Research Methodology - Dr. Krishan K. Pandey

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Analysis of Variance and Co-variance 277 b∑Xg Correction factor for X = N = 2 7616. 27 ∑ Y = 33 + 72 + 105 = 210 b∑Yg Correction factor for Y = = N 2 2940 ∑ X = 2 9476 ∑ Y = 2 3734 ∑ XY = 5838 Correction factor for XY = ∑X ⋅ ∑ Y = 4732 N Hence, total SS for X = ∑X 2 – correction factor for X = 9476 – 7616.27 = 1859.73 R 2 2 2 b g b g b g U S| V| l q 49 114 175 SS between for X = + + correction factor for X 5 5 5 T| W| − = (480.2 + 2599.2 + 6125) – (7616.27) = 1588.13 SS within for X = (total SS for X) – (SS between for X) = (1859.73) – (1588.13) = 271.60 Similarly we work out the following values in respect of Y total SS for Y = ∑Y 2 – correction factor for Y = 3734 – 2940 = 794 R 2 2 2 bg bg b gU S| V| l q 33 72 105 SS between for Y = + + correction factor for Y 5 5 5 T| W| − = (217.8 + 1036.8 + 2205) – (2940) = 519.6 SS within for Y = (total SS for Y) – (SS between for Y) = (794) – (519.6) = 274.4 Then, we work out the following values in respect of both X and Y Total sum of product of XY =∑ XY – correction factor for XY = 5838 – 4732 = 1106 R S b gb g b gb g b gb gU V 49 33 114 72 175 105 SS between for XY = + + correction factor for XY T 5 5 5 W − = (323.4 + 1641.6 + 3675) – (4732) = 908 SS within for XY = (Total sum of product) – (SS between for XY) = (1106) – (908) = 198
278 <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Methodology</strong> ANOVA table for X, Y and XY can now be set up as shown below: Anova Table for X, Y and XY Source d.f. SS for X SS for Y Sum of product XY Between groups 2 1588.13 519.60 908 Within groups 12 E XX 271.60 E YY 274.40 E XY 198 Total 14 T XX 1859.73 T YY 794.00 T XY 1106 bTXYg2 Adjusted total SS = TXX − T Adjusted SS within group = E − YY b1106g = 1859. 73 − 794 = (1859.73) – (1540.60) = 319.13 XX b XYg2 198 = 27160 . − 274. 40 = (271.60) – (142.87)) = 128.73 Adjusted SS between groups = (adjusted total SS) – (Adjusted SS within group) = (319.13 – 128.73) = 190.40 E E YY b g Anova Table for Adjusted X Source d.f. SS MS F-ratio Between groups 2 190.40 95.2 8.14 Within group 11 128.73 11.7 Total 13 319.13 At 5% level, the table value of F for v 1 = 2 and v 2 = 11 is 3.98 and at 1% level the table value of F is 7.21. Both these values are less than the calculated value (i.e., calculated value of 8.14 is greater than table values) and accordingly we infer that F-ratio is significant at both levels which means the difference in group means is significant. Adjusted means on X will be worked out as follows: Regression coefficient for X on Y i.e., b = 2 2 Sum of product within group Sum of squares within groups for Y
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In loving memory of my revered fath
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Preface to the Second Edition vii P
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Preface to the First Edition ix Pre
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Contents xi Contents Preface to the
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Contents xiii Selection of Appropri
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Contents xv ANOVA in Latin-Square D
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Research Methodology: An Introducti
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Define research problem I Review th
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Defining the Research Problem 25 Ov
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Defining the Research Problem 27 so
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Defining the Research Problem 29 (a
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Research Design 31 MEANING OF RESEA
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Research Design 33 FEATURES OF A GO
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Research Design 35 of students and
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Research Design 37 Now, what sort o
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Research Design 39 The difference b
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Research Design 41 Important Experi
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Research Design 43 extraneous facto
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Research Design 45 From the diagram
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Research Design 47 equal. This redu
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Research Design 49 The graph relati
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Research Design 51 The dotted line
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Appendix: Developing a Research Pla
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Sampling Design 55 CENSUS AND SAMPL
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Sampling Design 57 would like to ma
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Sampling Design 59 Element selectio
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Sampling Design 61 successive drawi
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Sampling Design 63 The following th
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Sampling Design 65 where C 1 = Cost
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Sampling Design 67 Table 4.1 City n
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Measurement and Scaling Techniques
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Methods of Data Collection 95 6 Met
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Methods of Data Collection 97 There
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Methods of Data Collection 99 (viii
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Methods of Data Collection 101 2. I
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Methods of Data Collection 103 inst
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Methods of Data Collection 105 is g
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Methods of Data Collection 107 amon
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Methods of Data Collection 109 Holt
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Methods of Data Collection 111 COLL
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Methods of Data Collection 113 usin
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Methods of Data Collection 115 (v)
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Methods of Data Collection 117 2.
