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AKAH, Peter et al. 92 Table 1: Effect of V. amygdalina aqueous leaf extract on blood glucose of diabetic rats Groups Dose of Blood glucose (mg %) at hr after treatment extract a % Reduction after 8 hr 0 hr 2 hr 4 hr 8 hr 24 hr Non-diabetic DW (control) Non-diabetic (2 ml/kg) 123.6±2.4 125.1±1.6 121.8±3.1 126.3±9.5 124.4±7.3 -2.0 (treated) 80 mg/kg DW 125.4±5.0 114.5±4.4* 100.6±3.0* 81.3±6.1* 103.1±1.5* 35.6 Diabetic (control) (2 ml/kg) 298.7±6.5 278.1±5.0 281.5±3.2 311.6±7.2 326.5±4.2 -4.3 Diabetic(treated) 80 mg/kg 291.1±9.4 265.0±8.6* 209.5±4.1* 194.5±2.0* 231.6±5.1* 33.2 a Values are means ± SEM, (n=10), *P < 0.05; DW = distilled water Table 2: Effect of V. amygdalina aqueous leaf extract on serum triglyceride level of diabetic rats Groups Dose of extract Serum triglyceride (mg %) at hr after treatment a % Reduction after 8 hr 0 hr 2 hr 4 hr 8 hr 24 hr Non-diabetic DW (control) Non-diabetic (2 ml/kg) 193.6±2.4 192.8±4.1 195.1±10.6 193.2±7.7 191.4±2.1 0 (treated) 80 mg/kg DW 192.5±5.1 161.4±4.5* 150.7±5.4* 136.4±2.5* 160.5±1.6* 29.1 Diabetic (control) (2 ml/kg) 386.9±6.5 407.1±10.2 404.8±5.2 381.7±4.2 403.8±17.8 1.3 Diabetic(treated) 80 mg/kg 355.5±6.0 333.5±5.3 188.3±4.2* 158.0±3.5* 231.6±5.7* 55.6 a Values are means ± SEM; (n=10), *P < 0.05, DW = distilled water DISCUSSION The hypoglycaemic potentials of medicinal plants have been documented (Akah et al., 2002). The result of this study confirms our earlier report (Akah and Okafor, 1992) on the hypoglycaemic effect of the leaf extract of V. amygdalina in rabbits. Although several biologically active constituents were reported present in the extract (Fafunso and Basir, 1977; Akah and Okafor, 1992), it was not demonstrated which of the groups of phytochemical were responsible for the effect and the mechanism of action. The prompt and remarkable reduction in blood glucose in both the fasting normal rats and alloxan diabetic rats (with blood sugar levels comparable to total pancreatomy) point to a mechanism of action different from that of sulphonylureas, and unrelated to insulin secretion from pancreatic βcells. In diabetes, the causes and sites of intervention in the biochemical process are diverse (Larner 1985), and high serum total triglyceride level has been implicated (Anaja 1995). It is now widely believed that an important signal for insulin secretion may be the link between glucose and lipid metabolism; and long-term exposure of islet cells to high levels of fatty acids may result in β-cell dysfunction (lipotoxicity), and diminished glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (Krolewski et al., 1994, Haffner et al., 1998). It has been established that hyperlipidaemia does not only increase the risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in diabetic patients, but also may impair glycaemic control, accelerates the progression of renal insufficiency and increases mortality (Akbar, 2001). Moreover, an alarming proportion of diabetic patients with dyslipidaemia is not aware of the problem and only a small fraction receives lipidlowering therapy (Isseb et al., 1996). Since dyslipidaemia occurs in most diabetic patients (Isseb et al., 1996), the utilization of lipidlowering drugs is now advocated for diabetic patients. In the present study, V. amygdalina leaf extract evinced a potent lowering of serum triglyceride level in both normoglyceamic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The effect on blood glucose and serum triglyceride level followed the same time course and peaked by the 8 th hour. Adequate treatment of diabetes dyslipidaemia through diet is critical in reducing risk and complications, and the role of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes is emerging.
