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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia (3), at a given alkalinity (2), will set the minimum operating pH and the maximum allowable TAN (4). Note that alkalinity is unchanged by carbon dioxide addition or removal. Stripping carbon dioxide increases pH levels as the total carbonate content of the water is decreased, shifting the inorganic carbon system’s acid-base equilibrium as bicarbonate releases carbonate ions (Summerfelt et al., 2000b). Therefore, following a constant alkalinity line in Figure 4 (top graph), the water’s pH could be increased by some fraction of 1 pH-unit if stripping reduced a portion of the carbon dioxide. Note, make-up water alkalinity is the controlling factor determining water reuse rates in partial-reuse systems. Water supplies with lower alkalinity levels would allow for much higher accumulations of total ammonia-nitrogen than a more alkaline water supply, such as used in this study. Therefore, coldwater fish farms located in regions that contain groundwater with low alkalinity, such as portions of North Carolina, Maine, and British Columbia (to name a few), could operate partial-reuse systems with make-up water flow rates < 5% of the total system flow rates. Literature Cited Mudrak, V. A. 1981. Guidelines for economical commercial fish hatchery wastewater treatment systems. pgs 174-182 In: Proceedings of the Bio-engineering Symposium for Fish Culture. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD. Noble, A.C. and S.T. Summerfelt. 1996. Diseases encountered in rainbow trout cultured in recirculating systems. Annual Review of Fish Diseases 6:65-92. Summerfelt, S. T., J. Davidson, M. B. Timmons. 2000. Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornelltype’ dual-drain tank. In: 3 rd International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture (July 19-21, 2000, Roanoke, VA). Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. Summerfelt, S.T., B.J. Vinci and R. H. Piedrahita. 2000b. Oxygenation and carbon dioxide control in water reuse systems. Aquacultural Engineering 22: 87-108. Timmons, M.B., S.T. Summerfelt, and B.J. Vinci. 1998. Review of circular tank technology and management. Aquacultural Engineering 18(1):51-69. Tsukuda, S., R. Wallace, S. Summerfelt, and J. Hankins. 2000. Development of a third generation acoustic waste feed monitor. In: 3 rd International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture (July 19-21, 2000, Roanoke, VA). Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. Wedemeyer, G. A. 1996. Physiology of Fish in Intensive Culture. International Thompson Publishing, New York, New York. 8
Total ammonia-nitrogen, mg/L Equilibrium carbon dioxide, mg/L 100 30 20 10 100.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 1 2 1 50 mg/L 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 4 pH 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 pH Figure 3. These two graphs illustrate the dependence of dissolved carbon dioxide concentrations on pH and alkalinity (top graph) and the dependence of un-ionized ammonia concentrations on pH and total ammonia-nitrogen (bottom graph), according to acid-base equilibrium. The gray lines indicate how setting maximum limits on the concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia (3), at a given alkalinity (2), will set the minimum operating pH and the maximum allowable TAN (4). 9 3 Alkalinity 400 mg/L 300 mg/L 200 mg/L 100 mg/L Equil. NH3 0.025 mg/L 0.0125 mg/L
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
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Abstract not available at time of p
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increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
Page 130 and 131: Materials and Method Schematic draw
Page 132 and 133: the amount of added increase by pro
Page 134 and 135: Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
Page 136 and 137: the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
Page 138 and 139: daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
Page 140 and 141: At this time, the control (both tan
Page 142 and 143: yellow color, while the water in th
Page 144 and 145: Case Study: Genetic improvement of
Page 146 and 147: and human effort. This commitment m
Page 148 and 149: - Harold Kincaid works for the US F
Page 150 and 151: Figure 1. Production and selection
Page 152 and 153: Performance Comparison of Geographi
Page 154 and 155: Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
Page 156 and 157: The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
Page 158 and 159: Second, as the salmon farming indus
Page 160 and 161: Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
Page 162 and 163: Introduction Removal of Protein and
Page 164 and 165: higher superficial air velocity gre
Page 166 and 167: Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
Page 168 and 169: The ideal mean residence time was a
Page 170 and 171: A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
Page 172 and 173: tank’s dead time. When fish were
Page 174 and 175: Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
Page 176 and 177: Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
Page 182 and 183: Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
Page 184 and 185: Effects of Temperature and Feeding
Page 186 and 187: aquaculture systems, where the envi
Page 188 and 189: Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
Page 190 and 191: greater than the desired temperatur
Page 192 and 193: Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
Page 194 and 195: 35 days into the experiment, and th
Page 196 and 197: C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
Page 198 and 199: of the fish used in this experiment
Page 200 and 201: Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
Page 202 and 203: Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
Page 204 and 205: new studies begun. Daily water qual
Page 206 and 207: Development Rationale for the Use o
Page 208 and 209: Further, reduction in operating cos
Page 210 and 211: The operation of the MRBF is domina
Page 212 and 213: equired a high frequency of washing
Page 214 and 215: Several dramatically different hull
Page 216 and 217: support airlift applications. These
Page 218 and 219: Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
Page 220 and 221: The last filter media used in this
Page 222 and 223: Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
Page 224 and 225: 1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
Page 226 and 227: Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
Page 228 and 229: The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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