Geometric Data Analysis in a Social Science Research Program ...

1GeometricDataAnalysisinaSocialScienceResearch Program:TheCaseofBourdieu'sSociology.
CURAPP,UniversitedePicardieJulesVerne-CNRS,UMR6054 FredericLebaron ebaron@yahoo.fr.
CONTENTS
1.6Conclusion:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::15 1.1Introduction::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1.2BourdieuandStatistics::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1.3FromMultidimensionalitytoGeometry:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1.4InvestigatingFields::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1.5ASociologicalResearchProgram:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::125
6 68
1.1Introduction ThereisanessentialaspectofPierreBourdieu'sworkthathasbeensomewhatneglected bythosewhohavewrittenabouthistheory,thatishisconstantconcernforquantifyinghis datamaterialandforputtinghisthinkinginmathematicalterms1.Thischapterprovides leastfromLadistinction[6]onward:namelytheGeometricModelingofData,basedon GeometricDataAnalysis. landmarksforthisaspect,andoutlinesthesolutionthatwasretainedbyBourdieu,at
1991).Bourdieu'sprogramforquanticationisnotanarbitraryresultofhistoricalcon- myviewconstitutessocialreality.Itisaprocedurethat`thinks'inrelations,asItryto doitwiththeconceptofeld"(ForewordofthegermanissueofLeMetierdesociologue, thinkthatitisessentiallyarelationalprocedurewhosephilosophyfullyexpresseswhatin AsBourdieurmlyexpressed:\IuseCorrespondenceAnalysisverymuch,becauseI
conceptionofthesocialworld. toaconsciousandsystematicmovetowardageometricframe{modelmoreadaptedtohis tingencies,butthelogicalconsequenceofasetofcriticalexperiencesandreectionsabout theshortcomingsofdominantquantitativeapproachesinsocialsciences,whichledhim
isbothquanticationandformalization),whichleadhimtothechoiceofgeometricmodeling ofdatathroughtheuseofCorrespondenceAnalysis(CA)andMultipleCorrespondence Analysis(MCA).Inasecondpart,westresstheroleofmultidimensionalityinthisprocess, withtheexampleofL'anatomiedugo^ut[13]andLaDistinction[6].Inathirdpart,we Inarstpart,werapidlydescribeBourdieu'slife{longcommitmentintostatistics(that
throughGDA,withtheexampleofanarticlecalledLepatronat[14](Frenchcompany showthatthenotionofeldasitisdevelopedbyBourdieuisconstantlymadeoperational 2008[30]. 1AversionoftherstpartofthistexthasbeenpublishedinKarenRobsonandChrisSanders(eds) 5

