod is an endemic Murray-Darling finfish, which is highly valued for recreational, commercial and conservation purposes. It is highly sought after as a table fish on the domestic market (see Figure 1). Murray cod is undisputedly the largest freshwater fish in Australia, with specimens up to 113.5kg (1.8m in length) being recorded (Merrick and Schmida 1984). Application of recirculation technology to Murray cod aquaculture is a recently proven method of sustainable commercial production in Australia. The growth characteristics under culture (see Table 1) and ready market acceptance of cultured Murray cod make this species a definite candidate for an expanding and potentially lucrative industry (Ingram 2000). Barramundi Among native Australian fishes barramundi (Lates calcarifer) has a national and international reputation as a splendid sporting fish with good eating qualities. Barramundi's ready market acceptance and the high price it commands make its culture an attractive proposition (Wingfield 1999; see Table 1). Application of recirculation technology to barramundi aquaculture is now a proven method of sustainable commercial production in Australia. Several states within Australia (including Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia) have adopted policies of risk aversion to enable farming of barramundi where it is a non-endemic species. These policies include aspects of quarantine (which may be easily included, or are inherent in RAS), to ensure the risk of escape of biological material to the surrounding environment is low. Anguillid Eels Of the eels commercially produced in Australia, shortfinned eels Anguilla australis (see Figure 1) form the majority of sales, with some longfinned eels Anguilla reinhardtii also 5
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
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Abstract not available at time of p
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increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
Page 210 and 211: The operation of the MRBF is domina
Page 212 and 213: equired a high frequency of washing
Page 214 and 215: Several dramatically different hull
Page 216 and 217: support airlift applications. These
Page 218 and 219: Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
Page 220 and 221: The last filter media used in this
Page 222 and 223: Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
Page 224 and 225: 1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
Page 226 and 227: Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
Page 228 and 229: The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
Page 230 and 231: Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
Page 232 and 233: 120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
Page 234 and 235: Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
Page 236 and 237: diffused aeration. The experiments
Page 238 and 239: It needs to be pointed out that the
Page 240 and 241: ammonia removal rate was low in the
Page 242 and 243: Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
Page 244 and 245: Ammonia removal activity was increa
Page 246 and 247: Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
Page 248 and 249: Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
Page 250 and 251: The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
Page 252 and 253: Introduction In the Central Valley
Page 254 and 255: Each of the two recirculation syste
Page 256 and 257: Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
Page 258 and 259: usiness expectations and limited te
Page 262 and 263: sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
Page 264 and 265: In response to the large levels of
Page 266 and 267: planning at the outset will, more t
Page 268 and 269: Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
Page 270 and 271: a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
Page 272 and 273: Information flow 1. Initial concept
Page 274 and 275: achieve continuous production, faci
Page 276 and 277: Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
Page 278 and 279: The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
Page 280 and 281: Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
Page 282 and 283: (a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
Page 284 and 285: 6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
Page 286 and 287: control unit. Two distinct advantag
Page 288 and 289: the many variables that are involve
Page 290 and 291: Filtration Recirculation systems re
Page 292 and 293: 6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
Page 294 and 295: Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
Page 296 and 297: carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
Page 298 and 299: possible to predict mean monthly ta
Page 300 and 301: Recirculation Systems for Farming E
Page 302 and 303: of this pilot-system will be evalua
Page 304 and 305: Figure 2. The main screen of the en
Page 306 and 307: What: What is your business structu
Page 308 and 309: should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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