Research Methodology - Dr. Krishan K. Pandey
Research Methodology - Dr. Krishan K. Pandey Research Methodology - Dr. Krishan K. Pandey
Processing and Analysis of Data 149 Additive model considers the total of various components resulting in the given values of the overall time series and can be stated as: Y = T + C + S + I There are various methods of isolating trend from the given series viz., the free hand method, semiaverage method, method of moving averages, method of least squares and similarly there are methods of measuring cyclical and seasonal variations and whatever variations are left over are considered as random or irregular fluctuations. The analysis of time series is done to understand the dynamic conditions for achieving the shortterm and long-term goals of business firm(s). The past trends can be used to evaluate the success or failure of management policy or policies practiced hitherto. On the basis of past trends, the future patterns can be predicted and policy or policies may accordingly be formulated. We can as well study properly the effects of factors causing changes in the short period of time only, once we have eliminated the effects of trend. By studying cyclical variations, we can keep in view the impact of cyclical changes while formulating various policies to make them as realistic as possible. The knowledge of seasonal variations will be of great help to us in taking decisions regarding inventory, production, purchases and sales policies so as to optimize working results. Thus, analysis of time series is important in context of long term as well as short term forecasting and is considered a very powerful tool in the hands of business analysts and researchers. Questions 1. “Processing of data implies editing, coding, classification and tabulation”. Describe in brief these four operations pointing out the significance of each in context of research study. 2. Classification according to class intervals involves three main problems viz., how many classes should be there? How to choose class limits? How to determine class frequency? State how these problems should be tackled by a researcher. 3. Why tabulation is considered essential in a research study? Narrate the characteristics of a good table. 4. (a) How the problem of DK responses should be dealt with by a researcher? Explain. (b) What points one should observe while using percentages in research studies? 5. Write a brief note on different types of analysis of data pointing out the significance of each. 6. What do you mean by multivariate analysis? Explain how it differs from bivariate analysis. 7. How will you differentiate between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics? Describe the important statistical measures often used to summarise the survey/research data. 8. What does a measure of central tendency indicate? Describe the important measures of central tendency pointing out the situation when one measure is considered relatively appropriate in comparison to other measures. 9. Describe the various measures of relationships often used in context of research studies. Explain the meaning of the following correlation coefficients: (i) r , (ii) r yx yx1 ⋅ x , (iii) R 2 yxx ⋅ 1 2 10. Write short notes on the following: (i) Cross tabulation; (ii) Discriminant analysis;
150 Research Methodology (iii) Coefficient of contingency; (iv) Multicollinearity; (v) Partial association between two attributes. 11. “The analysis of time series is done to understand the dynamic conditions for achieving the short-term and long-term goals of business firms.” Discuss. 12. “Changes in various economic and social phenomena can be measured and compared through index numbers”. Explain this statement pointing out the utility of index numbers. 13. Distinguish between: (i) Field editing and central editing; (ii) Statistics of attributes and statistics of variables; (iii) Exclusive type and inclusive type class intervals; (iv) Simple and complex tabulation; (v) Mechanical tabulation and cross tabulation. 14. “Discriminate use of average is very essential for sound statistical analysis”. Why? Answer giving examples. 15. Explain how would you work out the following statistical measures often used by researchers? (i) Coefficient of variation; (ii) Arithmetic average; (iii) Coefficient of skewness; (iv) Regression equation of X on Y; (v) Coefficient of ryx2 ⋅ x . 1
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150 <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Methodology</strong><br />
(iii) Coefficient of contingency;<br />
(iv) Multicollinearity;<br />
(v) Partial association between two attributes.<br />
11. “The analysis of time series is done to understand the dynamic conditions for achieving the short-term<br />
and long-term goals of business firms.” Discuss.<br />
12. “Changes in various economic and social phenomena can be measured and compared through index<br />
numbers”. Explain this statement pointing out the utility of index numbers.<br />
13. Distinguish between:<br />
(i) Field editing and central editing;<br />
(ii) Statistics of attributes and statistics of variables;<br />
(iii) Exclusive type and inclusive type class intervals;<br />
(iv) Simple and complex tabulation;<br />
(v) Mechanical tabulation and cross tabulation.<br />
14. “Discriminate use of average is very essential for sound statistical analysis”. Why? Answer giving<br />
examples.<br />
15. Explain how would you work out the following statistical measures often used by researchers?<br />
(i) Coefficient of variation;<br />
(ii) Arithmetic average;<br />
(iii) Coefficient of skewness;<br />
(iv) Regression equation of X on Y;<br />
(v) Coefficient of ryx2 ⋅ x .<br />
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