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To determine the RSE of the examined fourteen amino acids, each was presented at a concentration of 1x104M. In the present study, there is no difference in RSE between male and female Nile tilapia, which indicates that the olfactory neural response to amino acids for both sexes is quite similar. The Post hoc statistical testing indicated that the RSE of the tested amino acids separated into two distinct groups, with serine (standard), alanine, and cysteine comprising the most stimulatory one, while betaine and proline the least effective. The other amino acids (methionine, glutamine, argnine, glycine, lysine, glutamic acid tryptophan, histidine, and leucine) were intermediate between these groups and indistinguishable in response from each other. Cysteine is the most efficacious amino acid tested for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, (Caprio, 1978) and eel, Angulla rostrata, (Silver, 1982) as well as the Nile tilapia. Olfactory thresholds obtained electrophysiologically for the most potent amino acids in fish were generally lie between 106 and 109M (Kang and Caprio 1995). Which reflect the approximate levels of free amino acids found in natural waters as it varies according to the back ground level of total amino acids (Caprio, 1982). The present data of olfactory responses in Nile tilapia demonstrated the average threshold of the six most potent amino acids (serine, alanine, cysteine, methionine, glutamine, and arginine) was 1x108 .26 M These thresholds were not different from those previously reported fish species. This indicate that the detected thresholds for all fish tested have been found to be very similar and quite low. The magnitude of olfactory nerve response increased exponentially with logarithmic increases in concentration. This is typical of all fish studied using olfactory electrophysiological technique (Hara, 1982). Comparisons of responses at a single concentration might not necessarily predict those at another if there were significant variations in the slopes of the concentration response plots for the different amino acids. The slopes for the amino acids used in the present study were similar indicating that significant changes in rank order at different concentrations would not occur if pH of the stimulus solution maintained in neutral range. While the olfactory neural response typically exhibits a tonic component followed by a phasic response to long-duration stimulus presentation, our stimulus sample pulses were quite short in duration so a significant tonic component was probably not observed. It has been suggested, based on behavioural investigations that olfaction is responsible for the arousal and excitatory state and the feeding search image (Valetincic et al., 1994). The similarities in olfactory sensitivity of fish with different feeding requirements are consistent with this observation. However, the question if Nile tilapia olfactory sensitivity as measured by electrophysiology (a chemically noiseless environment) reflects that in natural environment. Information addressing this question could be obtained through behavioural studies, which can narrow the information gap between electrophysiology and behaviour. This is the key to understand fish chemosensitivity and should be actively pursued in the future. 4
Acknowledgments We thank Dr. K. Kurihara , Dr. J. Caprio, Dr. T. Marui, Dr. J. B. K. Leonard, and for their encouragement and help throughout the present study; H. Sakano, T. Yamamoto and A. Sato for their assistance ; and H. Haruna for his help in making the experimental systems, we thank Egyptian high education minster, department of mission for the scholarship "channel system programme". References Carr, W. (1982) Chemical stimulation of feeding behaviour. In Chemoreception in Fishes. (T. J. Hara, ed.), PP.259-273. New York: Elsevier. Caprio, J. (1978). Olfaction and taste in channel catfish: an electrophysiological study of the response to amino acids and derivatives. J. Comp. Physiol. 123,357-371. Caprio, J. (1982) High sensitivity and specificity of olfactory and gustatory receptors of catfish to amino acids.In Hara, T. J., ed. Chemoreception in Fishes. Pmisterdam: Elsevier, pp. 109-113. Hara, T. J. (1975) Olfaction in fish, Progr. Neurobiol., 5, 271-335. Hara, T. J., (1982) Structure-activity relationships of amino acids as olfactory stimuli. In Chernoreception in Fishes, Hara, T. J., Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 135. Kang, J., and Caprio, J., (1995) In vivo responses of single olfactory catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. J. Neurophysiol., 73: 172-177. Mckenzie, DJ. Piraccini, G. Bronzi, P. and Bolis,C. L. (1996) The effect of plasma acid base status on urea excretion in Nile tilapia. In; The Physiology of Tropical Fish Symposium Proceedings International congress on the Biology of the Fishes, San Francisco state University July 14-18. Silver, W. L. (1979) Olfactory responses from a marine elasmobranch: the Atlantic stingray Dasyatis sabina. Mar. Behav. Physiol. 6,297-305. Valentincic, T., Wegert, 5, and Caprio, J. (1994) Learned olfactory discrimination versus innate taste responses to amino acids in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Physiol. Behav. 55(5)865-873. Zaki, M.I Michael, M o I., and Ghbrial, S.G. (1996). Embryological characteristics of two Oreochromis Spp.(Tilapia) and their hybrid using the induced spawning method. The Fish egg: Its Biology and Culture Symposium Proceedings. International congress on the Biology of Fishes, San Francisco state University July 14-18. 5
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i Pages Symposium
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iii Pages Production of YY Male Til
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v Pages Special Session 2 - Volunte
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into the grow-out tanks. The airlif
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one above the other, reducing the
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nutritional requirements of summer
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Pump Functions The AMI Multi-Functi
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Introduction Commercial Application
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System Performance: Nine of these r
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electrical costs reduced by more th
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Nitrate, as the final product of th
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Culture conditions On August 1, 199