ProgrambasedontheuseofGeometricDataAnalysis. Frenchpublishers,wetrytoinferfromBourdieu'spracticeageneralSociologicalResearch leaders).Then,inalastparagraph,aftertheexaminationofhislastempiricalworkabout 6 Booktitlegoeshere
cooperatedwithstatisticiansoftheFrenchNationalInstituteofStatisticsandEconomic Studies(INSEE).Heparticularlydiditinlarge-scalelaborforcesurveysundertakendur- 1.2BourdieuandStatistics Asearlyasthe\Algeriantimes"(thesecondhalfofthe1950s,Bourdieu,1958),Bourdieu
employment(Bourdieu,Sayad,Darbel&Seibel1963[16];Garcia2003[22];Seibel2005 [35];Yassine,2008[36]). perspectivetothesociologicalinterpretationofsurveydata,especiallythestatisticsofuningtheperiodoftheliberationwar(around1960).Bourdieuappliedhisanthropologicalgories.InL'amourdel'art,BourdieuandDarbel(1966[12])publishequationsofthededirectedbyRaymondAron),asreectedinthecontributiontoLesheritiersbythestatisticianAlainDarbel(Bourdieu,Passeron,1964[15]).Darbelisassociatedwiththeepochmakingcalculationofthechancesofaccesstouniversityforthevarioussocialclasscate Thiscollaborationcontinuedinthe1960sattheCentredeSociologieEuropeenne(then
mandforculturalgoods,whereculturalcapitalmeasuredaccordingtothelevelofdiploma, isthemainvariableexplaininginequalitiesinaccesstomuseums.But,sincethattime, Bourdieuhasbeeninquestforamorestructuralconception. isminFrenchsocialsciencesinthe1960s,especiallywiththemodelsoflinguisticsand philosopherofscienceErnstCassirer.Thisneedisalsorooted,thoughnotexplicitly,in ofanthropologyaroundClaudeLevi{Strauss.ForBourdieu,itisalsobasedontheoppositionbetween\substantialist"and\relational"conceptionsofreality,developedbytheThisearly2needforamorestructuralconceptionrelatestotheinuenceofstructural- byJean-PaulBenzecriandhisschoolaroundCorrespondenceAnalysiswasemerging(see ferredtotheneedforscienticinstrumentswhichwouldbecapableatgraspingtherelational dimensionofsocialreality.Meanwhile,thegeometricapproachofdataanalysisdeveloped thedynamicsofmathematicsundertheinuenceofBourbaki,whowasalsoanimplicit
LeRoux&Rouanet2004[25];Rouanet2006[32]).Bourdieuhadbeenawareofitsincethe reference{frameforpecialistsofthehumanandsocialsciences.Bourdieuhimselfoftenre-
economists(Darras1966[17]),BourdieuandDarbelevokethelimitsofregressiontechniques 1960s. insocialsciences.Theyexplicitlyrefertoquasi{colinearityasanimportantshortcoming, buttheydevelopamoreepistemologicalcritique.Socialcausalityamountstotheglobal eectsofacomplexstructureofinterrelations,whichisnotreducibletothecombinationof InachapterofLepartagedesbeneces,collectivebookwrittenwithstatisticiansand
p.103):\theparticularrelationsbetweenadependentvariable(politicalopinion)andso- the\pureeects"ofindependentvariables.AsBourdieurmlystatesinLadistinction([6] calledindependentvariablessuchassex,ageandreligion,tendtodissimulatethecomplete systemofrelationsthatmakeupthetrueprincipleoftheforceandformspecictothe eectsrecordedinsuchandsuchparticularcorrelation". in1960.
2ArstversionofthefamoustextaboutLamaisonkabylestronglyinuencedbyLevi-Straussiswritten

