Application Compendium - Agilent Technologies

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Results and Discussion Table 2 summarizes the results for all materials at 1Hz. Results as a function of frequency are plotted in Figures 2 and 3. In these plots, each data point represents the average result for all tests (locations) on the material at a particular frequency; error bars on the data point span one standard deviation. With respect to the storage modulus (Figure 2), there are two important observations. First, over the frequency domain examined, the storage moduli are a weak function of frequency. Second, the storage moduli are ordered as we would expect based on chemistry. Different methods of polymerization result in dramatically different properties in part by causing more or less “branching” from the parent chain. “Branching” occurs when a polymer chain substitutes for an atom in the parent chain [2]. HDPE has relatively little branching and so polymer chains are closely packed. Thus, HDPE has a higher density, higher intermolecular forces, and on the macroscopic scale, a higher storage modulus. LLDPE, LDPE, and VLDPE have progressively more branching, respectively, and thus weaker intermolecular forces. On the macroscopic scale, these materials have progressively lower storage modulus and greater ductility for forming. With respect to loss factor (Figure 3), the dependence on frequency increases with density; that is, the VLDPE shows no significant change with frequency and the HDPE shows the strongest decrease with frequency. What can we learn from this behavior? Peaks in the loss factor (tan d) as a function of frequency or temperature are associated with phase transitions in the material. If the domain is large enough, multiple peaks in loss factor may be observed that correspond with different phase transitions. For the HDPE, LLDPE, and LDPE, the loss factor decreases with frequency. This means that for these three materials, there exists a transition at lower frequencies than those investigated in this study. The slopes observed over the present domain indicate that this transition occurs at the lowest frequency for the Material E’ @ 1Hz LF @ 1Hz MPa Hz VLDPE 16.2 ± 0.052 0.043 ± 0.0010 LDPE 260 ± 17.4 0.197 ± 0.0010 LLDPE 481 ± 15.1 0.150 ± 0.0020 HDPE 1554 ± 7.4 0.108 ± 0.0012 Table 2. Summary of Results Storage Modulus/MPa Figure 2. Storage modulus vs. frequency for the four polyethylene samples shown in Figure 1. Storage moduli are ordered as expected based on density. Loss Factor Figure 3. Loss factor (tan f) vs. frequency for the four polyethylene samples shown in Figure 1. Decrease with frequency points to a phase transition at a lower frequency. LDPE (because it has only a weak slope) and at progressively higher frequencies for the LLDPE and HDPE (because they have progressively stronger slopes). Testing over a broader frequency range would certainly clarify these results. A more detailed discussion of these materials, including a comparison with results obtained by others, has been published elsewhere [3]. 3 Frequency/Hz Frequency/Hz Conclusions The Agilent G200 NanoIndenter was successfully used to measure the complex modulus of four types of polyethylene. Storage moduli were ordered as expected based on density. From the measurement of loss factor of HDPE, LLDPE, and LDPE, we deduced the existence of phase transitions at frequencies lower than the present domain.
References 1. J.L. Hay, “Using Instrumented indentation to measure the Complex Modulus of Highly Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride,” Agilent application note, available online: http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/ pdf/5990-6330EN.pdf. 2. P.C. Hiemenz and T. P. Lodge, Polymer Chemistry, 2 nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 3-9 (2007). 3. J.L. Hay and E.G. Herbert, “Measuring the complex modulus of polymers by instrumented indentation testing,” Accepted for publication in Experimental Techniques (2011). Nano Mechanical Systems from Agilent Technologies Agilent Technologies, the premier measurement company, offers highprecision, modular nano-measurement solutions for research, industry, and education. Exceptional worldwide support is provided by experienced application scientists and technical service personnel. Agilent’s leading-edge R&D laboratories ensure the continued, timely introduction and optimization of innovative, easy-to-use nanomechanical system technologies. www.agilent.com/find/nanoindenter Americas Canada (877) 894 4414 Latin America 305 269 7500 United States (800) 829 4444 Asia Pacific Australia 1 800 629 485 China 800 810 0189 Hong Kong 800 938 693 India 1 800 112 929 Japan 0120 (421) 345 Korea 080 769 0800 Malaysia 1 800 888 848 Singapore 1 800 375 8100 Taiwan 0800 047 866 Thailand 1 800 226 008 Europe & Middle East Austria 43 (0) 1 360 277 1571 Belgium 32 (0) 2 404 93 40 Denmark 45 70 13 15 15 Finland 358 (0) 10 855 2100 France 0825 010 700* *0.125 €/minute Germany 49 (0) 7031 464 6333 Ireland 1890 924 204 Israel 972-3-9288-504/544 Italy 39 02 92 60 8484 Netherlands 31 (0) 20 547 2111 Spain 34 (91) 631 3300 Sweden 0200-88 22 55 Switzerland 0800 80 53 53 United Kingdom 44 (0) 118 9276201 Other European Countries: www.agilent.com/find/contactus Product specifications and descriptions in this document subject to change without notice. © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2011 Printed in USA, October 19, 2011 5990-7331EN
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MATERIALS TESTING AND RESEARCH SOLU
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When accuracy and reliability in me
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AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES APPLICATIONS F
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Figure 1. Agilent Cary 630 FTIR spe
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The calibration samples were measur
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Author Frank Higgins Agilent Techno
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Figure 1. The overlaid aliphatic be
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Author John Seelenbinder Agilent Te
