Research Methodology - Dr. Krishan K. Pandey

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Appendix Summary Chart: Showing the Appropriateness of a Particular Multivariate Technique Appendix: Summary Chart 343 Techniques of Number of multivariate analysis Explanatory Criterion variables variables 1. Multiple regression analysis (along with path analysis) many one 2. Multiple discriminant one (to be classified analysis many into many groups) 3. Multivariate analysis of variance many many 4. Canonical correlation analysis many many *1 many *2 5. Factor analysis many 6. Cluster analysis many 7. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) many many 8. Latent structure analysis many A A A A Nature of data Non-metric metric Non-metric metric *1 Any one of the two. *2 Any one of the two.
344 Research Methodology 14 Interpretation and Report Writing After collecting and analyzing the data, the researcher has to accomplish the task of drawing inferences followed by report writing. This has to be done very carefully, otherwise misleading conclusions may be drawn and the whole purpose of doing research may get vitiated. It is only through interpretation that the researcher can expose relations and processes that underlie his findings. In case of hypotheses testing studies, if hypotheses are tested and upheld several times, the researcher may arrive at generalizations. But in case the researcher had no hypothesis to start with, he would try to explain his findings on the basis of some theory. This may at times result in new questions, leading to further researches. All this analytical information and consequential inference(s) may well be communicated, preferably through research report, to the consumers of research results who may be either an individual or a group of individuals or some public/private organisation. MEANING OF INTERPRETATION Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences from the collected facts after an analytical and/or experimental study. In fact, it is a search for broader meaning of research findings. The task of interpretation has two major aspects viz., (i) the effort to establish continuity in research through linking the results of a given study with those of another, and (ii) the establishment of some explanatory concepts. “In one sense, interpretation is concerned with relationships within the collected data, partially overlapping analysis. Interpretation also extends beyond the data of the study to include the results of other research, theory and hypotheses.” 1 Thus, interpretation is the device through which the factors that seem to explain what has been observed by researcher in the course of the study can be better understood and it also provides a theoretical conception which can serve as a guide for further researches. WHY INTERPRETATION? Interpretation is essential for the simple reason that the usefulness and utility of research findings lie in proper interpretation. It is being considered a basic component of research process because of the following reasons: 1 C. William Emory, Business Research Methods, p. 336.
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In loving memory of my revered fath
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Preface to the Second Edition vii P
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Preface to the First Edition ix Pre
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Contents xi Contents Preface to the
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Contents xiii Selection of Appropri
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Contents xv ANOVA in Latin-Square D
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Research Methodology: An Introducti
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Define research problem I Review th
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Defining the Research Problem 25 Ov
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Defining the Research Problem 27 so
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Defining the Research Problem 29 (a
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Research Design 31 MEANING OF RESEA
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Research Design 33 FEATURES OF A GO
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Research Design 35 of students and
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Research Design 37 Now, what sort o
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Research Design 39 The difference b
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Research Design 41 Important Experi
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Research Design 43 extraneous facto
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Research Design 45 From the diagram
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Research Design 47 equal. This redu
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Research Design 49 The graph relati
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Research Design 51 The dotted line
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Appendix: Developing a Research Pla
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Sampling Design 55 CENSUS AND SAMPL
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Sampling Design 57 would like to ma
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Sampling Design 59 Element selectio
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Sampling Design 61 successive drawi
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Sampling Design 63 The following th
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Sampling Design 65 where C 1 = Cost
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Sampling Design 67 Table 4.1 City n
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Measurement and Scaling Techniques
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Methods of Data Collection 95 6 Met
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Methods of Data Collection 97 There
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Methods of Data Collection 99 (viii
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Methods of Data Collection 101 2. I
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Methods of Data Collection 103 inst
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Methods of Data Collection 105 is g
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Methods of Data Collection 107 amon
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Methods of Data Collection 109 Holt
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Methods of Data Collection 111 COLL
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Methods of Data Collection 113 usin
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Methods of Data Collection 115 (v)
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Methods of Data Collection 117 2.
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Appendix (ii): Guidelines for Succe
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Appendix (iii): Difference Between
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Processing and Analysis of Data 123
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Editing Coding Processing of Data (
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Sampling Fundamentals 153 1. Univer
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Sampling Fundamentals 155 should no
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Sampling Fundamentals 157 certain l
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Sampling Fundamentals 159 (i) Stati
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Sampling Fundamentals 161 (ii) To t
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Sampling Fundamentals 163 2 (ii) Sq
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Sampling Fundamentals 165 (ii) Stan
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Sampling Fundamentals 167 σ s 1⋅
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Sampling Fundamentals 169 mean is c
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Sampling Fundamentals 171 08 . = ×
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Sampling Fundamentals 173 We now il
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Sampling Fundamentals 175 (v) Stand
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Sampling Fundamentals 177 where N =
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Sampling Fundamentals 179 Since $p
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Sampling Fundamentals 181 (i) Find
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Sampling Fundamentals 183 25. A tea
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Testing of Hypotheses I 185 Charact
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Testing of Hypotheses I 187 when th
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Testing of Hypotheses I 189 Mathema
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Testing of Hypotheses I 191 PROCEDU
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Testing of Hypotheses I 193 MEASURI
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Testing of Hypotheses I 195 We can
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Testing of Hypotheses I 197 HYPOTHE
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1 2 3 4 5 z OR X − X 1 2 2 2 p p
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1 2 3 4 5 z = p q 0 0 p$ − p$ F H
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Testing of Hypotheses I 203 to have
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Testing of Hypotheses I 205 S. No.
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Testing of Hypotheses I 207 S. No.
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Testing of Hypotheses I 209 nX + nX
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Testing of Hypotheses I 211 (Since
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Testing of Hypotheses I 213 Table 9
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Testing of Hypotheses I 215 σ diff
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Testing of Hypotheses I 217 Solutio
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Testing of Hypotheses I 219 Hence t
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Testing of Hypotheses I 221 of succ
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Testing of Hypotheses I 223 Thus, q
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Testing of Hypotheses I 225 the val
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Testing of Hypotheses I 227 and 2 X
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Testing of Hypotheses I 229 LIMITAT
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Testing of Hypotheses I 231 20. Ten
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Chi-square Test 233 10 Chi-Square T
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Chi-square Test 235 S. No. 1 2 3 4
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Chi-square Test 237 As a test of go
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Chi-square Test 239 (i) First of al
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Chi-square Test 241 The expected fr
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Chi-square Test 243 Show that the s
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Chi-square Test 245 Events or Expec
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Chi-square Test 247 c h χ 2 N ⋅
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Chi-square Test 249 from a number o
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Chi-square Test 251 Questions 1. Wh
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Chi-square Test 253 No. of boys 5 4
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Chi-square Test 255 23. For the dat
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Analysis of Variance and Co-varianc
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 283 12 Tes
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 285 Illust
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 287 Table
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 289 fact,
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 291 The te
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Page 332 and 333: Multivariate Analysis Techniques 31
Page 362 and 363: Interpretation and Report Writing 3
Page 378 and 379: The Computer: Its Role in Research
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Page 408 and 409: Selected References and Recommended
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Selected References and Recommended
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Author Index 395 Ackoff, R.L., 25,
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Author Index 397 Murphy, James L.,
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Subject Index 399 Content analysis,
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Subject Index 401 Research Plan, 53
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Research Methodology - Dr. Krishan K. Pandey

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