COST Action E 52 - vTI - Bund.de

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(lowest) Vth class. At 100 years of age, in the Ist site class, the proportion of industrial wood is 2%, of which 65% is sawnwood (Enescu 1993). The amount of European beech wood harvested in the forests (state and private) of Romania in the past 10 years is shown in table 1. Tab. 1: Amount of beech wood harvested in Romania in the past 10 years (Romanian Statistic Yearbook 2008) Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Harvested volume (million m3 ) 3.963 4.505 4.956 4.480 4.439 4.748 5.412 4.794 4.997 5.182 ForesT research In Romania, because of only natural regeneration (by seed), European beech has not been the topic of a breeding programme. For that reason its phenotypic and genetic variability was barely searched in-depth. A biosystematic research in 60 natural populations has investigated traits of pulp production interest (Ciocnitu et al. 19 5). Populations with high pulp value were found in the north of the Eastern Carpathians, Suceava Plateau, south Eastern Carpathians, Mehedinţi Plateau and in Western Carpathians (Apuseni Mountains). Another study (Urecheatu 1992) using natural populations took into consideration 42 morphological and anatomical parameters and showed a very large inter- and intrapopulation variability. The research carried out by Stănescu and Şofletea in 1990 – 1992 in European beech populations from a relevant proportion of its natural range in Romania showed a large variation of some leaves’ morphology and bark colour. The first study regarding phenotypic and genotypic variation of European beech in Romania was initiated by Enescu et Muhs (1988). The first step was the study of phenotypic variation of some evolutionary traits in natural populations of European beech from Romania. The biosystematic research of 21 natural populations selected after 5 altitudinal profiles containing the main parts of European beech natural range had included the measurement and observation of 29 traits of forest interest. The first results showed the existence of a large variation of those traits. The second step was the establishment of international provenance trials in Romania in 1995 and 1998 (Wuehlisch von 200 ). These trials were the object of other research projects performed by Ioniţă in 2005 – 2008 (Mihai et al. 2008). Researches on differentiation in European beech at allozyme loci were performed by Gömöry et al. (2003). The Romanian Carpathians are unambiguously the centre of the allelic richness, both at the regional and population level. On the other hand, allelic richness exhibits very distinct trends. Despite local variations, centres of high as well as low allelic multiplicity can easily be identified. Extremely low values occur at the northeastern limit of the distribution range – Baltic coast and 204
centre of Poland. The highest values were found in the Romanian Carpathians, mainly in the Apuseni Mts. and at the southeastern edge of the Carpathians (regions Ploieşti and Braşov). European beech continues to be the most resilient species among the most important Romanian forest species. Its defoliation proportion was 15.6% in 2004, 11% in 2005 and 11.5% in 2006 (Badea et al. 2005 – 200 ). In some particular areas (NE and Central Romania) beech decline has been recorded, due to a complex mixture of abiotic factors (water fluctuation, frost, etc.), favouring (agedness, compact soil, low drainage, etc.) and aggravating (bark and wood insects, diseases – Phytophthora spp., Nectria spp., etc.) (Chira et al. 2005, Chira, Chira 200 ). As a new phenomenon, Lymantria dispar defoliations have been recorded in beech stands in the last years (Tăut, Neţoiu 200 ). Also beech canker is widely spread in hilly and low mountain areas (Chira, Chira 1998). coNservaTIoN oF euroPeaN beech GeNeTIc resources In Romania, the beech genetic resources are conserved only in situ, with the exception of 4 populations that are included in the international field trials of European beech established in our country. A first method of conservation is the seed stand, which amounts for ,665 ha spread all over the phytogeographic subzones of our country (Seed Stands Catalogue 2001). Other virgin stands, with garden-like patterns, are preserved under total non-intervention regime in old forests legally dedicated as nature monuments. Eight virgin forests – Văliug Forest District, compartment 3 , Mehadaia Forest District, compartments 214 and 94, Bozovici Forest District, sub-compartment 110 C and compartment 4 , Nera Forest District, compartments 38 A and 64, and Făget Forest District, sub-compartment 110 A – were identified. Among these forests, Nera and Făget are protected areas. A second method of conservation is the selection of genetic resources of European beech which are included in the National Catalogue of Forest Genetic Resources (Pârnuţă et al. 2008). The genetic resources of European beech consist in 123 conservation units, with 11,803 ha total surface, of which 3,106.4 ha as core zone and 8,696.6 ha as buffer area. The map of Fagus sylvatica genetic resources distribution on regions of provenances is presented in Figure 2. Scattered stands of European beech located outside of the natural range such as Bucovăţ-Craiova, Bucoviciorul-Dolj, Luncaviţa-Măcin, Mănăstirea Câlnic-Tulcea, are also preserved. To the same group belong the scattered individuals or small groups of European beech trees located in the Transylvania Plateau (Sivaşul de Câmpie-Mureş) and in the Muntenia Plains (Ţigăneşti-Snagov, Curcubeul-Gherghiţa). An important proportion of European beech forests are subject of NATURA 2000 programme in Romania (2 3 of SCI, which amounts for 2,023,601 ha, including beech forests also) (Stoiculescu 200 ). The Romanian legislation regarding the forest genetic resources consists of the Governmental Ordinance no. 11/2004 on the production, marketing and utilization of forest reproductive material, approved by Law no. 161/2004 and Law no 46/2008–Forest Code. 205
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Sonderheft 350 Special Issue COST A
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Landbauforschung vTI Agriculture an
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COST Action E52 Genetic resources o
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Ernő Führer - Csaba Mátyás - Gy
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Genetic resources of beech in Europ
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The sTaTus oF euroPeaN beech (Fagus
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• Beech (Fagus), 19 ,093 ha; with
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Fig. 3: Mixed forest of European be
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TreaTmeNT oF beech In forest with a
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Tab. 2: E. beech Nature Reserve Int
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Tab. 4: Percentage of defoliation a
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“Qaf Shtame” national park, in
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Qiriazi P., Sala S., 2006. Nature M
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Armenia is characterized by a mount
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Fig. 3: Leaves of oriental beech (h
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The Georgian oak forests prefer the
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Fig. 5: Map of oriental beech distr
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PesTs, dIseases aNd abIoTIc ImPacTs
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Khanjyan N. 2004. Specially protect
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was reported by Polaczek (1954) who
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Fig. 2: Selected target trees in a
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Tab. 2: Compilation of different as
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Schadauer K., Büchsenmeister R., S
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Fig. 1: Provenances regions in Belg
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Fig. 3: Regenerated stand by clumps
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eFereNces 1 http://environnement.wa
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Fig. 1: Distribution of European be
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activities already during medieval
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established aimed at seed productio
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Fig. 4: Sub-Mediterranean type of d
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CURRENT STATE OF EUROPEAN BEECH (FA
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Fig. 2: Map of natural range of Fag
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The health status of beech forests
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Under the auspices of the Internati
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Velinova K., Naydenova T., Dakov A.