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Appendix (ii): Guidelines for Succe
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Appendix (iii): Difference Between
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Processing and Analysis of Data 123
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Editing Coding Processing of Data (
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Sampling Fundamentals 153 1. Univer
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Sampling Fundamentals 155 should no
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Sampling Fundamentals 157 certain l
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Sampling Fundamentals 159 (i) Stati
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Sampling Fundamentals 161 (ii) To t
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Sampling Fundamentals 163 2 (ii) Sq
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Sampling Fundamentals 165 (ii) Stan
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Sampling Fundamentals 167 σ s 1⋅
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Sampling Fundamentals 169 mean is c
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Sampling Fundamentals 171 08 . = ×
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Sampling Fundamentals 173 We now il
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Sampling Fundamentals 175 (v) Stand
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Sampling Fundamentals 177 where N =
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Sampling Fundamentals 179 Since $p
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Sampling Fundamentals 181 (i) Find
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Sampling Fundamentals 183 25. A tea
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Testing of Hypotheses I 185 Charact
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Testing of Hypotheses I 187 when th
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Testing of Hypotheses I 189 Mathema
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Testing of Hypotheses I 191 PROCEDU
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Testing of Hypotheses I 193 MEASURI
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Testing of Hypotheses I 195 We can
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Testing of Hypotheses I 197 HYPOTHE
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1 2 3 4 5 z OR X − X 1 2 2 2 p p
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1 2 3 4 5 z = p q 0 0 p$ − p$ F H
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Testing of Hypotheses I 203 to have
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Testing of Hypotheses I 205 S. No.
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Testing of Hypotheses I 207 S. No.
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Testing of Hypotheses I 209 nX + nX
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Testing of Hypotheses I 211 (Since
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Testing of Hypotheses I 213 Table 9
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Testing of Hypotheses I 215 σ diff
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Testing of Hypotheses I 217 Solutio
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Testing of Hypotheses I 219 Hence t
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Testing of Hypotheses I 221 of succ
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Testing of Hypotheses I 223 Thus, q
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Testing of Hypotheses I 225 the val
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Multivariate Analysis Techniques 32
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Appendix Summary Chart: Showing the
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Interpretation and Report Writing 3
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The Computer: Its Role in Research
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Appendix 375 Appendix (Selected Sta
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Appendix 377 Table 2: Critical Valu
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Appendix 379 v 2 Table 4(a): Critic
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Appendix 381 Table 5: Values for Sp
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s l Min Max 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Appendix 385 Table 8: Cumulative Bi
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Appendix 387 Table 9: Selected Crit
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Appendix 389 1 2 3 4 5 6 40 0.368 0
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Selected References and Recommended
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Selected References and Recommended
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Author Index 395 Ackoff, R.L., 25,
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Author Index 397 Murphy, James L.,
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Subject Index 399 Content analysis,
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Subject Index 401 Research Plan, 53
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Research Methodology - Dr. Krishan K. Pandey

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