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The total area of in situ gene conservation of European beech was 41, 24 ha or 6.1% of genus Fagus area in the year 2005, mentioning a significant increasing in comparison with the year 2000, when it was 32, 59 ha, while of the oriental beech it was 5,882.3 ha (2005), insignificantly changed from 5,819.1 ha (2000) (Alexandrov, Pandeva 200 ). Of all forest tree species in the country the largest area of in situ conservation represents the genus Fagus – totally 4 ,606 ha (32.8%), i. e. 6.9% of beech territory. European beech occurs in the tree composition of 44 reserves in the following mountains: the Balkan range, Sredna gora, Vitosha, Rila, Pirin, Slavianka, Osogovo and the Rhodopes at altitudinal range of 330 m (Vulchi gorge) up to 1, 40 m (Shabanitsa). The average age varies from 60 years at Vrachanski karst to 2 0 in Shabanitsa. Some of the reserves as Steneto, Boatin, Dzhendem and Tsarichina comprise valuable beech genetic fund. Oriental beech appears in 6 reserves, out of which five are in Strandzha Mt. (Lopushna, Silkossia, Sredoka, Tissovitsa and Vitanovo) and one in Eastern Balkan range (Kirov dol) at altitudinal range from 190 m up to 480 m. The average age is from 100 years for Vitanovo to 150 years for Kirov dol (Turok et al. 2000). The in situ gene conservation involves also the virgin forests, of which 5% are in the protected territories. Within the total area of virgin forests in Bulgaria of 103,356 ha or 2.9% of the total forest area of the country, beech virgin forests cover 32,338 ha or 31.3% of the virgin forests (Veen, Raev 2006). The seed stands of Fagus sylvatica L. are on 12,550 ha and of Fagus orientalis Lipsky – 40.3 ha, which together present about 2% of genus Fagus area; they are sufficient enough for seed production purposes of these species in the country. They represent valuable autochtonous populations that could be used for export of beech seeds to other European countries. research Investigations of beech forests being done for several decades in Bulgaria resulted in publishing of three books as follows: Marinov, Nedyalkov, Naumov (1961), Garelkov, Turlakov (19 8) and Garelkov et al. (1995). They deal with biology and ecology of the beech, its distribution, typology of beech forests, structure, growth and productivity of beech ecosystems, its management, afforestation, diseases and pests, and prognoses for the future of beech forests. On the base of long-term investigations Dobrinov, Doykov, Gagov (1982) published “Forest genetic fund in Bulgaria” in which, among the deciduous species, the first place is dedicated to beech (Fagus spp.). In the field of breeding and forest plantations of beech two Ph.D. theses (Garelkova 1980, Botev 1988) were defended, and one, on variability and selection of Fagus sylvatica L. in the Central Balkan (Dakov 2010), is under preparation. During the last 1 – 2 decades a few population genetic surveys in beech were carried out in the Balkans, including some Bulgarian populations. The presence of rare alleles in the Rhodopes Mountains populations was found out proving their autochthonous nature and refugia origin at glaciation time (Hazler et al. 199 ). Polygenesis and genetic differentiation of beech on the Balkan peninsula reveal the taxanomical status of its populations (Gömöry et al. 1999). 66
Under the auspices of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI 1998) a project was realized on “Genetic resources of broadleaved forest tree species in Southeastern Europe” with participation of Bulgaria, Romania and Moldova. The project investigation on the genetic resources of Fagus spp. were published in a brochure of Turok et al. (2000). During the period 1995 – 2009, planned into phases I, II, III of European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUROFGEN), investigations of the economically most important species in Europe were realized, grouped into 5 networks, Fagus spp. was included sequentially in the following networks: Social Broadleaves, Temperate Oaks and Beech, Stand-forming Broadleaves. A paper on the genetic resources of Bulgarian Social Broadleaves including those of European and oriental beech was published by Alexandrov et al. (1999) in an EUFORGEN edition. Within the programme COST (European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research) including a project COST Action E52 “Evaluation of beech genetic resources for sustainable forestry” (2006 – 2010) articles on survival, growth and ecophysiology of 49 beech provenances from 20 European countries were published by Alexandrov, Pandeva, Dakov (2006), Velinova, Naydenova, Dakov (2008, 2010). The beech genetic resources of the Balkans and in particular of Bulgaria are valuable resource for the European forestry, especially for the South and Southeast Europe, where they could be used in suitable sites. The studied provenances at different ecological conditions via the programme COST Action E-52 give opportunity for selection of the most suitable ones for the expected climate changes. reFereNces Alexandrov A. 1990. Genetics and breeding of forest tree species. Sofia, Zemizdat: 142 p. (in Bulgarian). Alexandrov A., Pandeva D. 200 . Conservation and utilization of forest genetic resources in Bulgaria. Comptes rendus de l’Academie Bulgare des Sciences, 60, 8: 911-916. Alexandrov A., Pandeva D., Dakov A. 2006. Survival and growth of 12 years old European beech provenances in Tvarditsa Forestry Experimental plantation. Bulgaria, Nauka za gorata, 4: 11-19. Alexandrov A., Popov E., Genov K., Hinkov G. 1999. Genetics resources of Bulgarian Social Broadleaves. Social Broadleaves. Rome, EUFORGEN, IPGRI: 41-52. Botev N. 1988. Influence of initial density of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) plantations on their growth. PhD Thesis, Sofia (in Bulgarian). Busov V. B. 1995. Discrimination between the European (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) by SDS-PAGE of seed proteins. In: Baradat Ph., Adams W. T., Müller- Starck G. (eds.): Population Genetics and Genetic Conservation of Forest Trees. Amsterdam SBS Publ.: 1- . Dakov A. 2010. Variability and breeding of Fagus sylvatica L. in Central Balkan Range. PhD Thesis (manuscript). Sofia (in Bulgarian). 6
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Sonderheft 350 Special Issue COST A
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Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture an
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COST Action E52 Genetic resources o
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Ernő Führer - Csaba Mátyás - Gy
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Genetic resources of beech in Europ
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The sTaTus oF euroPeaN beech (Fagus
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• Beech (Fagus), 19 ,093 ha; with
Page 17 and 18: Fig. 3: Mixed forest of European be
Page 19 and 20: TreaTmeNT oF beech In forest with a
Page 21 and 22: Tab. 2: E. beech Nature Reserve Int
Page 23 and 24: Tab. 4: Percentage of defoliation a
Page 25 and 26: “Qaf Shtame” national park, in
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Page 29 and 30: Armenia is characterized by a mount
Page 31 and 32: Fig. 3: Leaves of oriental beech (h
Page 33 and 34: The Georgian oak forests prefer the
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 5: Map of oriental beech distr
Page 37 and 38: PesTs, dIseases aNd abIoTIc ImPacTs
Page 39 and 40: Khanjyan N. 2004. Specially protect
Page 41 and 42: was reported by Polaczek (1954) who
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Page 45 and 46: Tab. 2: Compilation of different as
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Page 51 and 52: Fig. 3: Regenerated stand by clumps
Page 53 and 54: eFereNces 1 http://environnement.wa
Page 55 and 56: Fig. 1: Distribution of European be
Page 57 and 58: activities already during medieval
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Page 63 and 64: CURRENT STATE OF EUROPEAN BEECH (FA
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 2: Map of natural range of Fag
Page 67: The health status of beech forests
Page 71 and 72: Velinova K., Naydenova T., Dakov A.
Page 73 and 74: the Adriatic coast, while in the co
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 1: Provenace regions and seed
Page 77 and 78: Fig. 2: International beech provena
Page 79 and 80: Official Gazette NN 140/05, 2005: Z
Page 81 and 82: European beech is distributed almos
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Page 85 and 86: The most important ex situ conserva
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Page 91 and 92: ForesT maNaGemeNT European beech in
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Page 95 and 96: GeNeTIc resources maNaGemeNT IN Fra
Page 97 and 98: Fig. 2: Beech provenance region lim
Page 99 and 100: eFereNces Anonymous 2008. Cours des
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Page 105 and 106: Georgia 52 associations (forest typ
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Page 113 and 114: • Elaborating and implementation
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Page 117 and 118: other forest species or grassland.