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surface area 740 m 2 /m 3 ). The co
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achieved a 750 mg/l decline in the
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ecomes possible without water repla
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tropical countries for tropical fis
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fastest absorption of nutrients fro
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Recirculation System Design; The KI
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The Japanese Aquaculture Market and
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Entrepreneurial and Economic Issues
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Our largest error though was in not
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Before You Invest. In my role as a
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are 590,000 kg/year. Prices, deprec
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Twenty-One Years of Commercial Reci
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have projects in the planning stage
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As the upward trend for seafood dem
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and the World Health Organization (
Page 55 and 56: Abstract not available at time of p
Page 57 and 58: increase the potential for bottlene
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1: Comparison of First, Seco
Page 61 and 62: Ecological and Resource Recovery Ap
Page 63 and 64: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is widespr
Page 65 and 66: and the polyphenol content (Northup
Page 67 and 68: References CAST. 1996. Integrated A
Page 69 and 70: Tilapia and Fish Wastewater Charact
Page 71 and 72: In comparison of gravity separation
Page 73 and 74: NY DEC Interaction. The owners of F
Page 75 and 76: O 2 Feed CO 2 Ammonia Figure 1. Gen
Page 78 and 79: The Hatchery The hatchery supports
Page 80 and 81: in crayfish populations, disappeara
Page 82 and 83: Table 2. Summary of average flows a
Page 84 and 85: depth decreases. Improvements in tr
Page 86 and 87: Perspective on the Role of Governme
Page 88 and 89: unprecedented in the growth of a ne
Page 90 and 91: with siting and the special equipme
Page 92 and 93: disease. We need to create environm
Page 94 and 95: Introduction Implications of Total
Page 96 and 97: The NOAA/DOC Aquaculture Initiative
Page 98 and 99: Future Directions for the NOAA/DOC
Page 100 and 101: ’ Conduct research and help devel
Page 102 and 103: Information sources for aquaculture
Page 104 and 105: Tilapia is an important fish specie
Page 108 and 109: Fig.1(a) Typical integrated olfacto
Page 110 and 111: Table 1. Relative stimulatory effic
Page 112 and 113: feeder control algorithms on a PC s
Page 114 and 115: Durant, M. D., Summerfelt, S. T., H
Page 116 and 117: The Effects of Ultraviolet Filtrati
Page 118 and 119: Table 1. The mean (N = 20) initial
Page 120 and 121: Introduction Evaluation of UV Disin
Page 122 and 123: Figure 1 Schematic of the experimen
Page 124 and 125: Table 1 Summary of the tested resul
Page 126 and 127: similar disinfection efficiency. Th
Page 128 and 129: (2) UV254 transmittance was an impo
Page 130 and 131: Materials and Method Schematic draw
Page 132 and 133: the amount of added increase by pro
Page 134 and 135: Oxygen Management at a Commercial R
Page 136 and 137: the outlet and inlet DO concentrati
Page 138 and 139: daylight hours averaged 0.5 kg DO/k
Page 140 and 141: At this time, the control (both tan
Page 142 and 143: yellow color, while the water in th
Page 144 and 145: Case Study: Genetic improvement of
Page 146 and 147: and human effort. This commitment m
Page 148 and 149: - Harold Kincaid works for the US F
Page 150 and 151: Figure 1. Production and selection
Page 152 and 153: Performance Comparison of Geographi
Page 154 and 155: Abstract Issues in the Commercializ
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The Salmon Example Salmon farming i
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Second, as the salmon farming indus
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Devlin, R.H., Yesaki, T.Y., Biagi,
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Introduction Removal of Protein and
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higher superficial air velocity gre
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Hydrodynamics in the ‘Cornell-Typ
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The ideal mean residence time was a
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A sample pellet-flushing test is sh
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tank’s dead time. When fish were
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Partial-Reuse Systems Ideally, the
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Figure 1. The partial-recirculating
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Table 1. Mean values (± standard e
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dioxide (1) and un-ionized ammonia
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Comparative Growth of All-Female Ve
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Effects of Temperature and Feeding
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aquaculture systems, where the envi
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Figure 2. Growth relationships of y
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greater than the desired temperatur
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Figure 3. Cumulative feed consumpti
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35 days into the experiment, and th
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C. Maximum specific feed consumptio
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of the fish used in this experiment
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Coche, A.G. Cage culture of tilapia
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Predictive Computer Modeling of Gro
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new studies begun. Daily water qual
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Development Rationale for the Use o
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Further, reduction in operating cos
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The operation of the MRBF is domina
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equired a high frequency of washing
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Several dramatically different hull
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support airlift applications. These