GDAinaSocialScienceResearchProgram:TheCaseofBourdieu'sSociology 7
1.3FromMultidimensionalitytoGeometry
Bourdieuverysoonreferredtowhathecallsdiversespeciesofcapital:economic,cul-
tural,socialandsymbolic.Hisscienticobjective,withthistheoreticalapparatus,wasto
counter{balanceapurelyeconomicvisionofsociety(symbolizedbymicroeconomiststrying
toexpandthevalidityofeconomicmanlikeGaryBecker).Itwasalso,atthesametime,
tocontestapurelyidealisticvisionoftheculturaldomaindevelopedinculturalanthro-
pology,structurallinguistics,literarystudiesorphilosophy,byintroducinganeconomyof
symbolicgoods.Hetriedtointegratedierentdimensionsofsociallifeintheperspectiveof
a\generaleconomyofpractices"inlinewiththeDurkheimianproject(Lebaron2003[29]).
Attheendofthe1960s,BourdieuturnedtoDataAnalysis,beingthemethodmostin
\electiveanities"withhisowntheory(Rouanetetal.2000[33]).Hedevelopedtheidea
thatif\quantication"istotakeplaceinsociologicalresearch,ithastobemultidimensional
andtoaimasarststepatmakingoperationaleachofthebasicdimensionsofsocialspace,
namelythevarioustypesofcapitals,e.g.economic,cultural,socialandsymbolic;thenext
stepbeingtocombinethemsoastoprovideageometricmodelofdata.
L'anatomiedugo^ut(Bourdieu&Saint-Martin1976[13])istherstpublishedapplica-
tionofGeometricDataAnalysismethodsinBourdieu'swork,republishedin1979inLa
distinction.Thedatawerecollectedthroughasurveydoneontwocomplementarysamples,
usingthesamebasicquestionnaire.Thescienticobjectiveoftheworkwasrsttoprovide
asyntheticvisionoftheFrenchsocialspaceasaglobalstructure,andtostudytwosub-
sectorsmorein{depth:thespaceofthedominantclassesandthespaceofthemiddle{classes
(\petite{bourgeoisie"),eachstudybeingbasedontheanalysisofanIndividualsVariables
table(takenfromtherespectivesub{population).AscanbeseenontheFigures1.1(p.8)
and1.2(p.9),themainelementsofthegeometricmodelingofdatawerealreadypresent
inthiswork,asHenryRouanet,WernerAckermannandBrigitteLeRouxhaveprecisely
showninanarticleoftheBulletindemethodologiesociologique(Rouanetetal.2000[33]).
CAwasappliedtoanIndividualsVariablestable,whichwasacommonpracticeatthe
time,whentheuseofMCAwasnotyetdeveloped.Thechoiceofactiveandsupplementary
variableswassubtle:questionsonalargenumberoftastesandculturalpracticeswere
takenasactivevariables;socio-demographicandoccupationalinformationwereusedas
supplementaryelements;intherstpublication,theywereguredonatransparentwhich
couldbesuperposedtotherstprincipalplanresultingfromtheCA.Thistechniqueof
visualizationgivesanintuitionofthesociologicalrelationsbetweenthespaceoftastes
(lifestyles)andthespaceofsocialpositions.
Thecloudofindividualswaspresentinthepublishedanalysis:forspecicfractionsof
thedominantclassesthedispersionofindividualswasmadeobviousthroughthecontoursof
varioussubclouds(patrons,professionsliberales)drawnbyhand.Thisiswhatwillbecalled
later\structuringfactors":thecloudofindividualsissystematicallystructuredbyexternal
factorsinlinewiththemethodologyofStructuredDataAnalysis(LeRoux&Rouanet
2004[25]).Speciesofcapitalare\fundamentaldimensions"ofthespacetoinvestigate;
theircombination,therstprincipaldimensionswhichareinterpreted,isaspecicresult
ofeachanalysis.TheresultingglobalsocialspacedescribedinLadistinctionisthree-
dimensional:therstthreedimensionsareinterpretedintermsofthevolumeofcapital,
compositionofcapital,andseniorityintheclass.
Whenreferringtothespaceofthedominantclassesorthe\petite-bourgeoisie"(athen
bi{dimensionalspace,the\volume"dimensionbeingcontrolled),thersttwoaxesare
interpretedintermsofcapitalcomposition(Axis1)andseniorityintheclass(Axis2).
Theanalysisresultsinastrongsociologicalstatementabouttheexistenceofastructural

homologybetweenthe\spaceoflifestyles"andthe\spaceofsocialpositions",bothbeing interpretedastwoaspectsofthesamesocialreality3.IntherstprincipalplanoftheCA ofthedominantclasses(Figure1.1),onendsarstoppositionbetweenaneconomicand 8 Booktitlegoeshere
theclass. anintellectualpoles(Axis1)andasecondonerelatedtoageandindicatorsofseniorityin
inLadistinction(Bourdieu1979[6]). FIGURE1.1 ThespaceoftheFrenchdominantclasses.Modalitiesandstructuringfactors(plane1-2),
useofclassicalfactoranalysis,andthenotionofeld. quantitativedatainasynthesisofstatisticalinformation,whichisrelativelyclosetothe 1.4InvestigatingFields The\geometricmodelingofdata"wasapracticalwaytocombineobjecticationthrough
oftheuniversalityoftheseresultsinother(nationalorhistorical)contexts.ForscholarslikeLennart Rosenlund(2009[31]),thiscongurationseemstobeaninvariantindevelopedcapitalistsocieties,where theoppositionbetweeneconomiccapitalandculturalcapitalhasbecomemorepronounced.
3Amongtoday'sresearchquestionsfollowingthisclassicalanalysiswecanmentionheretheproblem

