c Copyright 2011 Katherine Nichole Deibel Understanding and ...

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6 Chapter 1 instantiated many times in many ways due to the breadth and diversity of the components. Fortunately, there is considerable overlap through user profile; similar tasks and technologies; and common contexts. Still, the fact remains that AT adoption and abandonment is a complex, challenging topic for study. 3 Studying the Complexity Studies of AT adoption have addressed this complexity in different ways. Early studies of AT adoption aimed at understanding these many instantiations and overlaps as a whole (Martin & McCormack, 1999; Phillips & Zhao, 1993; Riemer-Reiss & Wacker, 2000). Their work established a foundation from which guidelinesa could be developed for the design, evaluation, and recommendation of assistive technologies (King, 1999). To provide deeper insights, more focused studies began to appear in which researchers constrained some of the components in the PATTC framework. Wehmeyer (1995, 1998) concentrated on adults with mental retardation but kept the tasks, technologies, and contexts unconstrained in his survey on AT use by adults with mental retardation. Dawe (2005, 2006, 2007a, 2007b) focused her efforts even further by constraining the technology and tasks in her research on the design and adoption of a personal communication device for young adults with moderate to severe cognitive disabilities such as Down syndrome and autism spectrum disorders. By placing constraints on the PATTC’s components, Dawe and Wehmeyer delved deeper into understanding AT adoption and usage within their specific areas of interest. This deeper understanding then enabled them to design technologies to better meet their users’ needs as well as allowing the researchers to explore more targeted interventions for promoting AT usage. 4 Overview of Dissertation This dissertation is about understanding and supporting the adoption of assistive technologies by adults with reading disabilities, thus continuing in the same vein as the focused studies of Dawe and Wehmeyer. As with their studies, various components of the PATTC framework are constrained. Only reading disabilities are considered, and persons of interest are constrained to adults with RD, with a particular focus on adults enrolled in postsecondary education. Tasks are constrained to those involving reading and can range from the informal (e.g., reading the newspaper, surfing the web, enjoying a novel) to the formal (e.g., reading for university courses or work). Otherwise, no restrictions are placed on the technologies nor the sociocultural- environmental contexts. All possibilities for these two components are open for consideration. Through this mix of constraints and openness, a deep understanding of the complex factors that lead to the adoption and usage of ATs for adults with reading disabilities is obtained. These insights also provide direction for evaluating current ATs and provide recommendations for future design. A prototype AT based on these recommendations and some preliminary user evaluations are also presented.
Introduction 7 Forming the central framework of the dissertation is Value Sensitive Design (VSD) (Friedman, Kahn, & Borning, 2006). An established design methodology, VSD includes and accounts for human values throughout the design process. To date, VSD has been applied to a wide range of technologies and topics, including browser security (Millett, Friedman, & Felten, 2001), urban planning and simulation (Borning, Friedman, Davis, & Lin, 2005), and groupware (Miller, Friedman, & Jancke, 2007). However, this dissertation is the first application of VSD to the design of assistive technology. Framed as an interactional approach, VSD argues that while social systems and people do shape the development of technology, technology also shapes and influences the behavior of individuals and society (Friedman, Kahn, & Borning, 2006). To capture the complex dynamics at play, VSD uses a tripartite methodology (conceptual, empirical, and technical investigations) derived from many fields of study. Law, philosophy and ethics are brought in during the conceptual investigations. Research methodologies and models from the social sciences are utilized in the empirical investigations. Design, performance, and human factors knowledge from engineering and related sciences are involved in the technical investigations. The interdisciplinary nature of VSD is particularly important given the many disciplines relevant to the research topic of this dissertation. Education and literacy studies provide the knowledge about reading disabilities and the reading process. Communication studies brings in the theories and methodologies of technology adoption and innovation diffusion. Disability studies gives insights into the social and cultural aspects of disability. Computer science and its sub-field of human-computer interaction address the technologies at play. Each discipline provides critical insights and knowledge, and all had to be brought together to produce the work presented here. 4.1 Contributions The research contributions of this dissertation are listed in Table 1.1. Some of the findings add to the fields of assistive technologies and Value Sensitive Design. Primarily, though, this work provides an understanding of the many factors influencing the adoption of assistive technologies by adults with reading disabilities. Through the development of a value-stakeholder framework, it will be shown that the decision by adults with RDs to hide their disability from others is influenced by values of normalcy, literacy, and community. Technology usage reflects this dynamic, but the ATs currently available fail to address these values and the choice to not publicly disclose. Approaches for designing technologies that better support the values of the various stakeholders are developed, including a proposal for a system to help users with reading disabilities to navigate perceptions of normalcy across various social contexts. 4.2 Outline Before engaging in the VSD process, the next three chapters provide relevant background information and discussions of related work. Chapter 2 provides a thorough foundation on reading disabiltiies. Assistive
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CHAPTER 4 [ASSISTIVE] TECHNOLOGY AD
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CHAPTER 5 METHODOLOGY DECISIONS It
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CHAPTER 6 CONCEPTUAL INVESTIGATION:
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BIBLIOGRAPHY References marked with
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VITA For the first 10 years of her
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