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Fig. 1: The 26 regions of provenanc
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the earnings for the forest owner f
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Küster H. 1998. Geschichte des Wal
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have had human assistance in this c
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elow 300 m a. s. l. The species has
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Tab. 2: Age class distribution of t
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with the intention that stands woul
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Tab. 3: European-level beech woodla
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Sourcing of forest reproductive mat
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Recently the four British Regions o
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defoliation, and in severe cases, s
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Herbert R., Samuel S., Patterson G.
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curreNT sTaTus oF GeNeTIc resources
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Fagetalia (Fagetum) Abietion cephal
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Regions of provenances: The whole c
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sILvIcuLTure, reGeNeraTIoN, ForesT
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decidua), oaks (Quercus spp.) or no
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Spanos K. A., Trakolis D., Spanos I
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elevation where beech occurs is ext
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Fig. 2: Climatic envelope of beech
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eGIsTered sources oF reProducTIve m
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maIN beech dIseases aNd PesTs Europ
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In the field of forest genetic rese
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Mátyás V. 1969. Influence des con
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A recent inventory of all forest la
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Photo 1: Stand of beech in Kilbora
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In 1995 and again in 1998 Ireland p
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GeNeTIc resources oF beech IN ITaLy
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Provenance studies revealed differe
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GeNeTIc resources aNd reProducTIve
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A very peculiarly feature of this b
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absTracT curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN
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Natural distribution of Fagus sylva
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de Vries S. M. G. 1998a. Activities
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Fig. 1: Natural distribution of Eur
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a long enough period for regenerati
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Gömöry D., Paule L., Schvadchak M
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GeNeTIc resources oF beech (Fagus s
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Fig. 2: The protected area of “Ca
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Monotropa hypopitis. Most of these
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coNservaTIoN aNd raTIoNaL uTILIZaTI
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eFereNces Andreev V. N. 195 . Derev
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curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
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Dumitreşti, Dobra, Voineşti, Bâr
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centre of Poland. The highest value
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Chira D., Dănescu F., Geambaşu N.
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*** 2008. Legea nr. 46/2008: Codul
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and/or Eastern beech. For most char
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dIsTrIbuTIoN, ForesT commuNITIes aN
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(Willd. ex Fr.) Karst., Fomitopsis
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eFereNces Becker M. 1981. Taxonomie
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Society of Geneticists of Serbia an
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Because of its high share in the tr
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purposes is allowed to be procured
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absTracT curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN
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the Sub-Mediterranean and in the hi
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euroPeaN beech GeNe PooL PreservaTI
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eech domINaTed ForesT soIL ecosysTe
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Culiberg M. 1994. Dezertifikacija i
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Šercelj A. 1996. Začetki in razvo
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1 2 Region of provenance Altitude (
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sILvIcuLTure aNd ForesT maNaGemeNT
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Ibáñez J. I. 1989. El haya (Fagus
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GeNeraL INFormaTIoN abouT beech IN
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Cheaper and better ways to regenera
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climate on forests and implications
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ecoLoGy aNd dIsTrIbuTIoN oF beech I
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Fig. 2: Map of the Swiss provenance
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eech uNder chaNGING eNvIroNmeNTaL F
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e52/wuehlisch.pdf Zimmermann N. E.,
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egions reach down to the Murat Moun
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characTerIsTIcs aNd ForesT maNaGeme
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Wide distribution of oriental beech
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zones and marginal populations and
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euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
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On the eastern limit, beech occurs
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of felling area only, whereas the r
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sylvatica L. на північно-
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Reviewers Directory Prof. alexander
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dr. eduardo Notivol C.I.T.A. - Gove
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334 Hans-Dieter Haenel (Hrsg.) (201
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