GDAinaSocialScienceResearchProgram:TheCaseofBourdieu'sSociology 9
FIGURE1.2
ThespaceoftheFrenchCEOs.Individuals(plane1-2),in\Lepatronat"(Bourdieu&de
Saint-Martin1978[14])

systematicallyaddressestherelationalaspectsofsocialreality(Bourdieu1966[4]).He morecompletelydevelopedhis\theoryofelds"inthebeginningofthe1970s(Bourdieu 10Asearlyasinthemiddleofthe1960s,Bourdieuformulatedtheconceptof\eld",which Booktitlegoeshere
1971[5]).Aeldisasmalllocusinsidetheglobalsocialspace,whichisdenedbyits degreeofrelativeautonomyfromothereldsandtheglobalsociety,itsstructure,related toaspeciccongurationofagents,anditsdynamics.Agentsinaeld,evenwithout
aboutelds.Biographicaldatawerecollectedinvariousbiographicalsources(directories, globalprocessofsocialdominationbetweenclasses. specicresourcesandbyacorrespondingprocessofdomination,whichisdistinctfromthe anydirectinteraction,areputintoobjectiverelations,denedbythedistributionoftheir
Who'swho,etc.),inacollectiveprocessdirectlyinspiredbygrowingscienticpracticesin socialhistory(\prosopography",comingfromancientandmedievalhistory). Thenoveltyoftheseanalysesrstliesinthetypeofdatawhichwereusedinresearch
helpofMCA.Inthisarticle,theauthorsjustifythecentraluseofMCAasawaytodiscover BourdieuanddeSaint-Martinstudiedapopulationofeconomicelites(n=216)withthe andrevealahiddenrelationalrealitywhichisnotconscious,butnevertheless\morereal" thanthepartialandpracticalperceptionsoftheagent(GDAas\ruptureinstrument"in ThesecondoccurrenceofauseofGDAbyBourdieuisawell{knownarticlewhere
properties(fromdemographiccharacteristicstoeducationaltrajectory)andsomeofthem deningthevariousspeciesofcapitalatstake.Themodalitiesweregroupedintodierent headings(groupsofquestions),withanimportantnumberofmodalitiesreferringtosocial forhishelpinafootnote.Activemodalitieswereselectedfromasetofbiographicaldata, Bachelard'stradition).TheyusetheprogramMULTMfromL.Lebart,whoisthanked
tomorespecicassetsintheeconomiceld(positionsinboards,distinctions,etc.).In particular,wereconsidered:
BottinMondain(adirectoryofsocialelites); Demographicproperties:placeanddateofbirth,numberofchildren,placeofresidence; Educationaltrajectory(i.e.\grandlyceeparisien"); Socialandfamilialorigin:professionofthefather,seniorityinclass,presenceinthe
Professionalcareer:(i.e.\grandcorps"); Specicpositionsintheeld:economicpowerpositions,membershiptocouncils,etc.; Indicatorsofsymboliccapital:ocialdistinctions,decorations,etc.;
ofthesocialstructureoftheeld(Figure1.2p.9).Theinterpretedspace(Figure1.3p.11) nomicelitemembers,helpingthereaderwho\knew"someagentstohaveadirectintuitionThecloudofindividualsintherstprincipalplanewaspublished,withthenamesofeco- Indicatorsofmembershiptomobilizedgroups(likeassociations).
agerscomingfromEcolenationaled'administrationorPolytechnique.ThesecondAxis, againrelatedtotime,opposes\newcomers"and\established".Thisanalysisprovidesa viewofthestructureoftheeldofeconomicelitesasbeingdenedbytherelationtothe \private"positionsandtrajectories,theeldbeingthendominatedbytechnocraticman- istwo-dimensional(athirdaxisisrapidlyevoked).TherstAxisisopposing\public"to
State(bureaucraticcapital)andbyaprocessofdynamiccompetitionbetweenfractions, moreoftentrainedinprivatebusinessschools,orcertainengineerschools.Anexplanatory perspectivewasalsopresentinthisanalysis,whichaimedatunderstandingthespaceof
rstdenedbytheirseniorityintheeld.Thenew\generation"intheeldisforexample

GDAinaSocialScienceResearchProgram:TheCaseofBourdieu'sSociology 11
FIGURE1.3
ThespaceoftheFrenchCEOs.Cloudofmodalitiesinplane1-2,in\Lepatronat"(Bourdieu
&deSaint-Martin1978[14]).

