The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging - Supernova: Pliki

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An Introduction to Mitochondria Table 2.1. The human mitochondrial genome, using the standard numbering conventions Position Gene Component of 577-647 phenylalanine tRNA 648-1601 ribosomal RNA, subunit 12S ribosome 1602-1670 valine tRNA 1671-3229 ribosomal RNA, subunit 16S ribosome 3230-3304 leucine tRNA (UUA or UUG) 3307-4262 NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 1 Complex I 4263-4331 isoleucine tRNA 4329-4400 glutamine tRNA 4402-4469 methionine tRNA 4470-5511 NADH dehyrogenase, subunit 2 Complex I 5512-5576 tryptophan tRNA 5587-5655 alanine tRNA 5657-5729 asparagine tRNA 5761-5826 cysteine tRNA 5826-5891 tyrosine tRNA 5904-7444 cytochrome c oxidase, subunit 1 Complex IV 7445-7516 serine tRNA (UCN) 7518-7585 aspartate tRNA 7586-8262 cytochrome c oxidase, subunit 2 Complex IV 8295-8364 lysine tRNA 8366-8572 ATP synthase, subunit 8 Complex V (non-structural) 27
28 The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging Table 2.1. The human mitochondrial genome, using the standard numbering conventions, cont. Position Gene Component of 8527-9207 ATP synthase, subunit 6 Complex V 9207-9990 cytochrome c oxidase, subunit 3 Complex IV 9991-10058 glycine tRNA 10059-10404 NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 3 Complex I 10405-10469 arginine tRNA 10470-10766 NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 4L Complex I 10760-12137 NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 4 Complex I 12138-12206 histidine tRNA 12207-12265 serine tRNA (AGC or AGU) 12266-12336 leucine tRNA (CUN) 12337-14148 NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 5 Complex I 14673-14149 NADH dehydrogenase, subunit 6 Complex I 14674-14742 glutamate tRNA 14747-15887 cytochrome b Complex III 15888-15953 threonine tRNA 15955-16023 proline tRNA There have also been reports that mitochondrial DNA is more inaccurately replicated than nuclear DNA, 63 though this has since been disputed. 64 However, in non-dividing cells (a category which includes nerves and muscle fibres, among others) there is quite definitely a greater risk of replication error of mtDNA than nuclear DNA, for a much more direct reason: their nuclear DNA is not being replicated at all, so its risk of replication error is necessarily zero. Their mitochondrial DNA, on the other hand, is still being replicated (as will be discussed in the next section), so its risk of replication error, however slight, is greater. In fact, there is circumstantial evidence that replication error is the main source of mtDNA mutations in somatic cells. This is that only a small percentage of mtDNA point mutations seen in vivo, whether in evolution 65 or in cultured cells, 66 are transversions—changes of a purine to a pyrimidine or vice versa. All the rest are transitions, which change a purine to
Page 1 and 2: COMPANY de Grey The Mitochondrial F
Page 3 and 4: ISBN: 1-57059-564-X MOLECULAR BIOLO
Page 5 and 6: 7. The Status of Gerontological The
Page 7 and 8: 17. Conclusion: The Role of the Ger
Page 9 and 10: I cannot overstate my profound grat
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1. What Is
Page 13 and 14: Introduction Some may feel that all
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Page 27 and 28: 18 Fig. 2.7. The respiratory chain.
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History of the Mitochondrial Free R
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History of the Mitochondrial Free R
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CHAPTER 7 The Status of Gerontologi
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The Status of Gerontological Theory
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The Status of Gerontological Theory
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CHAPTER 8 The Search for How Mutant
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The Search for How Mutant mtDNA is
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CHAPTER 9 The Search for How So Few
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The Search for How So Few Anaerobic
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CHAPTER 10 Frequently-Asked Questio
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Frequently-Asked Questions The effe
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Frequently-Asked Questions Table 10
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Frequently-Asked Questions through
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Frequently-Asked Questions has been
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Frequently-Asked Questions SOS, sin
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Frequently-Asked Questions for almo
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Frequently-Asked Questions Fig. 10.
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Frequently-Asked Questions Fig. 10.
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Frequently-Asked Questions of elect
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Frequently-Asked Questions Referenc
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Frequently-Asked Questions 45. Clay
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CHAPTER 11 A Challenge from Textboo
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A Challenge from Textbook Bioenerge
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160 The Mitochondrial Free Radical
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CHAPTER 14 Ablation of Anaerobic Ce
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Ablation of Anaerobic Cells: Techni
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CHAPTER 15 Transgenic Copies of mtD
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Transgenic Copies of mtDNA: Techniq
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CHAPTER 16 Prospective Impact on th
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Prospective Impact on the Healthy H
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Prospective Impact on the Healthy H
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Index Symbols “~”, 19 A Acetald
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Index Copper 35, 107 see also trans
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Index Heart comparison to man-made
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Index genetic code 23, 115-118, 177
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Index Perhydroxyl radical 41, 122,
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Index protonation see protonation (
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INTELLIGENCE UNIT
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The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging - Supernova: Pliki

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