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the Adriatic coast, while in the co
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Fig. 1: Provenace regions and seed
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Fig. 2: International beech provena
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Official Gazette NN 140/05, 2005: Z
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European beech is distributed almos
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According to the Report about fores
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The most important ex situ conserva
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eFereNces Čermák K., Hofman J., K
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Zpráva o stavu lesa a lesního hos
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ForesT maNaGemeNT European beech in
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euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
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GeNeTIc resources maNaGemeNT IN Fra
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Fig. 2: Beech provenance region lim
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eFereNces Anonymous 2008. Cours des
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of Georgia up to 00 - 800 m a.s.l.
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5,0% 5,0% 6,9% 6,9% 0,6% 0 0,6% 4,7
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Georgia 52 associations (forest typ
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- Matured and over-aged groups acco
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Fig. 5. Scheme of structure at heig
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curreNT GeNeTIc coNservaTIoN acTIvI
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• Elaborating and implementation
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curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
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other forest species or grassland.
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Fig. 1: The 26 regions of provenanc
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the earnings for the forest owner f
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Küster H. 1998. Geschichte des Wal
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have had human assistance in this c
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elow 300 m a. s. l. The species has
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Tab. 2: Age class distribution of t
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with the intention that stands woul
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Tab. 3: European-level beech woodla
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Sourcing of forest reproductive mat
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Recently the four British Regions o
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defoliation, and in severe cases, s
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Herbert R., Samuel S., Patterson G.
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curreNT sTaTus oF GeNeTIc resources
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Fagetalia (Fagetum) Abietion cephal
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Regions of provenances: The whole c
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sILvIcuLTure, reGeNeraTIoN, ForesT
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decidua), oaks (Quercus spp.) or no
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Spanos K. A., Trakolis D., Spanos I
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Page 157 and 158: Fig. 2: Climatic envelope of beech
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Page 163 and 164: In the field of forest genetic rese
Page 165 and 166: Mátyás V. 1969. Influence des con
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Page 169 and 170: Photo 1: Stand of beech in Kilbora
Page 171 and 172: In 1995 and again in 1998 Ireland p
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Page 175 and 176: Provenance studies revealed differe
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Page 179 and 180: A very peculiarly feature of this b
Page 181 and 182: absTracT curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN
Page 183 and 184: Natural distribution of Fagus sylva
Page 185 and 186: de Vries S. M. G. 1998a. Activities
Page 187 and 188: Fig. 1: Natural distribution of Eur
Page 189 and 190: a long enough period for regenerati
Page 191 and 192: Gömöry D., Paule L., Schvadchak M
Page 193 and 194: GeNeTIc resources oF beech (Fagus s
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Page 197 and 198: Monotropa hypopitis. Most of these
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Page 201 and 202: eFereNces Andreev V. N. 195 . Derev
Page 203 and 204: curreNT sTaTe oF euroPeaN beech (Fa
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Page 211 and 212: *** 2008. Legea nr. 46/2008: Codul
Page 213 and 214: and/or Eastern beech. For most char
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Page 219 and 220: eFereNces Becker M. 1981. Taxonomie
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Page 225 and 226: purposes is allowed to be procured
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Page 231 and 232: euroPeaN beech GeNe PooL PreservaTI
Page 233 and 234: eech domINaTed ForesT soIL ecosysTe
Page 235 and 236: Culiberg M. 1994. Dezertifikacija i
Page 237 and 238: Šercelj A. 1996. Začetki in razvo
Page 239 and 240: 1 2 Region of provenance Altitude (
Page 241 and 242: sILvIcuLTure aNd ForesT maNaGemeNT
Page 243 and 244: Ibáñez J. I. 1989. El haya (Fagus
Page 245 and 246: GeNeraL INFormaTIoN abouT beech IN
Page 247 and 248: Cheaper and better ways to regenera
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Page 251 and 252: ecoLoGy aNd dIsTrIbuTIoN oF beech I
Page 253 and 254: Fig. 2: Map of the Swiss provenance
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e52/wuehlisch.pdf Zimmermann N. E.,
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egions reach down to the Murat Moun
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characTerIsTIcs aNd ForesT maNaGeme
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Wide distribution of oriental beech
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zones and marginal populations and
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euroPeaN beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
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On the eastern limit, beech occurs
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of felling area only, whereas the r
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sylvatica L. на північно-
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Reviewers Directory Prof. alexander
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dr. eduardo Notivol C.I.T.A. - Gove
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334 Hans-Dieter Haenel (Hrsg.) (201
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