managerialstrategies(forexamplehumanresourcesstrategies)inrelationtotheirpositions intheeld,andmorelargely\reproductionstrategies"(marriage,fertility,etc.).InLanoblessed'Etat[8],wherethisarticleisreproduced,thisanalysiswascombinedtoastudyof 12 Booktitlegoeshere
structuralhomologiesbetweentheeldofpowerinwhichtheeconomiceliteisincluded, andtheeldof\grandesecoles"(highereducationinstitutions).
TwootherusesofGDAtechniquestookplaceinaprosopographicalstudyaboutacademics inFrancearound68(Bourdieu1984[7])andinaneconomic{sociologicalstudyaboutthe ductedalongBourdieu'sline.IthasallowedBourdieuhimselftoexplorethemajorhypothesesofhistheorysuchas:\thepositions[inaeld]commandtheposition{takings".Sincethelate1970s,geometricmodelinghasbeenthebasisofallempiricalworkconin2001,Bourdieureiterated([11]p.70):\Thosewhoknowtheprinciplesofmultiplecorrespondenceanalysiswillgrasptheanitiesbetweenthismethodofmathematicalanalysisandthethinkingintermsofeld".Tobecomplete,oneshouldaddthatBourdieu'scolleaguesandfollowershavemadeanintensiveuseofGDAmethodssincethemiddleof eldofprivatehousing(Bourdieu2000[10]).InhislastlectureattheCollegedeFrance,
AnnieVerger(artists),amongothers,havepublishedchaptersofbooksorarticlesbasedon MCAduringthe1980sandthersthalfofthe1990s. the1970s.LucBoltanski(onmanagersand\denonciation"),RemiLenoir(demographers, familypolicy),PatrickChampagne(Frenchpeasants),MoniquedeSaint-Martin(nobility),
intensivelyusingCAandMCAsincetheendofthe1980s.LennartRosenlund[31]was cleofGiseleSapiroabouttheeldofFrenchwritersunderGermanoccupationpublished educationaroundDonaldBroadyandMikaelBorjesson,inspiredbyBourdieu'swork,were inActesdelarechercheensciencessocialesin1996.Inparallel,Swedishsociologistsof AnewgenerationofresearchbasedonGDAinthe1990swasmadevisiblebyanarti-
the1990s.In1998,aconferenceinCologne(Germany)gavewaytoastrongnewalliance comesofthiscooperationwastheanalysespublishedinActesdelarechercheensciences betweenBourdieu,sociologistsreferringtoBourdieu'ssociologicaltheoryandstatisticians interestedinBourdieu'stheorylikeHenryRouanetandBrigitteLeRoux.Amongtheout- simultaneouslyreplicatingBourdieu'sresultsaboutlifestylesinStavangerandNorwayin
socialesabouttheeldofpublishersmentionedandillustratedbelow,andanarticleby Hjellbrekkeetal.(2007[23])puttingintopracticerecenttheoreticalandtechnicalinnovationsinGDA.OnecanalsoaddseveralarticlesandbooksbyLebaron(2001[28]),Duval (2004[21]),anddoctoralthesesbyDenord(2003[18]),Borjesson(2005[2]),Hovden(2008 Bourdieu'sschoolandquanticationinrecentyears).Recently,anarticleaboutlifestyles cooperationwithagroupofsociologistsincludingMikeSavageandAlanWarde(LeRoux [24])amongmanyotherapplications(whichcouldbetheobjectofanotherchapterabout intheUKusingspecicMCA,concentrationellipseswaspublishedbyBrigitteLeRouxin etal.2008[27]).
1.5ASociologicalResearchProgram OnecaninferfromBourdieu'spracticeageneralprogrambasedontheuseofGDAin
Cologneconferenceonthe"EmpiricalInvestigationofSocialSpaces"in1998,afterwhich lastpublicationusingGDAmethodsbyBourdieuhimself.Theanalysiswererealizedin collaborationwithBrigitteLeRouxandHenryRouanet;thisworkwasjustfollowingthe 1999[9])canbeseenasthemoreup{to{dateversionofthisunderlyingprogram.Itisthe sociology.Theexampleofhisarticle\Unerevolutionconservatricedansl'edition"(Bourdieu
aco{operationbetweenbothgroupsofresearchersbegan.

