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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for Continuous Dissolved Oxygen, Ph, and Temperature Measurements Sean M. Christian, Paul Grems Duncan, John A. Schroeder Airak, Inc., 9058 Euclid Avenue, Manassas, Virginia 20110-5308 Voice: (703) 330-4961, Fax: (703) 330-4879 ContactUs@airak.com http://www.airak.com Abstract Conventional sensor technology to continuously monitor water quality parameters is outdated. In general, when sensor technologies are placed in water for extended periods, their measurements drift due to a phenomenon known as biofouling. Biofouling, or contamination from algae, bacteria, or a combination of both, restricts the useful timeframe that conventional sensors can be placed in-situ for continuous readings to less than a week, and often less than 24 hours. Before today, the only way to address the effects of biofouling was to physically clean and recalibrate the sensor and support system – an extremely labor intensive and costly maintenance requirement that most industries have been reluctant to adopt. Airak, Inc. is developing proprietary, patentpending technologies for its state-of-the-art fiber optic water quality sensors that address and mitigate the biofouling problem. This enabling technology will open the door for continuous, long-term monitoring of water quality parameters, specifically those in demanding applications, such as recirculating systems for aquaculture, differential monitoring of industrial effluent points, and the monitoring of ecosystems containing endangered species. Airak, in conjunction with the Virginia Tech Aquaculture Center (VTAC), is preparing to validate these newly developed sensors in demanding fish culture settings, starting in August 2000. Specifically, the sensor technologies will be subjected to extremes concerning temperature, high-suspended solids, and high algal, bacterial, and fungal content, and their performance documented. This paper presents an overview of the sensor and system technology, highlights of the planned research, expected outcomes based upon existing research, and a synopsis of the impact this technology could have on increasing aquaculture production. 1
Intensive Recirculating Aquaculture Facility at the Hackettstown State Fish Hatchery Warren County, New Jersey Thomas L. Johnson Senior Fisheries Biologist FishPro Consulting Engineers & Scientists 5201 South Sixth Street Road Springfield, Illinois 62703, USA Phone Number: (217) 585-8333 Fax Number: (217) 585-1890 Email address:tjohnson@FishPro.com A modern, $2.9 million dollar, three-temperature recirculating aquaculture facility for coldwater, coolwater and warmwater sport fish production is reviewed and illustrated by a 35mm slide presentation. The hatchery is located in Hackettstown, NJ is operated by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife. The facility is enclosed in an 11,000 square foot pre-engineered building that includes offices, laboratory, crew support, shop, feed storage, fish production area and process water treatment/recirculation system. Fish rearing units include 16 linear fiberglass raceways, 10 circular tanks, McDonald jar and vertical flow egg incubation systems with a combined volume of 92 cubic meters. The 9,800 lpm recirculation system, which includes two 40-micron rotary drum microscreens, two air-driven rotary biological contactors (RBC’s), low-pressure ultraviolet disinfection units, high efficiency natural gas boilers interfaced with two-stage flat-plate heat exchangers, variable speed water pumps and oxygen-based aeration/degassing are discussed. The recirculation system is a Semi-Recirculating Aquaculture System (SRAS) and utilizes variable (1% to 10%) percent of the recirculating flow rate make-up water addition combined with heat recovery/heat exchanging technology. Process monitoring and alarm functions are provided by a programmable logic controller (PLC)-based system. System design criteria and cost data for this integrated, multi-species facility are presented. A brief overview of the planning, design, engineering, construction and operational phases of project are included. 1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
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Abstract not available at time of p
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increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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Page 200 and 201: Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
Page 202 and 203: Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
Page 204 and 205: new studies begun. Daily water qual
Page 206 and 207: Development Rationale for the Use o
Page 208 and 209: Further, reduction in operating cos
Page 210 and 211: The operation of the MRBF is domina
Page 212 and 213: equired a high frequency of washing
Page 214 and 215: Several dramatically different hull
Page 216 and 217: support airlift applications. These
Page 218 and 219: Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
Page 220 and 221: The last filter media used in this
Page 222 and 223: Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
Page 224 and 225: 1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
Page 226 and 227: Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
Page 228 and 229: The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
Page 230 and 231: Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
Page 232 and 233: 120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
Page 234 and 235: Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
Page 236 and 237: diffused aeration. The experiments
Page 238 and 239: It needs to be pointed out that the
Page 240 and 241: ammonia removal rate was low in the
Page 242 and 243: Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
Page 244 and 245: Ammonia removal activity was increa
Page 246 and 247: Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
Page 250 and 251: The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
Page 252 and 253: Introduction In the Central Valley
Page 254 and 255: Each of the two recirculation syste
Page 256 and 257: Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
Page 258 and 259: usiness expectations and limited te
Page 260 and 261: needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
Page 262 and 263: sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
Page 264 and 265: In response to the large levels of
Page 266 and 267: planning at the outset will, more t
Page 268 and 269: Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
Page 270 and 271: a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
Page 272 and 273: Information flow 1. Initial concept
Page 274 and 275: achieve continuous production, faci
Page 276 and 277: Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
Page 278 and 279: The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
Page 280 and 281: Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
Page 282 and 283: (a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
Page 284 and 285: 6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
Page 286 and 287: control unit. Two distinct advantag
Page 288 and 289: the many variables that are involve
Page 290 and 291: Filtration Recirculation systems re
Page 292 and 293: 6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
Page 294 and 295: Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
Page 296 and 297: carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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