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To date, the U.S. summer flounder industry, utilizing RAS is confronted with limited knowledge on the nutritional requirements of summer flounder (pers. comm., George Nardie, Great Bay Aquafarms; Kathy Downey, Trio Algarvio; Dr. David Bengtson, URI; Dr. Harry Daniels, UNC; and Dr. Wade Watanabe, UNCW). In that regard, scientists have begun implementation of a nutrition program at the VSAREC. The overall objective of this program is to implement nutrition studies necessary to determine the nutritional requirements of summer flounder. Based on nutrition studies conducted on other species (i.e. red drum and hybrid striped bass; Gatlin, 1992, 1995) scientists intend to streamline the process of determining key nutritional requirements for summer flounder. To date, a replicated research nutrition system has been constructed, and an initial lipid nutrition study is underway. The nutrition system is comprised of 18 – 20L aquaria operated in parallel. The aquaria are fed by a single distribution manifold which is operated at 3 PSI. For each aquarium, a PVC spigot valve is connected to a 3/16” ID 90 o hose barb to assure identical flow into each aquarium. The aquaria drain via a U-shaped external ¾” PVC standpipe into a common PVC rain-gutter. Tank effluent traverses the rain gutter and discharges into a 750L reservoir, which contains 3 cubic feet of suspended media allowing it to act simultaneously as a biofilter. Water is withdrawn from the bottom center of the reservoir, by a ¾ HP pool pump, pumped through a 1 Hp titanium chiller, and then into an upflow bead filter for solids removal and secondary biofiltration. Upon exiting the bead filter, the water flow reenters the distribution pipe feeding water to all the aquaria. A side-loop reservoir pumps water through a venturi driven protein skimmer. The protein skimmer venturi is fed by ozonated dry air. Ozonated effluent from the skimmer returns directly to the reservoir. Food grade sodium bicarbonate is added to the systems on an as needed basis to maintain a pH above 7.5. For the lipid study, four experimental diets were formulated to contain 55% crude protein on a dry weight basis made from a combination of herring meal and casein. Lipid was added in the form of herring oil to levels of 8, 12, 16 and 20% (dry weight basis). Dextrin was added in place of lipid to maintain isocaloric diet. The control diet was composed of 55 % protein (from 100% herring meal) and 16% dietary lipid, which mimicks current commercial summer flounder diets. Initial results from the study indicate that weight gain of fish fed a diet with 8% lipid was 20% higher than for fish fed a 16% lipid diet. The increased weight gain of fish fed diets containing 8 and 12% dietary lipid compared with fish fed a 16% lipid diet may suggest that current commercial diets for summer flounder may contain higher lipid levels necessary for optimum growth. It was also observed that the inclusion of high levels of casein did not adversely affect diet palatability. Summer flounder fed diets with casein outperformed fish fed the control diet without casein. Fish fed the lowest lipid level diet and diets with the highest level of dextrin (approximately 23% of dry diet) had the greatest weight gain. These results suggest the possible formulation of experimental diets using semi-purified ingredients without negatively effecting performance. This is a distinct advantage in determining quantifiable 3
nutritional requirements of summer flounder. Preliminary data from this study suggest that summer flounder may have difficulty utilizing high levels of fishmeal in the presence of 16% lipid (i.e., fish fed this control diet had the lowest weight gain). Genetic Selection A hatchery initiative is underway, incorporating the use of microsatellite DNA marking to identify genetically selected broodstock. With this technology, f-1 progeny can be analyzed to determine genetic contribution from individual broodstock. In this fashion, “best performing” broodstock can be identified, and genetic heterozygosity can be maintained. Literature Cited Anonymous. “Status of World Aquaculture.” Aquaculture Magazine Buyers Guide 6(2000):42 Garrett, E.S., M.L. Jahncke, and R.E. Martin. “Applications of HACCP principles to address food safety and other issues in aquaculture: An overview.” J. of Aquatic Food Prod. Technol. (In Press). 2000. Gatlin, D.M., III. 1992. Development of Nutrition and Feeding Programs for Marine Fish. Proceedings of FOID 1992. First International Conference on Fisheries and Ocean Development. National Fisheries University of Pusan. February, 1992. Gatlin, D.M., III. Nutrition and Utilization Technology in Aquaculture. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press. 1995. Lovell, R. T. 1989. Nutrition and feeding of Fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York, NY. Waters, D. “Sustainable flounder culture and fisheries.” North Carolina Sea Grant Publication UNC-SG-96-14. (1996):12. VMRC. 1998. Virginia Commercial Summer Flounder Landings 1980-1998, VMRC- Planning and Statistics Department. 4
Page 1 and 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
Page 3 and 4: iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
Page 5 and 6: v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
Page 7 and 8: into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
Page 9: one above the other, reducing the
Page 13 and 14: Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Commercial Application
Page 17 and 18: System Performance: Nine of these r
Page 19 and 20: electrical costs reduced by more th
Page 21 and 22: Nitrate, as the final product of th
Page 23 and 24: Culture conditions On August 1, 199
Page 25 and 26: surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
Page 27 and 28: achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
Page 29 and 30: ecomes possible without water repla
Page 31 and 32: tropical countries for tropical fis
Page 33 and 34: fastest absorption of nutrients fro
Page 35 and 36: Recirculation System Design; The KI
Page 37 and 38: The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
Page 39 and 40: Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
Page 41 and 42: Our largest error though was in not
Page 43 and 44: Before You Invest. In my role as a
Page 45 and 46: are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
Page 47 and 48: Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
Page 49 and 50: have projects in the planning stage
Page 51 and 52: As the upward trend for seafood dem
Page 53 and 54: and the World Health Organization (
Page 55 and 56: Abstract not available at time of p
Page 57 and 58: increase the potential for bottlene
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
Page 61 and 62:
Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
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and the polyphenol content (Northup
Page 67 and 68:
References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
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Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
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In comparison of gravity separation
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NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
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O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
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The Hatchery The hatchery supports
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in crayfish populations, disappeara
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Table 2. Summary of average flows a
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depth decreases. Improvements in tr
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Perspective on the Role of Governme
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unprecedented in the growth of a ne
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with siting and the special equipme
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disease. We need to create environm
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Introduction Implications of Total
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The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
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Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
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’ Conduct research and help devel
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Information sources for aquaculture
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Tilapia is an important fish specie
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To determine the RSE of the examine
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Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
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Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
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feeder control algorithms on a PC s
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Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
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The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
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Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
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Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
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Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
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Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
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similar disinfection efficiency. Th
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(2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
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Materials and Method Schematic draw
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the amount of added increase by pro
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Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
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the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
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daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
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At this time, the control (both tan
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yellow color, while the water in th
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Case Study: Genetic improvement of
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and human effort. This commitment m
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- Harold Kincaid works for the US F
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Figure 1. Production and selection
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Performance Comparison of Geographi
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Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
Page 364 and 365:
This apparent interaction between t
Page 366:
References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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