(n=56activeindividuals).ThemainmethodusedwasspecicMCA,atthattimepropaniespublishingliterarybooksinFrench,includingtranslationsfromforeignlanguagesThegeometricanalysiswasbasedonprosopographicaldatacollectedonasetofcom- GDAinaSocialScienceResearchProgram:TheCaseofBourdieu'sSociology 13
grammedinADDADbyBrigitteLeRouxandJeanChiche.Thistechnique,derivedfrom
editorialassets,liketheimportanceofforeignliterature).Asageneralrule,onecanstate (Q=16),Bourdieuchosevariousindicatorsofcapital(i.e.symbolic,economicandspecic damentalpropertiesofMCA(LeRoux&Rouanet2004[25],2010[26]).Asactivequestions\junk"modalities)as\passive"modalitiesofactivequestions,withoutdestroyingthefun- MCA,allowstoputsomemodalitiesofactivequestions(forexampleno{informationor
dimensionsofthesocialresourcesatstakeinthestudiedeldorspace. herethatthesociologisthastoproducethemostexhaustivelistoftheoreticallyfundamental
1:5 axe2 2=0:219(8%)
1:0 Languestraduites IndiceJurt AediteunprixNobelfrancais %detitrestraduits Aidedesministeres Datedecreation
0:5
0:0 1=0:484(18%) axe1
�0:5
�1:0
-1.5-1
�0:5 0:0 0:5 1:0 LogicielsEyelid/LATEX-PsTricks 1:5 2:0
Aediteunmembredujuryd'unprix Aediteunprix(Goncourt,Femina,:::) Diuseurs Ilyaunediteurparmilesactionnaires Ventes(romans) Typedesociete Importance Nombredesalaries
Localisation
100-400salaries
Vente:>400 Imp5
sarl Imp1
1990-1995 1-3salaries Harm.Mundi >25%
1946-1975 1976-1989 Vente:0
Vente:1-11 non. Jury NobelEtr. Prix Seuil 5-10% 0-5% NobelEtr. PrixJury
Imp3 sa&sadm
Vente:14-100 40-100salaries 1708-1945 NobelFr.
10-25%
10-40salaries HachetteImp4Vente:100a300 cde
Interforum&Dil
Ind.Jurt.:>350 >30kf
pasd'anglais
0kf AutresDiff. non.Editeur.Act. Anglais&Eur.O 8-20kf
Anglaisseul 0.5-4kfaucunelangue
Ang.&Eur.O+Autres
Editeur.Act. Ind.Jurt.:100-350 4-8kf
Paris5,6&7emes
Etranger Province ParisRG
ParisRD
AediteunprixNobeletranger
Ind.Jurt.:0 4-9salaries non.NobFr Imp2
andto\forecast"(onaqualitativebasis)thefuturedynamicsofthemarket(forexamplethe
FIGURE1.4 ThespaceofFrenchpublishers.Cloudofmodalitiesinplane1-2(Bourdieu1999[9]). AEuclideanclusteringwasperformedinordertocharacterizesub{groupsofpublishers,

