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equired a high frequency of washing (five to eight times daily) to maximize carrying capacities expressed in Kg-feed applied daily per cubic meter of beads (or kg/m 3 -day). Golz et al. (1999) attributed this to a reduction in heterotrophic competition within the filter’s biofilm (Zhang et al., 1995). Solids accumulation between the beads represents the principal food source for the heterotrophic bacteria, and rapid removal of these solids dramatically reduces their population. The fraction of bacterial activity (measured by oxygen consumption) attributed to nitrifying bacteria dramatically increases once heterotrophic growth has been inhibited and substantial improvements in nitrification capacity result. One of the principle criticisms against the use of bead filters in the bioclarifier mode has been the recognized conflict (Malone et al. 1993) between solids accumulation and nitrification. Of course, bioclarifiers are designed to capture solids. Use of the high frequency strategy eliminates the issue of interstitial solids accumulation. Recent work in the LSU laboratory (DelosReyes et al. 1997) pushed high frequency washing to the extreme in a demonstration of airlift recirculation, and backwashing the bubble-washed filter as often as once per hour. The combination of high frequency washing and modified plastic media produced the highest sustained volumetric conversion rates (about 700 g/m 3 - day) that have been observed in recent floating bead bioclarifier applications. The potential advantages of high frequency washing have been recognized for sometime (Wimberly, 1990). Full commercial implementation was at first limited by labor requirements. This obstacle has been recently been resolved (at least for larger units) by the development of control boxes. And yet, commercial implementation was still prevented in many applications by the waterloss issue. Even freshwater studies such as Sastry et al. (1999) and DelosReyes et al. (1997), had to utilize external settling tanks to recapture backwash waters to stay within the definition of a “closed” recirculation system (
The two initial filter configurations were constructed in-house and tested. Data from this work has shown that the nitrification rate can be significantly increase by a high rate of backwashing, up to 18 times per day in some cases. These have been replaced by a commercially manufactured prototype. These early studies have provided proof of concept data. But, the specific configurations tested were not able to achieve high performance levels desired because of design problems. The findings from these, however, have dictated a number of essential structural modifications in the current configuration that is currently being stress tested. Three additional low profile MBRF units have been placed in other commercial/research saltwater facilities for evaluations under the same DOC-SBIR grant. These are located in New Hampshire, Alabama and Texas. A second research effort is employing two distinctly different filters in the MRBF format in support of warm, freshwater growout (Drennan 1997b). This study is supported the USDA Small Business Innovative Research Program. Focus here was placed on maximizing nitrification rates using reformed-floating beads. After two years of study, the system was re-configured with two screenless concentric filters (MRBF’s) with modified and tubular media. These filters are being evaluated against a propeller-washed filter with modified media in an attempt to set a new carrying capacity recommendation. Three low profile MBRF format filters are being utilized in the research facilities at Louisiana State University. Two of these have been under use for over a year supporting a red drum breeding program under Louisiana Sea Grant College Program Funding. A third is being used to support a marine greenhouse pond configuration currently being evaluated for thermal behavior at the LSU Ben Hur Aquaculture Farm. The Louisiana Board of Regents is currently funding this research. These units have all been installed in airlift formats. Data is currently being collected to document filter nitrification behavior in response to varying temperature regimes presented by the refrigerated indoor conditioning units and the manipulated environment of the greenhouse pond. Finally, several filters of the MBRF screenless concentric design have been subjected to testing over the last three years. Most of these tests utilized units with volumes of about 0.1 m 3 although the largest unit has a bead bed of 0.7 m 3 . The smaller units have been used to support a range of activities from high-density tilapia growout to filtration of ornamental koi ponds. Early designs suffered from inadequate air pump selection, and were primarily installed to verify long term pneumatic trigger stability. This area of concern has since been addressed and the team now has what we believe is a very robust filter design. The large unit has been placed in three large-scale facilities providing the research team with direct commercial feedback. MBRF Findings Filters in the MBRF format have been under laboratory and field testing for the last three years. The introduction of this new technology has been associated with a rapid learning curve for all those involved. 8
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
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Abstract not available at time of p
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increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
Page 162 and 163: Introduction Removal of Protein and
Page 164 and 165: higher superficial air velocity gre
Page 166 and 167: Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
Page 168 and 169: The ideal mean residence time was a
Page 170 and 171: A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
Page 172 and 173: tank’s dead time. When fish were
Page 174 and 175: Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
Page 176 and 177: Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
Page 180 and 181: dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
Page 182 and 183: Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
Page 184 and 185: Effects of Temperature and Feeding
Page 186 and 187: aquaculture systems, where the envi
Page 188 and 189: Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
Page 190 and 191: greater than the desired temperatur
Page 192 and 193: Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
Page 194 and 195: 35 days into the experiment, and th
Page 196 and 197: C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
Page 198 and 199: of the fish used in this experiment
Page 200 and 201: Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
Page 202 and 203: Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
Page 204 and 205: new studies begun. Daily water qual
Page 206 and 207: Development Rationale for the Use o
Page 208 and 209: Further, reduction in operating cos
Page 210 and 211: The operation of the MRBF is domina
Page 214 and 215: Several dramatically different hull
Page 216 and 217: support airlift applications. These
Page 218 and 219: Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
Page 220 and 221: The last filter media used in this
Page 222 and 223: Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
Page 224 and 225: 1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
Page 226 and 227: Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
Page 228 and 229: The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
Page 230 and 231: Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
Page 232 and 233: 120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
Page 234 and 235: Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
Page 236 and 237: diffused aeration. The experiments
Page 238 and 239: It needs to be pointed out that the
Page 240 and 241: ammonia removal rate was low in the
Page 242 and 243: Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
Page 244 and 245: Ammonia removal activity was increa
Page 246 and 247: Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
Page 248 and 249: Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
Page 250 and 251: The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
Page 252 and 253: Introduction In the Central Valley
Page 254 and 255: Each of the two recirculation syste
Page 256 and 257: Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
Page 258 and 259: usiness expectations and limited te
Page 260 and 261: needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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