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yellow color, while the water in the higher ozone treatments was crystal clear. The color (absorbance) was not quantified in this experiment. Clearly, more research is needed to determine to what extent equilibrium TOC in a recirculating system depends on the rate of ozone addition. Conclusions • TOC concentrations in recirculating systems rise and then level off with water use (increasing CFB). Equilibrium is reached (in our systems) at about CFB = 2 g/L. • In these experimental systems, ozonation lowers the equilibrium TOC from an average of about 26 mg/L to approximately 15 mg/L. • The difference in equilibrium TOC between two identical recirculating systems is approximately 4 mg/L. This intrinsic variability among systems is not negligible compared to the effect of ozone. • A difference in equilibrium TOC among the different ozone doses could not be detected. Acknowledgement References This research was supported by the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station. Brazil, B.L, Summerfelt, S.T., Libey, G. S., “Application of Ozone to Recirculating Aquaculture Systems.” In: G.S. Libey, M.B. Timmons (eds.), Successes and Failures in Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture. Conference Proceedings, Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service, July 1996, Ithaca, NY, pp. 373-389. Ebeling, J.M, Hochheimer, J., Singh, S., Wheaton, F. “Preliminary Results and Description of a Four-Tank (2x2 Factorial Design) Recirculation Solids Removal and Nitrification Performance Study at the University of Maryland.” In: Timmons, M.B., Losordo, T. (eds.) Advances in Aquacultural Engineering, AES Proceedings III. NRAES-105. Cornell Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, NY,. 1997. pp. 11-18. Summerfelt, S.T., Hankins, J.A., Weber, A., Durant, M.D. “Ozonation of a Recirculating Rainbow Trout Culture System II: Effects on Microscreen Filtration and Water Quality.” Aquaculture 158(1997):57-67. 4
Introduction Genetic Improvement of Fishes for Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture Systems: A Case Study Involving Tilapia Eric M. Hallerman Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA 24061-0321, USA A growing sector of aquaculture produces fish not in traditional pond systems, but in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Development of RAS has tended to emphasize production systems as opposed to cultured stocks. As the RAS sector matures, however, it becomes appropriate to broaden the focus to consider the genetics of cultured stocks. The profitability of aquaculture in RAS will depend, in part, on development of genetic lines suitable for growth under conditions of high density, sub-optimal water quality, and so forth. Fish breeders have a range of choices for pursuing genetic improvement of aquaculture stocks, including: (1) selective breeding approaches, such as individual or family selection, and (2) biotechnological approaches, such as gene transfer. This technical session of the conference includes presentations of both selective breeding and biotechnology-based programs of genetic improvement of stocks for production in RAS. I will open the program with a discussion of selective breeding of tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) within the operations of Blue Ridge Aquaculture (Martinsville, VA), a commercial production enterprise. Scott Lindell (AquaPartners Technologies, Turners Falls, MA) discusses strain evaluation and selective breeding of striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Christopher Kohler (Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL) then will discuss strain evaluation and selective breeding of white bass (Morone chrysops). Loren Miller et al. (University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN) then will present their group’s findings in selective breeding of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). Over the past 15 years, increasing effort has been committed to application of biotechnological metohds to aquaculture production. Elliot Entis (A/F Protein, Waltham, MA) discusses the development and imminent commercialization of transgenic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). It is my intent that commercial producers will understand the potential of genetic improvement for enhancing productivity and profitability of their operation, and gain insight regarding practical approaches for securing or producing genetically improved stock. 1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
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Abstract not available at time of p
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increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
Page 92 and 93: disease. We need to create environm
Page 94 and 95: Introduction Implications of Total
Page 96 and 97: The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
Page 98 and 99: Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
Page 100 and 101: ’ Conduct research and help devel
Page 102 and 103: Information sources for aquaculture
Page 104 and 105: Tilapia is an important fish specie
Page 106 and 107: To determine the RSE of the examine
Page 108 and 109: Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
Page 110 and 111: Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
Page 112 and 113: feeder control algorithms on a PC s
Page 114 and 115: Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
Page 116 and 117: The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
Page 118 and 119: Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
Page 120 and 121: Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
Page 122 and 123: Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
Page 124 and 125: Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
Page 126 and 127: similar disinfection efficiency. Th
Page 128 and 129: (2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
Page 130 and 131: Materials and Method Schematic draw
Page 132 and 133: the amount of added increase by pro
Page 134 and 135: Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
Page 136 and 137: the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
Page 138 and 139: daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
Page 140 and 141: At this time, the control (both tan
Page 144 and 145: Case Study: Genetic improvement of
Page 146 and 147: and human effort. This commitment m
Page 148 and 149: - Harold Kincaid works for the US F
Page 150 and 151: Figure 1. Production and selection
Page 152 and 153: Performance Comparison of Geographi
Page 154 and 155: Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
Page 156 and 157: The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
Page 158 and 159: Second, as the salmon farming indus
Page 160 and 161: Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
Page 162 and 163: Introduction Removal of Protein and
Page 164 and 165: higher superficial air velocity gre
Page 166 and 167: Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
Page 168 and 169: The ideal mean residence time was a
Page 170 and 171: A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
Page 172 and 173: tank’s dead time. When fish were
Page 174 and 175: Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
Page 176 and 177: Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
Page 180 and 181: dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
Page 182 and 183: Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
Page 184 and 185: Effects of Temperature and Feeding
Page 186 and 187: aquaculture systems, where the envi
Page 188 and 189: Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
Page 190 and 191: greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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