14 1:5 axe3 3=0:177(6:5%) Booktitlegoeshere
1:0
0:5 %detitrestraduits Languestraduites AediteunprixNobelfrancais Datedecreation IndiceJurt Aidedesministeres
0:0 1=0:484(18%) axe1
�0:5
�1:0
-1.5-1
�0:5 0:0 0:5 1:0 LogicielsEyelid/LATEX-PsTricks 1:5 2:0
Aediteunmembredujuryd'unprix Aediteunprix(Goncourt,Femina:::) Ilyaunediteurparmilesactionnaires Ventes(romans) Importance Diuseurs Typedesociete Nombredesalaries
Localisation
aucunelangue
Imp3cde
Etranger 10-40salaries 0-5%
sarl Imp1 1946-1975 sa&sadm 1708-1945
1-3salaries 1990-1995 4-9salaries AutresDiff. Ind.Jurt.:>350 >30kf
0kf NobEtr.non Harm.Mundi >25% 1976-19890.5-4kf
Imp210-25%
Seuil 8-20kf NobelFr.
Vente:0 non.Editeur.Act.
Ind.Jurt.:0 Anglaisseul Jury.non Prix.non Vente:14-100
non.NobFr Paris5,6&7emes Ind.Jurt.:100-350 Prix
pasd'anglais Province Vente:1-11 Anglais&Eur.O ParisRD Vente:100a300Vente:>400 100-400salaries
Editeur.Act. Imp5
5-10% Ang.&Eur.O+Autres Hachette NobelEtr. Jury
Interforum&Dil Imp44-8kf
ParisRG 40-100salaries
AediteunprixNobeletranger
concentrationprocesseswhichwouldreducethenumberofactors,thegrowingdomination FIGURE1.5
oftheeconomicallyaggressivecommercialpublishers). ThespaceoffrenchPublishers.Cloudofmodalitiesinplane1-3(Bourdieu1999[9]).
ogywiththeclassicalcompositionAxisfoundinpreviousanalyses(theclassicaleconomyacommercialpoleandaliterarylegitimatepole.ThissecondAxisappearstobeinhomol- vscultureAxis).ThethirdAxisrefersmoretothespecicimportanceoftranslationsand lishers,witharstoppositionbetweenbigandsmallcompanies,andasecondonebetweenThesociologicalinterpretationinsistedonthe\chiasmatic"structureoftheeldofpubenticchoices,strategiesorcontents);inthisarticle,thiswasmainlybasedonqualitative commentsbasedonthecloudofindividuals. separatestwofractionsofthecommercialpole.Sociologicalinterpretationsassessedthe relationsexistingbetweenpositions(relatedtothespeciccongurationofresources)and \position-takings"(editorialchoiceshere|butitcouldalsobepolitical,literaryorsci- Aresearchprogrambasedonthisperspectivewouldaimat: Showingthestructureofaeldormorelargelyofaspecicsocialspaceconguration; onlyinasecondtime;
fromastatisticalpointofview,descriptiveproceduresalwayscomerstandinference

GDAinaSocialScienceResearchProgram:TheCaseofBourdieu'sSociology 15
1:0ClassesdelaCAH
classen1 classen2 classen3 classen4 axe2 2=0:219(8%)
0:5 AlbinMichel Seuil
Flammarion Gallimard
Chambon classen5
TempsQu'ijFait 0:0 Zulma&Picquier Climats
PresenceAfricaine LianaLevi OmbresPlace VerdierVirag&Zoe Salvy Noir/Blanc
Losfeld Aged'Homme Hamy Champvallon Nadeau DesFemmes Complexe MinuitGrasset
Laont 1=0:484(18%) axe1
�0:5 SerpentaPlumes Bourgois
BallandMetailie Marval Autrement NilOlivier BellesLettresJulliardMercuredeFrance
RamsayCarriereCorti
RocherRivages
ActesSud Belfond Defallois
-1 TableRonde Phebus
-1 �0:5 0:0Lattes p.o.l. Denoel Plon
0:5StockCalmannLevyFayard FIGURE1.6 ThespaceofFrenchpublishers.Cloudofindividualsinplane1-2(Bourdieu1999[9]). 1:0 LogicielsEyelid/LATEX-PsTricks 1:5 2:0
Showingstructuralhomologiesbetweendierenteldsorsocialspaces,whichhasto bebasedonappropriatestatisticalandsociologicalinterpretationsofaxes;DataAnal-
Determiningtherelativeautonomyofeldsorsocialspaces,whichrelatestothe tocumulateconvergingordivergingresults; ysiscanbeseenhereasaninterpretativepracticewherestatisticalandsociological
useofcomparisonproceduresandof"causal"sociologicalhypotheses,e.g.aboutthe commentsmustconverge.Thereisaneedformoresociologicalmeta-studiesinorder
relationsbetweeneldsorspaces;
inghimselfLudovicLebartandothers,oneshouldadmitthat\statisticsdoesn'tExplainingsocialpractices(e.g.positiontakings);toquoteHenryRouanetquot- (CSA)canbeanappropriateinstrument(LeRoux&Rouanet2010[26]); Studyingsub{spacesinsideamoreglobalspace;forthispurpose,classspecicMCA
didates"forsociologicalexplanation); Assessingtheimportanceofvariouseects,especiallyeldeects;itcouldstillbe explainanything,butgivessomepossibleelementsofexplanation"(helpnding\can- verymuchdeveloped,giventhepossibilityofanintegrationofVarianceAnalysisand RegressiontechniquesintotheframeofGDA,moreappropriatetothecontextof observationaldata; Studyingthedynamicsofaeld;itcouldbeverymuchdevelopedthroughEuclidean classicationand/oranappropriateuseofsupplementaryelementsor,evenbetter, structuringfactorsofthecloudofindividuals.

