Research Methodology - Dr. Krishan K. Pandey

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Sampling Fundamentals 183 25. A team of medico research experts feels confident that a new drug they have developed will cure about 80% of the patients. How large should the sample size be for the team to be 98% certain that the sample proportion of cure is within plus and minus 2% of the proportion of all cases that the drug will cure? 26. Mr. Kishore wants to determine the average time required to complete a job with which he is concerned. As per the last studies, the population standard deviation is 8 days. How large should the sample be so that Mr. Kishore may be 99% confident that the sample average may remain within ±2 days of the average?
184 <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Methodology</strong> 9 Testing of Hypotheses I (Parametric or Standard Tests of Hypotheses) Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. Its main function is to suggest new experiments and observations. In fact, many experiments are carried out with the deliberate object of testing hypotheses. Decision-makers often face situations wherein they are interested in testing hypotheses on the basis of available information and then take decisions on the basis of such testing. In social science, where direct knowledge of population parameter(s) is rare, hypothesis testing is the often used strategy for deciding whether a sample data offer such support for a hypothesis that generalisation can be made. Thus hypothesis testing enables us to make probability statements about population parameter(s). The hypothesis may not be proved absolutely, but in practice it is accepted if it has withstood a critical testing. Before we explain how hypotheses are tested through different tests meant for the purpose, it will be appropriate to explain clearly the meaning of a hypothesis and the related concepts for better understanding of the hypothesis testing techniques. WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS? Ordinarily, when one talks about hypothesis, one simply means a mere assumption or some supposition to be proved or disproved. But for a researcher hypothesis is a formal question that he intends to resolve. Thus a hypothesis may be defined as a proposition or a set of proposition set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide some investigation or accepted as highly probable in the light of established facts. Quite often a research hypothesis is a predictive statement, capable of being tested by scientific methods, that relates an independent variable to some dependent variable. For example, consider statements like the following ones: “Students who receive counselling will show a greater increase in creativity than students not receiving counselling” Or “the automobile A is performing as well as automobile B.” These are hypotheses capable of being objectively verified and tested. Thus, we may conclude that a hypothesis states what we are looking for and it is a proposition which can be put to a test to determine its validity.
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In loving memory of my revered fath
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Preface to the Second Edition vii P
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Preface to the First Edition ix Pre
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Contents xi Contents Preface to the
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Contents xiii Selection of Appropri
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Contents xv ANOVA in Latin-Square D
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Research Methodology: An Introducti
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Define research problem I Review th
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Defining the Research Problem 25 Ov
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Defining the Research Problem 27 so
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Defining the Research Problem 29 (a
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Research Design 31 MEANING OF RESEA
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Research Design 33 FEATURES OF A GO
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Research Design 35 of students and
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Research Design 37 Now, what sort o
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Research Design 39 The difference b
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Research Design 41 Important Experi
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Research Design 43 extraneous facto
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Research Design 45 From the diagram
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Research Design 47 equal. This redu
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Research Design 49 The graph relati
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Research Design 51 The dotted line
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Appendix: Developing a Research Pla
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Sampling Design 55 CENSUS AND SAMPL
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Sampling Design 57 would like to ma
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Sampling Design 59 Element selectio
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Sampling Design 61 successive drawi
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Sampling Design 63 The following th
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Sampling Design 65 where C 1 = Cost
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Sampling Design 67 Table 4.1 City n
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Measurement and Scaling Techniques
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Methods of Data Collection 95 6 Met
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Methods of Data Collection 97 There
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Methods of Data Collection 99 (viii
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Methods of Data Collection 101 2. I
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Methods of Data Collection 103 inst
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Methods of Data Collection 105 is g
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Methods of Data Collection 107 amon
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Methods of Data Collection 109 Holt
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Methods of Data Collection 111 COLL
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Methods of Data Collection 113 usin
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Methods of Data Collection 115 (v)
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Methods of Data Collection 117 2.
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Appendix (ii): Guidelines for Succe
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Appendix (iii): Difference Between
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Processing and Analysis of Data 123
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Chi-square Test 233 10 Chi-Square T
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Chi-square Test 235 S. No. 1 2 3 4
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Chi-square Test 237 As a test of go
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Chi-square Test 239 (i) First of al
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Chi-square Test 241 The expected fr
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Chi-square Test 243 Show that the s
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Chi-square Test 245 Events or Expec
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Chi-square Test 247 c h χ 2 N ⋅
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Chi-square Test 249 from a number o
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Chi-square Test 251 Questions 1. Wh
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Chi-square Test 253 No. of boys 5 4
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Chi-square Test 255 23. For the dat
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Analysis of Variance and Co-varianc
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 283 12 Tes
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 285 Illust
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 287 Table
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 289 fact,
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 291 The te
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 293 Pair B
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 297 Illust
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 299 Soluti
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 301 r = nu
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 303 where
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 307 We now
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 309 (ii) I
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 311 all po
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 313 CONCLU
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Multivariate Analysis Techniques 31
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Appendix Summary Chart: Showing the
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Interpretation and Report Writing 3
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The Computer: Its Role in Research
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Appendix 375 Appendix (Selected Sta
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Appendix 377 Table 2: Critical Valu
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Appendix 379 v 2 Table 4(a): Critic
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Appendix 381 Table 5: Values for Sp
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s l Min Max 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Appendix 385 Table 8: Cumulative Bi
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Appendix 387 Table 9: Selected Crit
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Appendix 389 1 2 3 4 5 6 40 0.368 0
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Selected References and Recommended
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Selected References and Recommended
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Author Index 395 Ackoff, R.L., 25,
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Author Index 397 Murphy, James L.,
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Subject Index 399 Content analysis,
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Subject Index 401 Research Plan, 53
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Research Methodology - Dr. Krishan K. Pandey

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