TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Symposium 1 - the National Sea ...

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Further, reduction in operating costs could be realized in some applications by utilization of airlift circulation to move water instead of water pumps. Airlift pumps rapidly loose efficiency as lift requirements increase and early bead filters were (and still are) often referred to a “pressurized” bead filters. Propeller-washed filters display their best nitrification capacity with a backwash frequency of once every two days (Malone et al. 1993). They were frequently plumbed with additional pressurized devices downstream. Thus, influent pressures in the range of 10 psi were not uncommon in practice. Airlift pumps work best with influent pressures less than 10 psi, therefore headloss has to be minimized. Conversion of bead filters to airlift operation would require substantial reconsideration of bead filter design strategies. Saltwater recirculating systems are also different from freshwater systems by the corrosive nature of that culture medium. Consequently, although propeller-washed floating bead filters (Malone 1992) are capable of achieving only about two percent water loss with good management, they are unfortunately, equipped with 316 stainless steel screens and mixing apparatus which do corrode. Virtually all individuals involved with marine aquaculture can testify to this issue. The technologies and methodologies, which are currently available to address these problems, add capital and operational costs to a fledgling industry that is already under serious economic pressures. Obtaining (mixing, hauling, pumping) and maintaining a saltwater environment at a noncoastal location is expensive. Most freshwater recirculating systems replace 3 to 10 percent of their make-up water per day (or more). A generally acceptable practice given the low cost of obtaining high quality, pathogen free freshwater commonly available in moderate quantities. However, it is expensive to operate a marine system in this range unless the facility is located in a prime coastal location. Otherwise, the practical problems of biofouling, variable salinity, high sediment loads, and disease introduction lead to significant costs for pre-treating replenishment water (Huguenin and Colt, 1989). It is not uncommon for fisheries biologists to specify pretreatment of influent waters, including solids removal to 1 micron and disinfection as standard practices for influent treatment systems. In fact, these concerns have led many to adopt artificial sea salts exclusively for their systems. Clearly, there is a need to minimize waterloss due to backwashing operations. It was also clear that there are economic advantages to automating filter backwashing. Backwashing costs can be virtually eliminated while consistency is improved. This has been addressed in recent years by the development of customized solid state controllers that have an excellent record of performance providing for automatic backwashing and sludge removal. However, the boxes and associated automated control valves represent a significant cost factor for smaller bead filters. Additionally, application of electronics to marine systems is complicated by corrosion. It is clear that sophisticated electronics will play an important part in future marine aquaculture facilities, but their use should be clearly justified. A means of automatically backwashing with a minimum amount of electronic support was viewed as highly desirable. 3
MRBF Layout The Marine Recirculating BioFilter (MRBF) is conceptually illustrated in Figure 1, and a summary of compartments can be found in Table 2. There are five distinct zones, which are identified by letter. The filtration bed (A) lies at the top of the filter. It is underlain typically by a diffuser screen (7) that evenly introduces the recirculating water into the filter hull. The expansion zone (B) lies beneath the bead bed. This zone receives the beads that have been displaced by air released from the pneumatic charge chamber (C). Backwash waters move from the expansion zone to the charge chamber via the chute (E). The charge chamber consists of an inverted airtight compartment that overlies the sludge storage compartment (D). Table 2. Description of MRBF compartments and function. No. Compartment Function 1 Filtration bed Provides for clarification and biofiltration of circulated waters. 2 Expansion Zone Provides space for beads dropping down during backwashing. 3 Chute Provides conduit for backwash waters to “discharged” charge chamber. Forms sediment trap preventing fine solids from reentering filtration path during charge cycle. 4 Charge Chamber Develops pneumatic charge for backwashing. Displaces clarified backwash waters returning them to the filtration path. Airflow determines backwash frequency. 5 Sludge Compartment Consolidates accumulated sludge. Some sludge digestion occurs. Some denitrification occurs. The active components of the filter include the influent line (1) which typically injects the water under the bead through a screening/ diffuser configuration (6 & 7) that is designed to minimize turbulence under the bed (A) and within the chute (E). Water exits the filter through a screen outlet (2) at the top of the static bead bed. Sludge is removed by an outlet (3) at the bottom of the sludge storage area. Air is slowly introduced into the charge chamber through a regulated input line (4) and transferred from the pneumatic charge chamber to zones A and B intermittently by a trigger device (5). MRBF Operation 4
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
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Abstract not available at time of p
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increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
Page 158 and 159: Second, as the salmon farming indus
Page 160 and 161: Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
Page 162 and 163: Introduction Removal of Protein and
Page 164 and 165: higher superficial air velocity gre
Page 166 and 167: Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
Page 168 and 169: The ideal mean residence time was a
Page 170 and 171: A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
Page 172 and 173: tank’s dead time. When fish were
Page 174 and 175: Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
Page 176 and 177: Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
Page 180 and 181: dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
Page 182 and 183: Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
Page 184 and 185: Effects of Temperature and Feeding
Page 186 and 187: aquaculture systems, where the envi
Page 188 and 189: Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
Page 190 and 191: greater than the desired temperatur
Page 192 and 193: Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
Page 194 and 195: 35 days into the experiment, and th
Page 196 and 197: C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
Page 198 and 199: of the fish used in this experiment
Page 200 and 201: Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
Page 202 and 203: Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
Page 204 and 205: new studies begun. Daily water qual
Page 206 and 207: Development Rationale for the Use o
Page 210 and 211: The operation of the MRBF is domina
Page 212 and 213: equired a high frequency of washing
Page 214 and 215: Several dramatically different hull
Page 216 and 217: support airlift applications. These
Page 218 and 219: Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
Page 220 and 221: The last filter media used in this
Page 222 and 223: Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
Page 224 and 225: 1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
Page 226 and 227: Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
Page 228 and 229: The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
Page 230 and 231: Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
Page 232 and 233: 120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
Page 234 and 235: Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
Page 236 and 237: diffused aeration. The experiments
Page 238 and 239: It needs to be pointed out that the
Page 240 and 241: ammonia removal rate was low in the
Page 242 and 243: Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
Page 244 and 245: Ammonia removal activity was increa
Page 246 and 247: Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
Page 248 and 249: Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
Page 250 and 251: The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
Page 252 and 253: Introduction In the Central Valley
Page 254 and 255: Each of the two recirculation syste
Page 256 and 257: Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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