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Introduction Removal of Protein and TSS from Sea Water by Foam Separator Kuen-Hack Suh Department of Chemical Engineering Pukyong National University Pusan, Korea Sung-Koo Kim Department of Biotechnology & Bioengineering Pukyong National University Pusan, Korea In recent years, in Korea, recirculating aquaculture technologies for intensive fish culture are increasingly being used to enhance production of a high quality aquacultural products all year around including seawater. In high density aquaculture system, the increase of protein and organic particulates by uneaten feed, feed waste and excreta of fish gives a bad effect in fish growth and environment. Also protein and organic particulates are decomposed to ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen which are harmful to fish and also these cause consumption of dissolved oxygen. The foam separation has been considered as a process for removal of protein and suspended solids in aquacultural water (Chen et at., 1994; Suh and Lee, 1995). The objective of this research is to determine the feasibility of foam separator for the removal of aquacultural waste, such as protein, total suspended solid (TSS) and organic compound from marine aquacultural water. The removal rate and the removal efficiency of the foam separator have been studied by changing the initial concentrations of protein and TSS, hydraulic residence time, superficial air velocity and air distributor pore size as experimental variables. In addition, the foam separator as an aerator was also evaluated for increasing dissolved oxygen concentration. Materials and Methods The foam separator was composed of a separation column, foam riser, foam collector and air distributor. The height of separation column was 600 mm and liquid volume was 1000 mL. The air from an air pump was introduced into the column through a rotameter and an air distributor. For most of the experiment, a sintered glass disc of G3 pore size and 25 mm i.d. was emploved as an air distributor. Peristaltic pumps were used to introduce experimental water at the top of the separation column. Liquid samples were taken from an outlet which was raised up to the water surface level in separation column. 1 Byong-Jin Kim Department of Chemical Engineering Pukyong National University Pusan, Korea Jae-Yoon Jo Department of Aquaculture Pukyong National University Pusan, Korea
Results and Discussion Protein and TSS removal characteristics of foam separation were dependent on protein concentration. Fig. 1 presents the changes of removal rates and efficiencies of protein and TSS on initial protein concentration. As initial protein concentration in the feeding solution is increased, the protein removal rate increased and removal efficiency decreased. Protein removal rate, g/m 3 ¡¤min 10 8 6 4 2 (a) Removal rate Removal efficiency 0 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Initial protein concentration, g/m 3 60 50 40 30 20 Protein removal efficiency, % Fig. 2 presents the effect of hydraulic residence time in the foam separator on the removal of protein and TSS in sea water at 0.85 cm/sec of superficial air velocity. Fig. 3 shows that increase in hydraulic residence time increased the removal efficiencies of protein and TSS. The protein and TSS removal rates in increased to 10.25 g protein/m 3 ·day and 51.8 g TSS/m 3 ·day, respectively when HRT was about 0.48 minutes. So after passing that point, protein and TSS removal rate was also dropped. So protein and TSS removal rates Protein removal rate, g/m 3 ¡¤min 12 10 8 6 4 2 were maximum at this point and also when HRT was further decreased then removal rate was dropped. Within the range of 0.28 to 8.76 minutes of hydraulic residence time, the removal efficiencies ranged from 12.2 to 72.5% for protein, 33.4 to 92.4% of TSS. Fig. 3 presents the removal efficiencies of protein and TSS as a function of superficial air velocity. The superficial air velocity tested were 0.42, 0.85, 1.27, 1.70 and 2.1 cm/sec at a constant hydraulic retention time of 2.05 minute. Overall, Figure 4 demonstrates that the 2 TSS removal rate, g/m 3 ¡¤min 50 40 30 20 10 (b) Removal rate Removal efficiency 0 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Initial protein concentration, g/m 3 Fig. 1. The effect of initial protein concentration on protein (a) and TSS (b) removal. (a) Removal rate Removal efficiency 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Hydraulic residence time, min 100 80 60 40 20 Protein removal efficiency, % TSS removal rate, g/m 3 ¡¤min 60 50 40 30 20 10 Removal rate Removal efficiency 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Hydraulic residence time, min Fig. 2. The effect of hydraulic residence time on protein (a) and TSS (b) removal. (b) 100 90 80 70 60 100 80 60 40 20 TSS removal efficiency, % TSS removal efficiency, %
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
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Abstract not available at time of p
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increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
Page 112 and 113: feeder control algorithms on a PC s
Page 114 and 115: Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
Page 116 and 117: The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
Page 118 and 119: Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
Page 120 and 121: Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
Page 122 and 123: Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
Page 124 and 125: Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
Page 126 and 127: similar disinfection efficiency. Th
Page 128 and 129: (2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
Page 130 and 131: Materials and Method Schematic draw
Page 132 and 133: the amount of added increase by pro
Page 134 and 135: Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
Page 136 and 137: the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
Page 138 and 139: daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
Page 140 and 141: At this time, the control (both tan
Page 142 and 143: yellow color, while the water in th
Page 144 and 145: Case Study: Genetic improvement of
Page 146 and 147: and human effort. This commitment m
Page 148 and 149: - Harold Kincaid works for the US F
Page 150 and 151: Figure 1. Production and selection
Page 152 and 153: Performance Comparison of Geographi
Page 154 and 155: Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
Page 156 and 157: The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
Page 158 and 159: Second, as the salmon farming indus
Page 160 and 161: Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
Page 164 and 165: higher superficial air velocity gre
Page 166 and 167: Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
Page 168 and 169: The ideal mean residence time was a
Page 170 and 171: A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
Page 172 and 173: tank’s dead time. When fish were
Page 174 and 175: Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
Page 176 and 177: Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
Page 180 and 181: dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
Page 182 and 183: Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
Page 184 and 185: Effects of Temperature and Feeding
Page 186 and 187: aquaculture systems, where the envi
Page 188 and 189: Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
Page 190 and 191: greater than the desired temperatur
Page 192 and 193: Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
Page 194 and 195: 35 days into the experiment, and th
Page 196 and 197: C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
Page 198 and 199: of the fish used in this experiment
Page 200 and 201: Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
Page 202 and 203: Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
Page 204 and 205: new studies begun. Daily water qual
Page 206 and 207: Development Rationale for the Use o
Page 208 and 209: Further, reduction in operating cos
Page 210 and 211: The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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