161:0 axe3 3=0:177(6:5%) Booktitlegoeshere Minuit
0:5
0:0Aged'Homme
Flammarion Gallimard
�0:5 Chambon Seuil 1=0:484(18%) axe1
AlbinMichel Grasset
-1 -1 �0:5 0:0 0:5 1:0 Laont LogicielsEyelid/LATEX-PsTricks 1:5 2:0
Champvallon
Climats
Complexe
PresenceAfricaine DesFemmes
TempsQu'ilFait Noir/Blanc Ombres VerdierVirag Place Salvy
Nadeau Hamy Zulma Picquier Zoe CalmannLevy
ActesSud
Belfond Defallois
Denoel Bourgois AutrementLattes
p.o.l.
RivagesStock Plon
Fayard
Carriere LianaLevi Losfeld Balland
SerpentaPlumes Marval Metailie OlivierPhebus Nil Ramsay Corti
BellesLettresJulliard MercuredeFrance ClassesdelaCAH classen1 classen2 classen3 classen4 classen5 Rocher TableRonde
FIGURE1.7 ThespaceofFrenchpublishers.Cloudofindividualsinplane1-3(Bourdieu1999[9]).
1.6Conclusion Bourdieuwasnotonlyconsciousoftheshortcomingsofthedominantquantitativemethods insocialsciences(especiallyregressionmethods),whichhediscoveredwithAlainDarbel geometricmodelingofdata,whichhepractisedaround30years,fromthebeginningofthe sentedintermsofhypotheses,empiricaldataandresultsconrming|orfailingtoconrm| asearlyasinthe1960s.Heconsciouslyfoundanalternativetothesemethodswiththe 1970suntilthelate1990s. hypotheses.Neitherdidhealwaysclearlyseparatebetweensociologicalandstatisticalinterpretations,nordidhecompletelyformalizehistheoryofeldsandhissociologicalinterpretationofstatisticalanalysis.Probably,thewayhisstatisticalpracticewasintegratedintoBourdieudidnotapprovenorpracticetheusualrhetoricofscienticpublications,prethusiasticaboutthepossibilityoffutureintegrationofregressionintotheframeworkof mayndthistoregrettable. hissociologicalwritingdidnotencouragedialoguewithotherquantitativetraditionsand
geometricdataanalysis. theclearunderstandingofwhathedidfromastatisticalpointofview.Manyresearchers
astrongempiricalsociologicalresearchprogram.
ButBourdieuwasclearlyinsearchforageneralgeometricformalization;hewasen- Bourdieu'sadoptionofthegeometricmodelingofdatahasthereforeopenedaspacefor

Index
capital,6,13 economic,7 social,7 cultural,6,7 C
ClassSpecicAnalysis(CSA),15 cloudofindividuals,7,9,10,15,16 ofmodalities,11,13,14 symbolic,7
CorrespondenceAnalysis(CA),5
GeometricDataAnalysis(GDA),5,10,15 eld,5,8,10,14,15 GF
MultipleCorrespondenceAnalysis(MCA), specic,12,13 5,10M
regression,6S socialspace,7R
structureddataanalysis,7 structure,6,10,15
17

18 Booktitlegoeshere

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Index
capital,6,13 economic,7 social,7 cultural,6,7 C
ClassSpecicAnalysis(CSA),15 cloudofindividuals,7,9,10,15,16 ofmodalities,11,13,14 symbolic,7
CorrespondenceAnalysis(CA),5
GeometricDataAnalysis(GDA),5,10,15 eld,5,8,10,14,15 GF
MultipleCorrespondenceAnalysis(MCA), specic,12,13 5,10M
regression,6S socialspace,7R
structureddataanalysis,7 structure,6,10,15
21