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“Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disaster." Prof. Geert Hofstede, Emeritus Professor, Maastricht University”. In his book “Cultural Consequences”, Hofstede 98 identifies four dimensions „The Dimensions of Powers‟ and they are namely: „Power Distance Index‟ (PDI); „Individualism‟ (IDV); „Masculinity‟ (MAS); and „Uncertainty Avoidance Index‟ (UAI). Hofstede then added a fifth dimensions that he named „Long-Term Orientation‟ (LTO). Hofstede argues that each index indicate the countries power according to their percentage in each dimension. The PDI reflects the people‟s acceptance of power which in turn according to Hofstede represents the society‟s adherence of inequality among its members. IDV represents the society‟s tendency to working independently and the ties between society members are loose. The MAS index represents the dominance of the male in the society while UAI refers to the society‟s tolerance for uncertainty and risk taking factor. The fifth dimension is LTO. This dimension originated from a study conducted in China among university students. LTO reflects the society‟s acceptance of virtue versus truth. Societies with high LTO are said to have respect to traditions as opposed to acceptance of trends and modernisation. Accordingly Hofstede 99 classified the Arab countries to be dominated by Islamic traditions. The UAE, as one of the Arabic societies in the Hofstede 100 study scored very high as far as PDI (80) and IDV (69) is concerned this makes the UAE society a role oriented and caste system society with law and order and regulations to minimise the amount of uncertainty. The high score of UAI indicates the low level of tolerance for uncertainty in an attempt to minimise uncertainty the people become more obedient 98 . Hofstede G.(2001). ibid. p9 99 ibid. p368. 100 Ibid. p500. 41

to rules, policies and regulations, it also makes adherence to change in the society more of a challenge. The UAE society is also found to be a male dominated society with rules driven form the Islamic religion which gives men the power and authority in order to play their role as main providers and protectors of the family. The UAE society also scored low in the IDV index being a Bedouin society with strong relationship among its members that made people in the society prefer working together rather than working individually. The UAE society was also found to have a high LTO index which makes it pay more respect to the traditions and the customs especially those driven from Islam. 2.6 PEST Analysis of the UAE 2.6.1 Political The UAE political system is a unique combination of the traditional and modern values. This system allows the country to maintain a great degree of stability despite the enormous economic growth. 101 The UAE political system is not a democratic system, yet, there is a high freedom of speech. The country is mainly ruled and dominated by the president and selected authorities. The president is the only person who is entitled to make decisions and legislates. One initial step to encourage the public participation in the government was introduced by the indirect elections to the country‟s parliament. The political directive in the UAE ensures education for all and the national vision of the UAE is to prepare a generation that is equipped with knowledge and complex skills to cope with the current and future market challenges and demands and technological changes. In 1997 the UAE formally launched the country‟s government strategy for the years ahead. Covering twenty one individual topics among which is the improvement of the civil service, based on competence, effective „Emiratisation‟ and leadership training. 42

to rules, policies and regulations, it also makes adherence to change <strong>in</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> society more <strong>of</strong> a challenge.<br />

The UAE society is also found to be a male dom<strong>in</strong>ated society with rules<br />

driven <strong>for</strong>m <strong>the</strong> Islamic religion which gives men <strong>the</strong> power and authority<br />

<strong>in</strong> order to play <strong>the</strong>ir role as ma<strong>in</strong> providers and protectors <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> family.<br />

The UAE society also scored low <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> IDV <strong>in</strong>dex be<strong>in</strong>g a Bedou<strong>in</strong><br />

society with strong relationship among its members that made people <strong>in</strong><br />

<strong>the</strong> society prefer work<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r ra<strong>the</strong>r than work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dividually. The<br />

UAE society was also found to have a high LTO <strong>in</strong>dex which makes it<br />

pay more respect to <strong>the</strong> traditions and <strong>the</strong> customs especially those<br />

driven from Islam.<br />

2.6 PEST Analysis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> UAE<br />

2.6.1 Political<br />

The UAE political system is a unique comb<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> traditional and<br />

modern values. This system allows <strong>the</strong> country to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> a great<br />

degree <strong>of</strong> stability despite <strong>the</strong> enormous economic growth. 101 The UAE<br />

political system is not a democratic system, yet, <strong>the</strong>re is a high freedom<br />

<strong>of</strong> speech. The country is ma<strong>in</strong>ly ruled and dom<strong>in</strong>ated by <strong>the</strong> president<br />

and selected authorities. The president is <strong>the</strong> only person who is<br />

entitled to make decisions and legislates. One <strong>in</strong>itial step to encourage<br />

<strong>the</strong> public participation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> government was <strong>in</strong>troduced by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>direct<br />

elections to <strong>the</strong> country‟s parliament.<br />

The political directive <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> UAE ensures education <strong>for</strong> all and <strong>the</strong><br />

national vision <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> UAE is to prepare a generation that is equipped<br />

with knowledge and complex skills to cope with <strong>the</strong> current and future<br />

market challenges and demands and technological changes. In 1997<br />

<strong>the</strong> UAE <strong>for</strong>mally launched <strong>the</strong> country‟s government strategy <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

years ahead. Cover<strong>in</strong>g twenty one <strong>in</strong>dividual topics among which is <strong>the</strong><br />

improvement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> civil service, based on competence, effective<br />

„Emiratisation‟ and leadership tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g.<br />

42

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