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Changes in Water Quality and Performance of a Closed Recirculating Aquaculture System for Pejerrey (Atlantic Silversides) Hiroyuki Yoshino Chief of R & D Dept. Hokkaido Industrial Technology Center, Japan Isamu Watanabe Resercher of R & D Dept. Hokkaido Industrial Technology Center, Japan †2 Osamu Satoh Professor Emeritus Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University, Japan †1 Currently President, Ecologic Consulting., Tokyo, Japan †2 Currently R & D Dept. Hokkaido Electric Power Co., Inc., Japan Introduction 1 Daniel E. Gruenberg R&D Director Japan International Food and Aquaculture Society, Japan †1 Katsumi Miyajima Director of R & D Dept. Hokkaido Industrial Technology Center, Japan Katsuaki Nashimoto Professor Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University, Japan Terminology for recirculating systems is ambiguous. As used in this paper, “Closed” means no continuous drainage, and water addition was restricted to the replacement of evaporation and water removed along with the sludge only. Closed recirculating aquaculture is desireable due to limited environmental impact and expanded number of possible production sites. For example, economic water temperature and water quality management are possible, and the culture environment fitted to many different species can be created easily in any locale. Japan has some of the highest energy costs in the developed world, hence energy cost reduction is particularly important here. However, if water can be recirculated, production sites far from oceans and rivers, on cheap land which wasn't available for aquaculture production thus far can be made into fine production areas. Waste heat from refuse incineration and geothermal energy are widely available in Japan. If this can be harvested, it is believed that economic land-based production of many species will become possible in Japan.
Nitrate, as the final product of the nitrification process, accumulates continuously in closed systems and can reach quite high concentrations if unchecked. The nitrate toxicity level for pejerrey is still unclear. However, high levels are reported to impact growth rates with other species (Muir and Roberts, 1982), and high concentration inculture water of low alkalinity and low pH were shown to adversely affect octopus respiration (Hirayama, 1966). Therefore, denitrification is necessary for long term stability in a closed recirculating aquaculture systems. However, even without a specialized denitrification unit, if local anaerobic conditions occur in the system, denitrification bacteria may grow and some denitrification may occur. This often results in undesirable by-products such as hydrogen sulfide production so this isn't desirable in commercial systems. In this experiment we attempted to decrease the nitrate concentration via a denitrification unit while keeping the rearing environment optimal for the fish with advanced solids removal technology and an aerobic nitrification filter with stable operation for 1 year. This paper reports on the water treatment processes for this system, and on the relation of the accumulation of the nitrate and water exchange rate. Materials and Methods System and its operation The system consisted of two particle-trap equipped octagonal tanks (0.75 m 3 ) for the rapid collection of feces and uneaten feed, a mechanical filter, two UV units (40 W), a biological filter which provided nitrification, two hollow-fiber oxygen injection systems, two pumps (0.2 kw) and an alarm device (Fig.1). A foam fractionation unit and drum filter were used for mechanical filtration. A rotating biological contactor (RBC) and Foam Separation unit UV BP Electric heater O 2 Settling tank Drum filter Tank Tank Sludge collector Fig. 1. Schematic view of closed recirculating aquaculture system. fluidized bed filter were used for the biological filter. The denitrification unit (0.12 m 3 ) was connected to the system on day 180. Water temperature regulation was done via electric heater (2 kw). Total system volume was about 2.1 m 3 . The flow rate was fixed at 2 Pump RBC Pump FBF Denitrification unit
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
Page 3 and 4: iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
Page 5 and 6: v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
Page 7 and 8: into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
Page 9 and 10: one above the other, reducing the
Page 11 and 12: nutritional requirements of summer
Page 13 and 14: Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Commercial Application
Page 17 and 18: System Performance: Nine of these r
Page 19: electrical costs reduced by more th
Page 23 and 24: Culture conditions On August 1, 199
Page 25 and 26: surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
Page 27 and 28: achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
Page 29 and 30: ecomes possible without water repla
Page 31 and 32: tropical countries for tropical fis
Page 33 and 34: fastest absorption of nutrients fro
Page 35 and 36: Recirculation System Design; The KI
Page 37 and 38: The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
Page 39 and 40: Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
Page 41 and 42: Our largest error though was in not
Page 43 and 44: Before You Invest. In my role as a
Page 45 and 46: are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
Page 47 and 48: Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
Page 49 and 50: have projects in the planning stage
Page 51 and 52: As the upward trend for seafood dem
Page 53 and 54: and the World Health Organization (
Page 55 and 56: Abstract not available at time of p
Page 57 and 58: increase the potential for bottlene
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
Page 61 and 62: Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
Page 63 and 64: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
Page 65 and 66: and the polyphenol content (Northup
Page 67 and 68: References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
Page 69 and 70: Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
Page 364 and 365:
This apparent interaction between t
Page 366:
References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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