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Figure 3. Sample is lightly pressed
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Author Dr. Mustafa Kansiz Agilent T
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microscopy provides for a factor of
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Standard ATR IR Image No Pressure (
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A visual inspection of the sample u
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Experimental Instrumentation To per
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Authors Jonah Kirkwood † and Must
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Spectra were collected from each lo
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Infrared mapping allows for multipl
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The spectra in Figure 2 are visuall
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Conclusion Agilent‟s Cary 610 FTI
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Authors Dr. Wayne Collins*, John Se
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The calibration curve obtained for
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Conclusion Select ‘Peak Ratio’
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Summary This method describes a pro
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Method configuration To determine t
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The calibration curve for the deter
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Figure 6. The MicroLab PC FTIR soft
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Summary An analytically representat
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Figure 3. The Irganox 1010 peak are
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The calibration curve and equation
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Select ‘Peak Ratio’ - from the
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Summary An analytically representat
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Figure 3. The GMS peak height absor
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Advanced Atomic Force Microscopy: E
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signal) image indicating the overwh
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A dependence of surface potential o
Page 75 and 76: A B C Figure 6A-C. The topography (
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Page 79 and 80: KFM with AM-FM operation in the int
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Page 83 and 84: References 1. G. Binnig, C.F. Quate
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Page 89 and 90: to perfect hexagonal patterns, whic
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Page 93 and 94: images due to the difference of the
Page 95 and 96: 0.5 V) of the nanowires. Additional
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Page 99 and 100: of PSS component. TEM studies of mo
Page 101 and 102: Atomic Force Microscopy Studies in
Page 103 and 104: on graphite and MoS2 are shown in F
Page 105 and 106: A B C D Scan size: 5 µm. Scan size
Page 107 and 108: images of PEDOT:PSS blend, (PEDOT -
Page 109 and 110: Young’s Modulus of Dielectric ‘
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3. Young’s modulus as a fu
Page 113 and 114: Nanoindentation, Scratch, and Eleva
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Page 117 and 118: Figure 6. Elastic modulus results f
Page 119 and 120: Figure 11. Elastic modulus results
Page 121 and 122: Sample B Figure 16. Scratch curves
Page 123 and 124: Conclusions Nanoindentation and scr
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Page 129 and 130: Theory The complex shear modulus (G
Page 131 and 132: References 1. Jain, S.K., Bhattacha
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Page 135 and 136: log Mp 5 4.6 4.2 3.8 0.5 15% Water
Page 137 and 138: Authors Wei Luan and Chunxiao Wang
Page 139 and 140: Table 1. Chemical Information of An
Page 141 and 142: Injection Volume Influence of Real
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Page 145 and 146: To identify the matrix influence on
Page 147 and 148: Authors Chun-Xiao Wang and Wei Luan
Page 149 and 150: Table 1. Polymer Additives in ASTM
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Page 155 and 156: Authors Edgar Naegele Agilent Techn
Page 157 and 158: Results and discussion To meet the
Page 159 and 160: Authors Melissa Dunkle, Gerd Vanhoe
Page 161 and 162: Experimental The analyses were perf
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Page 167 and 168: Introduction Phthalates form a grou
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Page 171 and 172: Introduction Bisphenol A (BPA) is a
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Sample analysis The content of BPA
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The calibration for BPA and BPF, wh
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Author Stephen Ball Agilent Technol
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Results and discussion By operating
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Introduction The wavelength of UV r
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LC parameters Premixed solutions of
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Linearity A linearity study was per
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References 1. Dr. James H. Gibson,
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Instrumentation Columns: 2 x PLgel
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Authors Greg Saunders and Ben MacCr
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Authors Greg Saunders, Ben MacCreat
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Author Greg Saunders Agilent Techno
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Figure 5. Universal calibration cur
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Methods and Materials Conditions Co
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Materials and Methods A column set
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