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Oxygen Management at a Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture Farm producing Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Smolts Edward Parker, B.Sc. M.Sc. Biology candidate University of New Brunswick Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 5A3 Introduction Tillmann Benfey, Ph.D. Professor Department of Biology University of New Brunswick Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 5A3 Michel Couturier, Ph.D. Professor Department of Chemical Engineering University of New Brunswick Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 5A3 The effective management of dissolved oxygen (DO) levels is the most critical factor in the operation of commercial recirculating aquaculture systems. The fish, nitrifying bacteria in the biofilter, and heterotrophic bacteria that feed on the uneaten food and organic wastes all need oxygen. Close control of the DO level is critical because failure of the aeration or oxygenation system can lead to a total loss of the crop within minutes. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt production facilities are intensive aquaculture systems in which direct oxygenation must be used together with aeration to meet the oxygen demand of the fish and bacteria. However, it is crucial that oxygen gas be used efficiently because it is expensive. The commercial profitability of these systems can be improved directly through decreased oxygen expenses or indirectly through better system performance. This paper will discuss oxygen management at a commercial freshwater recirculating aquaculture farm annually producing 400,000 Atlantic salmon smolts in New Brunswick, Canada. About 68,000 kg of pure oxygen is consumed per production cycle at this facility. The oxygen is stored in bulk on site and injected into the water by bubble diffusers and low head oxygenator (LHO) units. The level of DO in each tank is controlled by manual adjustment of the flow of injected oxygen. The objectives of this study were to determine the oxygen utilization efficiency of the system and to test the effectiveness of an automatic on/off DO control system. 1
System Description A schematic of the recirculating system on which this study was done is provided in Figure 1. Before entering the settledeck, which serves as a water reservoir and sedimentation tank, the make-up water from an artesian well is ozonated and heated. Water from the settledeck is pumped to three fluidised sand-bed nitrification biofilters. After each nitrification biofilter, the water is degased by bubbling atmospheric air into the water and oxygenated by an LHO unit. The water then flows to the tank field where twenty 33 m 3 double drain tanks hold the fish. Within each tank is a bubble diffuser for adding pure oxygen into the water and an airlift pump for creating current. Most of the water exits the tanks from the middle of the water column and flows directly back to the settledeck. The remainder exits from the bottom and is treated by a swirl separator and microscreen drumfilter to remove solids before flowing back to the settledeck. Effluent water exits the recirculating system through an overflow pipe located in the settledeck and a discharge pipe located at the bottom of the swirl separator. The recirculating system operates at a 95 to 96% recirculation rate, meaning that 5% to 4%, respectively, of the system flow is exchanged during each turnover. Well Ozone Heat S ettled ec k Degaser LHO Tank Field Twenty 33 m3 Fish Tanks 60 % 40 % LHO W astew ater Treatm ent System Degaser Degaser Swirl Separator Microscreen Figure 1: Layout sketch of the recirculating aquaculture system, with arrows showing direction of water flow. Methods The amount of DO added by the make-up water, LHO units, degasers, bubble diffusers, and settledeck, and the amount consumed by the effluent, nitrification biofilters, settledeck and fish, was obtained by performing oxygen and water mass balances at five system biomasses of 4076, 7889, 8180, 10093, and 12743 kg. The mass of DO added or consumed by each unit was obtained by multiplying the measured water flow rate by the difference between 2 LHO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
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Abstract not available at time of p
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increase the potential for bottlene
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Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
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Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
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References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
Page 84 and 85: depth decreases. Improvements in tr
Page 86 and 87: Perspective on the Role of Governme
Page 88 and 89: unprecedented in the growth of a ne
Page 90 and 91: with siting and the special equipme
Page 92 and 93: disease. We need to create environm
Page 94 and 95: Introduction Implications of Total
Page 96 and 97: The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
Page 98 and 99: Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
Page 100 and 101: ’ Conduct research and help devel
Page 102 and 103: Information sources for aquaculture
Page 104 and 105: Tilapia is an important fish specie
Page 106 and 107: To determine the RSE of the examine
Page 108 and 109: Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
Page 110 and 111: Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
Page 112 and 113: feeder control algorithms on a PC s
Page 114 and 115: Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
Page 116 and 117: The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
Page 118 and 119: Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
Page 120 and 121: Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
Page 122 and 123: Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
Page 124 and 125: Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
Page 126 and 127: similar disinfection efficiency. Th
Page 128 and 129: (2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
Page 130 and 131: Materials and Method Schematic draw
Page 132 and 133: the amount of added increase by pro
Page 136 and 137: the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
Page 138 and 139: daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
Page 140 and 141: At this time, the control (both tan
Page 142 and 143: yellow color, while the water in th
Page 144 and 145: Case Study: Genetic improvement of
Page 146 and 147: and human effort. This commitment m
Page 148 and 149: - Harold Kincaid works for the US F
Page 150 and 151: Figure 1. Production and selection
Page 152 and 153: Performance Comparison of Geographi
Page 154 and 155: Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
Page 156 and 157: The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
Page 158 and 159: Second, as the salmon farming indus
Page 160 and 161: Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
Page 162 and 163: Introduction Removal of Protein and
Page 164 and 165: higher superficial air velocity gre
Page 166 and 167: Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
Page 168 and 169: The ideal mean residence time was a
Page 170 and 171: A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
Page 172 and 173: tank’s dead time. When fish were
Page 174 and 175: Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
Page 176 and 177: Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
Page 178 and 179: Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
Page 180 and 181: dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
Page 182 and 183: Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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