Research Methodology - Dr. Krishan K. Pandey

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Research Methodology: An Introduction 23 8. “Creative management, whether in public administration or private industry, depends on methods of inquiry that maintain objectivity, clarity, accuracy and consistency”. Discuss this statement and examine the significance of research”. (Raj. Univ. EAFM., M. Phil. Exam., 1978) 9. “Research is much concerned with proper fact finding, analysis and evaluation.” Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons in support of your answer. 10. It is often said that there is not a proper link between some of the activities under way in the world of academics and in most business in our country. Account for this state of affairs and give suggestions for improvement.
24 Research Methodology 2 Defining the Research Problem In research process, the first and foremost step happens to be that of selecting and properly defining a research problem.* A researcher must find the problem and formulate it so that it becomes susceptible to research. Like a medical doctor, a researcher must examine all the symptoms (presented to him or observed by him) concerning a problem before he can diagnose correctly. To define a problem correctly, a researcher must know: what a problem is? WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROBLEM? A research problem, in general, refers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain a solution for the same. Usually we say that a research problem does exist if the following conditions are met with: (i) There must be an individual (or a group or an organisation), let us call it ‘I,’ to whom the problem can be attributed. The individual or the organisation, as the case may be, occupies an environment, say ‘N’, which is defined by values of the uncontrolled variables, Y . j (ii) There must be at least two courses of action, say C and C , to be pursued. A course of 1 2 action is defined by one or more values of the controlled variables. For example, the number of items purchased at a specified time is said to be one course of action. (iii) There must be at least two possible outcomes, say O and O , of the course of action, of 1 2 which one should be preferable to the other. In other words, this means that there must be at least one outcome that the researcher wants, i.e., an objective. (iv) The courses of action available must provides some chance of obtaining the objective, but they cannot provide the same chance, otherwise the choice would not matter. Thus, if P (O | I, C , N) represents the probability that an outcome O will occur, if I select C in N, j j j j then PO b 1| I, C1, Ng ≠ PO b 1| I, C2, Ng. In simple words, we can say that the choices must have unequal efficiencies for the desired outcomes. * We talk of a research problem or hypothesis in case of descriptive or hypothesis testing research studies. Exploratory or formulative research studies do not start with a problem or hypothesis, their problem is to find a problem or the hypothesis to be tested. One should make a clear statement to this effect. This aspect has been dealt with in chapter entitled “Research Design”.
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Page 6 and 7: In loving memory of my revered fath
Page 8 and 9: Preface to the Second Edition vii P
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Page 12 and 13: Contents xi Contents Preface to the
Page 14 and 15: Contents xiii Selection of Appropri
Page 16 and 17: Contents xv ANOVA in Latin-Square D
Page 18 and 19: Research Methodology: An Introducti
Page 28 and 29: Define research problem I Review th
Page 42 and 43: Defining the Research Problem 25 Ov
Page 44 and 45: Defining the Research Problem 27 so
Page 46 and 47: Defining the Research Problem 29 (a
Page 48 and 49: Research Design 31 MEANING OF RESEA
Page 50 and 51: Research Design 33 FEATURES OF A GO
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Page 54 and 55: Research Design 37 Now, what sort o
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Page 58 and 59: Research Design 41 Important Experi
Page 60 and 61: Research Design 43 extraneous facto
Page 62 and 63: Research Design 45 From the diagram
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Page 66 and 67: Research Design 49 The graph relati
Page 68 and 69: Research Design 51 The dotted line
Page 70 and 71: Appendix: Developing a Research Pla
Page 72 and 73: Sampling Design 55 CENSUS AND SAMPL
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Page 76 and 77: Sampling Design 59 Element selectio
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Page 80 and 81: Sampling Design 63 The following th
Page 82 and 83: Sampling Design 65 where C 1 = Cost
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Measurement and Scaling Techniques
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Methods of Data Collection 95 6 Met
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Methods of Data Collection 97 There
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Methods of Data Collection 99 (viii
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Methods of Data Collection 101 2. I
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Methods of Data Collection 103 inst
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Methods of Data Collection 105 is g
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Methods of Data Collection 107 amon
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Methods of Data Collection 109 Holt
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Methods of Data Collection 111 COLL
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Methods of Data Collection 113 usin
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Methods of Data Collection 115 (v)
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Methods of Data Collection 117 2.
