Research Methodology - Dr. Krishan K. Pandey

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Measurement and Scaling Techniques 93 Questions 1. What is the meaning of measurement in research? What difference does it make whether we measure in terms of a nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio scale? Explain giving examples. 2. Are you in agreement with the following statements? If so, give reasons: (1) Validity is more critical to measurement than reliability. (2) Stability and equivalence aspects of reliability essentially mean the same thing. (3) Content validity is the most difficult type of validity to determine. (4) There is no difference between concept development and concept specification. (5) Reliable measurement is necessarily a valid measurement. 3. Point out the possible sources of error in measurement. Describe the tests of sound measurement. 4. Are the following nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio data? Explain your answers. (a) Temperatures measured on the Kelvin scale. (b) Military ranks. (c) Social security numbers. (d) Number of passengers on buses from Delhi to Mumbai. (e) Code numbers given to the religion of persons attempting suicide. 5. Discuss the relative merits and demerits of: (a) Rating vs. Ranking scales. (b) Summated vs. Cumulative scales. (c) Scalogram analysis vs. Factor analysis. 6. The following table shows the results of a paired-comparison preference test of four cold drinks from a sample of 200 persons: Name Coca Cola Limca Goldspot Thumps up Coca Cola – 60 * 105 45 Limca 160 – 150 70 Goldspot 75 40 – 65 Thumps up 165 120 145 – * To be read as 60 persons preferred Limca over Coca Cola. (a) How do these brands rank in overall preference in the given sample. (b) Develop an interval scale for the four varieties of cold drinks. 7. (1) Narrate the procedure for developing a scalogram and illustrate the same by an example. (2) Workout Guttman’s coefficient of reproducibility from the following information: Number of cases (N) = 30 Number of items (n) = 6 Number of errors (e) = 10 Interpret the meaning of coefficient you work out in this example. 8. Write short notes on: (a) Semantic differential scale; (b) Scalogram analysis;
94 <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Methodology</strong> (c) Likert-type scale; (d) Arbitrary scales; (e) Multidimensional scaling (MDS). 9. Describe the different methods of scale construction, pointing out the merits and demerits of each. 10. “Scaling describes the procedures by which numbers are assigned to various degrees of opinion, attitude and other concepts.” Discuss. Also point out the bases for scale classification.
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In loving memory of my revered fath
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Preface to the Second Edition vii P
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Preface to the First Edition ix Pre
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Contents xi Contents Preface to the
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Contents xiii Selection of Appropri
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Contents xv ANOVA in Latin-Square D
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Research Methodology: An Introducti
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Define research problem I Review th
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Defining the Research Problem 25 Ov
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Defining the Research Problem 27 so
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Defining the Research Problem 29 (a
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Research Design 31 MEANING OF RESEA
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Research Design 33 FEATURES OF A GO
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Research Design 35 of students and
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Research Design 37 Now, what sort o
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Research Design 39 The difference b
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Research Design 41 Important Experi
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Page 72 and 73: Sampling Design 55 CENSUS AND SAMPL
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Page 86 and 87: Measurement and Scaling Techniques
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Page 128 and 129: Methods of Data Collection 111 COLL
Page 130 and 131: Methods of Data Collection 113 usin
Page 132 and 133: Methods of Data Collection 115 (v)
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Page 136 and 137: Appendix (ii): Guidelines for Succe
Page 138 and 139: Appendix (iii): Difference Between
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Processing and Analysis of Data 143
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Editing Coding Processing of Data (
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Sampling Fundamentals 153 1. Univer
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Sampling Fundamentals 155 should no
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Sampling Fundamentals 157 certain l
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Sampling Fundamentals 159 (i) Stati
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Sampling Fundamentals 161 (ii) To t
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Sampling Fundamentals 163 2 (ii) Sq
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Sampling Fundamentals 165 (ii) Stan
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Sampling Fundamentals 167 σ s 1⋅
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Sampling Fundamentals 169 mean is c
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Sampling Fundamentals 171 08 . = ×
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Sampling Fundamentals 173 We now il
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Sampling Fundamentals 175 (v) Stand
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Sampling Fundamentals 177 where N =
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Sampling Fundamentals 179 Since $p
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Sampling Fundamentals 181 (i) Find
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Sampling Fundamentals 183 25. A tea
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Testing of Hypotheses I 185 Charact
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Testing of Hypotheses I 187 when th
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Testing of Hypotheses I 189 Mathema
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Testing of Hypotheses I 191 PROCEDU
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Testing of Hypotheses I 193 MEASURI
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Testing of Hypotheses I 195 We can
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Testing of Hypotheses I 197 HYPOTHE
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1 2 3 4 5 z OR X − X 1 2 2 2 p p
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1 2 3 4 5 z = p q 0 0 p$ − p$ F H
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Testing of Hypotheses I 203 to have
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Testing of Hypotheses I 205 S. No.
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Testing of Hypotheses I 207 S. No.
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Testing of Hypotheses I 209 nX + nX
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Testing of Hypotheses I 211 (Since
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Testing of Hypotheses I 213 Table 9
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Testing of Hypotheses I 215 σ diff
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Testing of Hypotheses I 217 Solutio
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Testing of Hypotheses I 219 Hence t
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Testing of Hypotheses I 221 of succ
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Testing of Hypotheses I 223 Thus, q
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Testing of Hypotheses I 225 the val
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Testing of Hypotheses I 227 and 2 X
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Testing of Hypotheses I 229 LIMITAT
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Testing of Hypotheses I 231 20. Ten
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Chi-square Test 233 10 Chi-Square T
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Chi-square Test 235 S. No. 1 2 3 4
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Chi-square Test 237 As a test of go
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Chi-square Test 239 (i) First of al
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Chi-square Test 241 The expected fr
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Chi-square Test 243 Show that the s
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Chi-square Test 245 Events or Expec
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Chi-square Test 247 c h χ 2 N ⋅
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Chi-square Test 249 from a number o
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Chi-square Test 251 Questions 1. Wh
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Chi-square Test 253 No. of boys 5 4
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Chi-square Test 255 23. For the dat
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Analysis of Variance and Co-varianc
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 283 12 Tes
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 285 Illust
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 287 Table
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 289 fact,
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 291 The te
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 293 Pair B
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 297 Illust
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 299 Soluti
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 301 r = nu
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 303 where
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 307 We now
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 309 (ii) I
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 311 all po
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Testing of Hypotheses-II 313 CONCLU
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Multivariate Analysis Techniques 31
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Appendix Summary Chart: Showing the
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Interpretation and Report Writing 3
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The Computer: Its Role in Research
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Appendix 375 Appendix (Selected Sta
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Appendix 377 Table 2: Critical Valu
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Appendix 379 v 2 Table 4(a): Critic
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Appendix 381 Table 5: Values for Sp
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s l Min Max 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Appendix 385 Table 8: Cumulative Bi
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Appendix 387 Table 9: Selected Crit
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Appendix 389 1 2 3 4 5 6 40 0.368 0
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Selected References and Recommended
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Selected References and Recommended
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Author Index 395 Ackoff, R.L., 25,
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Author Index 397 Murphy, James L.,
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Subject Index 399 Content analysis,
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Subject Index 401 Research Plan, 53
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Research Methodology - Dr. Krishan K. Pandey

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