Effects of extract of Vernonia amygdalina on diabetic rats A high fiber content that reduces insulin secretion was used in the management of hyperlipidaemia in diabetic patients (Paisey et al., 1984). Furthermore, the effectiveness of the seed extract of Trigonella foenum, L, as a cholesterol-lowering agent has been reported (Sharma et al., 1990). The seed was reported to contain soluble fibres, which decrease cholesterol absorption and bile acids reabsorption by disrupting the intraluminal formation of micelles (Sharma et al., 1990). We suspect similar mechanism of action for V. amygdalina extract due to its high fibre content. V. amygdalina has been reported to decrease weight gain in rats (Ene-Obong and Amadi 1986). Although the mechanism of the weight reduction was not explored, it may be related to its lipid lowering effect as shown in the present investigation. The ability of the extract to reduce both blood glucose and serum triglyceride levels is remarkable. The effect of V. amygdalina on serum triglyceride is an added advantage towards effective glycaemic control. V amygdalina is very abundant and relatively cheap, thus recommended as dietary inclusion for diabetics. REFERENCES ADACS (1993). (American Diabetes Association Consensus Statement) Detection and Management of lipid disorders in diabetes. Diabetes Care, 16(Supplement 2): 106 - 112. AKAH, P. A. and OKAFOR, C. L. (1992). Blood sugar lowering effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del, in an experimental rabbit model. Phytotherapy Research, 6: 171 – 173. AKAH, P. A, OKOLI, C. O, and NWAFOR, S. V. (2002). Phytotherapy in the management of diabetes mellitus. Journal of Natural Remedies, 2: 59 – 65. AKBAR, D. H. (2001). Hyperlipidaemia in diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia. Diabetes International, 11: 17-18. ANAJA, H. P. (1995). Relation of plasma fructosamine to lipid profiles in diabetic patients. International Diabetes Digest, 6: 64 – 66. BAUER, D., ACKERMANN, P. A. and TORO, G. (1974). Clinical Laboratory Methods. C. V. Mosby, St. Louis. pp.385 - 386. BEVER, B. O. (1960). Medicinal Plants of Nigeria. College of Arts, Science and Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria. pp 17. DALZIEL, J. M. (1937). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Crown Overseas Agents for the Colonies, London. pp 65. ENE-OBONG, E. and AMADI, O. C. (1986). Contribution to the cytological effects of medicinal plants: the mitodepressive effects of water extracts of Boerhavia difusa and Vernonia amygdalina on Aluim cepa root tips mitosis. Cytologia, 52: 469 – 474. FAFUNSO, A. and BASSIR, O. O. (1977). Nigerian Medicinal Plants. University of Ibadan Press, Ibadan, Nigeria. pp 121. GARG, A. and GRUNDY, S. M. (1990). Management of dyslipidaemia in NIDDM. Diabetes Care, 13: 156 – 169. GOLDBERG, R. B, MELLIES, M. J., SACKS, F. M. and STAMLER, J. (1998). Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetics and glucoseintolerance myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: sub-group analysis in the Cholesterol and Current Events (CARE) Trial. Circulation, 98: 2513 – 2519. HAFFNER, S. M., LEHTO, S. and RONNEMAA, T. (1998). Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with Type 2 diabetics and in non diabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 339: 229 – 234. ISSEB, N., JAYYOUSI, A., MUBARAK, A., HASSAN, A. M. and ISHAG, S. A. (1996). Dyslipidaemia in Qatari patient with non-insulin dependent diabetes. International Diabetes Diges t, 7: 17 – 20. IWU, M. M. (1980). Antidiabetic properties of Bridelia feruginea leaves. Planta Medica, 39: 247 – 250. KANNEL, W. B. (1985). Lipids, diabetes and coronary heart disease: insights from the Framingham Study. American Heart Journal, 110: 1100 – 1107. KROLEWSKI, A. S., WARRAM, J. H. and CHRISTLIEB, A. R. (1994). Hypercholesterolemia: a determinant of renal function and death in IDDM patients with nephropathy. Kidney International , 45: 125 – 131. LARNER, J. (1985). Insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs: Glucagon. Pages 1490 – 1516. In: Gilman, A. G., Goodman, L. S. and Gilman, A. (eds.) 93
Page 1 and 2: Volume 1 Number 2 August 2004
Page 3 and 4: 7. Symbols and common abbreviations
Page 5 and 6: Animal Research International (2004
Page 7 and 8: Immune response of trypanosome-infe
Page 9 and 10: Immune response of trypanosome-infe
Page 13 and 14: Urinary schistosomiasis in Ozuitem
Page 17 and 18: Embryonic development in Clarias ga
Page 19 and 20: Embryonic development in Clarias ga
Page 21 and 22: Effect of Actellic 25 EC on mineral
Page 23 and 24: Effect of Actellic 25 EC on mineral
Page 25: Effects of extract of Vernonia amyg
Page 31 and 32: Cytotoxicity of Pistia stratiotes o
Page 33 and 34: Cytotoxicity of Pistia stratiotes o
Page 35 and 36: Preservation methods, proximate com
Page 41 and 42: SULE, Oricha Dirisu 107 Gombe State
Page 43 and 44: SULE, Oricha Dirisu 109 Comparative
Page 45 and 46: Survival and reproduction of Bulinu
Page 49 and 50: Physico-chemical parameters of an A
Page 55 and 56: The schistosome-transmitting bulini
Page 57 and 58: The schistosome-transmitting bulini
Page 61 and 62: Haematological profile of the Sprag
Page 67: ANIMAL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL VOLUM

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