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Appendix (ii): Guidelines for Succe
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Appendix (iii): Difference Between
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Processing and Analysis of Data 123
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Editing Coding Processing of Data (
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Sampling Fundamentals 153 1. Univer
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Sampling Fundamentals 155 should no
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Sampling Fundamentals 157 certain l
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Sampling Fundamentals 159 (i) Stati
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Sampling Fundamentals 161 (ii) To t
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Sampling Fundamentals 163 2 (ii) Sq
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Sampling Fundamentals 165 (ii) Stan
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Sampling Fundamentals 167 σ s 1⋅
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Sampling Fundamentals 169 mean is c
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Sampling Fundamentals 171 08 . = ×
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Sampling Fundamentals 173 We now il
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Sampling Fundamentals 175 (v) Stand
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Sampling Fundamentals 177 where N =
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Sampling Fundamentals 179 Since $p
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Sampling Fundamentals 181 (i) Find
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Sampling Fundamentals 183 25. A tea
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Testing of Hypotheses I 185 Charact
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Testing of Hypotheses I 187 when th
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Testing of Hypotheses I 189 Mathema
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Testing of Hypotheses I 191 PROCEDU
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Testing of Hypotheses I 193 MEASURI
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Testing of Hypotheses I 195 We can
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Testing of Hypotheses I 197 HYPOTHE
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1 2 3 4 5 z OR X − X 1 2 2 2 p p
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1 2 3 4 5 z = p q 0 0 p$ − p$ F H
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Testing of Hypotheses I 203 to have
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Testing of Hypotheses I 205 S. No.
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Testing of Hypotheses I 207 S. No.
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Testing of Hypotheses I 209 nX + nX
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Testing of Hypotheses I 211 (Since
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Testing of Hypotheses I 213 Table 9
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Testing of Hypotheses I 215 σ diff
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Testing of Hypotheses I 217 Solutio
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Testing of Hypotheses I 219 Hence t
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Testing of Hypotheses I 221 of succ
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Testing of Hypotheses I 223 Thus, q
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Testing of Hypotheses I 225 the val
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Testing of Hypotheses I 227 and 2 X
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Testing of Hypotheses I 229 LIMITAT
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Testing of Hypotheses I 231 20. Ten
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Chi-square Test 233 10 Chi-Square T
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Chi-square Test 235 S. No. 1 2 3 4
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Chi-square Test 237 As a test of go
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Chi-square Test 239 (i) First of al
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Chi-square Test 241 The expected fr
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Chi-square Test 243 Show that the s
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Chi-square Test 245 Events or Expec
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Chi-square Test 247 c h χ 2 N ⋅
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Chi-square Test 249 from a number o
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Chi-square Test 251 Questions 1. Wh
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Chi-square Test 253 No. of boys 5 4
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Chi-square Test 255 23. For the dat
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Analysis of Variance and Co-varianc
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 283 12 Tes
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 285 Illust
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 287 Table
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 289 fact,
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 291 The te
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 293 Pair B
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 297 Illust
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 299 Soluti
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 301 r = nu
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 303 where
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 307 We now
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 309 (ii) I
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 311 all po
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 313 CONCLU
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Multivariate Analysis Techniques 31
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Appendix Summary Chart: Showing the
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Interpretation and Report Writing 3
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The Computer: Its Role in Research
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Appendix 375 Appendix (Selected Sta
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Appendix 377 Table 2: Critical Valu
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Appendix 379 v 2 Table 4(a): Critic
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Appendix 381 Table 5: Values for Sp
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s l Min Max 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Appendix 385 Table 8: Cumulative Bi
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Appendix 387 Table 9: Selected Crit
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Appendix 389 1 2 3 4 5 6 40 0.368 0
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Selected References and Recommended
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Selected References and Recommended
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Author Index 395 Ackoff, R.L., 25,
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Author Index 397 Murphy, James L.,
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Subject Index 399 Content analysis,
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Subject Index 401 Research Plan, 53
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Research Methodology - Dr. Krishan K. Pandey

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