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Enhancing Nitrification in Propelle
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The last filter media used in this
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Table 2. Water quality analyses wer
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1193.67 g-NO2 m -3 d -1 with the ni
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Biofilters Used in Recirculating Fi
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The Cyclone Sand Biofilter: A New D
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Marine Biotech (Beverly, MA) 2 has
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120.0% 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.
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Nitrification Potential and Oxygen
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diffused aeration. The experiments
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It needs to be pointed out that the
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ammonia removal rate was low in the
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Tanaka, H. and Dunn, I. 1982. Kinet
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Ammonia removal activity was increa
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Ammonia Conc. (mg/NH 4 + -N/L) 12 1
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Antifouling Sensors and Systems for
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The Vic Thomas Striped Bass Hatcher
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Introduction In the Central Valley
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Each of the two recirculation syste
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Body injury rates (% of fish) to th
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usiness expectations and limited te
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needs of the endemic Murray-Darling
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sold (Gooley et al. 1999). The dist
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In response to the large levels of
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planning at the outset will, more t
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Table 1 Summaries of selected speci
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a) Photo courtesy of Neil Armstrong
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Information flow 1. Initial concept
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achieve continuous production, faci
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Solids Removal (9.71%) Electricity
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The Effect of Fish Biomass and Deni
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Marine Denitrification of Denitrifi
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(a) (b) (c) Nitrate conc. (mg NO 3
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6. Poxton, M. G. and S. R. Allouse.
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control unit. Two distinct advantag
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the many variables that are involve
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Filtration Recirculation systems re
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6. AERATION DEVICE: 6” airstones
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Piper, R.G., I.B. McElwain, L.E. Or
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carried out for both the 50 m 3 and
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possible to predict mean monthly ta
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Recirculation Systems for Farming E
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of this pilot-system will be evalua
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Figure 2. The main screen of the en
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What: What is your business structu
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should more than offset the costs o
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• Any other documents indicating
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production projects. Once these par
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A single discharge pipe works to re
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1. Oxygen recharge rates or the abi
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2.9.1.2. Measure ammonia. 2.9.1.3.
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Discharge pipe Number used within e
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Previous efforts by the Illinois De
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media. The water enters the filter
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Table 3: Summary of pro forma cash
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References Moss, S.M. (1999) “Bio
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Propagation and Culture of Endanger
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at a rate of 2 ft 3 /kg feed/d. Sod
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Modification of D-Ended Tanks for F
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MATERIALS AND METHODS All tests wer
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The single 100 ppm hydrogen peroxid
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The Potential for the Presence of B
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The main advantage for microorganis
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organism causes disease in humans,
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Bacteria No. of Facilities No. of D
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Assanta, M.A., Roy, D. and Montpeti
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Jones, K. and Bradshaw, S.B. (1996)
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Wilderer, P.A. and Characklis, W.G.
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systems (Egusa, 1981; Mellergaard a
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ecirculating system after mortality
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Fish Health Monitoring and Maintena
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disease problems. For tilapia, a sp
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The Role of Fish Density in Infecti
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This apparent interaction between t
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References Banks, J.L. (1994) Racew
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