The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging - Supernova: Pliki

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208 survival of cells taken over by see reductive hotspot hypothesis Myoblasts 78 see also satellite cells Myogenesis (in adult amphibians) 73, 162 N NAD see nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD + see nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH see nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH dehydrogenase 11, 140, 183 non-proton-pumping (in yeasts) 24, 183 number of subunits 10 tendency to fumble electrons 140 NADP 11, 104, 107 Nass MMK 21 Nass S 21 Necrosis 173, 175 induction by antibiotics 177 targetability 175 Negligible senescence 72-73, 129, 162 fecundity in 162 predictions of MiFRA 162 see also indeterminate growth Nematodes see Caenorhabditis elegans Neurogenesis in adult amphibians 73, 162 in adult birds 190 in adult humans (work towards) 190 effect on memory 190 Neurons 58 central versus peripheral, 160 Neurospora 92 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 11, 14, 103-106, 183 Nitric oxide 36 NO see nitric oxide Nonsense mutations (of mtDNA) see mutant mtDNA, nonsense mutations Nuclear complementation of mtDNA 170, 177-186 hydrophobicity as obstacle to 181-186 improvement by duplicate pre-sequence 182,184 mistargeting to cell membrane 181 motivation 170 mt-coded RNAs, irrelevance 180 mutagenic risk 179 possible toxicity 179, 181 The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging recoding of mtDNA 177 stoichiometry 178-179 Nugent J 118 O Obligate aerobes 103 Oocytes see ova Orbitals 35 Organelle 7 Olovnikov V 88 Orgel L 87 Osteoarthritis 56 Osteoporosis 58 Outer membrane (mitochondrial) 8 Ova 7,16,120 maintenance of mitochondria in 120 mitochondrial numbers in 7, 120-121 bottleneck in oogenesis 120 quiescence 120 Ovulation 120 Oxidative phosphorylation 19-21, 37, 93, 167 free radicals formed by 37 proposed chemical intermediate 25,145 see also chemiosmotic theory Oxidative stress 59-60, 87-88, 139 defined 59 in telomere theory of aging 88 intercellular transmission 87 Oxygen 14-16, 35-37 borrowed from water (in TCA cycle) 14 four-electron reduction (respiration) 15-16 single-electron reduction to superoxide 37 OXPHOS see oxidative phosphorylation P Pairing of electrons 35 versus odd number of electrons 36 Palmer JD 118 Paternal inheritance (of mtDNA) 21-22 p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid see pCMBS pCMBS 161 PCR see polymerase chain reaction Pearl R 65 Pentane 44 Pentosidine 60
Index Perhydroxyl radical 41, 122, 139-143 possible involvement in proton leak 142 Peripheral nervous system 160 Peroxidation (of lipids) branching reactions 42, 107-108 chain reaction 41-42 Petites 66, 103 Pfanner N 22 pH difference across mitochondrial membrane 152 logarithmic scale 144 of mitochondrial matrix 9 near a charged membrane 50, 141-143 neutral (basis for definition) 10, 42 Phagocytosis 6 see also lysosomes see also mitochondria, turnover Phenolphthalein 144 Phosphate 11,14 chemical formula 11 Phosphate carrier 14, 123-124, 154-155 antiport with hydroxide 123-124, 154-155 turnover rate (dependence on shape) 155 Phosphatidate 50 Phospholipase A 2 129-130 Phospholipids 8, 47-50, 141-142 structure 47-50 acidity of some 141 Photosynthesis 20 P i see phosphate Pigmented epithelium (of eye) 57-58 Plasma membrane oxidoreductase 104-109, 160-161, 192 as extracellular oxidant 107-109 Predictions 160-161 see also reductive hotspot hypothesis extracellular electron acceptors 104-105 histochemical assays for 161 in survival of anaerobic cells in vivo 106 Platelets 77 Pleiotropy (of aging) 60-61 PMOR see plasma membrane oxidoreductase Podospora 92 Poikilotherms 69 Point mutations (of mtDNA) see mutant mtDNA, point mutations Polar (property of molecule) 149 see also dipolar Polio, 199 Polymerase chain reaction 76-78, 101-102 long PCR 76-78 209 Polyploidy (of mitochondria) 21, 125 Polyunsaturated fatty acid 48, 71 oxidisability 44 relevance to aging 71 Porin 8 Postmitotic cells 25-26 Potential difference across mitochondrial membrane 145-147 measurement by ion movement 146 by microelectrodes 146 Presequence, for mitochondrial protein import see protein import, requirements, signal presequence Primates 70 Programmed senescence 73 Prokaryotes 6 Proteasome 186 Protein import (mitochondrial) 6, 22-24, 115-119, 177-186 by mutant mitochondria 123-124 chaperones of 181, 183 cotranslational 184 into matrix 22, 24 into other compartments 22-24 of normally mt-coded proteins see nuclear complementation of mtDNA requirements signal presequence 22-23 proton gradient 123 matrix ATP 123 Proteoglycans 56 Protonation (of superoxide) 41, 141 see also perhydroxyl radical Proton gradient (mitochondrial) see proton-motive force Proton leak, 92-94 causes 93-94 possible advantages 93 Proton-motive force 20, 123, 146 bulk-to-bulk 146 see also chemiosmotic theory Pseudothylakoid hypothesis 147 Purines 25-26 loss from DNA see depurination Pyrimidines 25-26 Pyrimidine dimer 25, 30 Pyruvate 12, 103-105 Pyruvic acid see pyruvate
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COMPANY de Grey The Mitochondrial F
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ISBN: 1-57059-564-X MOLECULAR BIOLO
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7. The Status of Gerontological The
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17. Conclusion: The Role of the Ger
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I cannot overstate my profound grat
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1. What Is
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Introduction Some may feel that all
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6 The Mitochondrial Free Radical Th
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8 The Mitochondrial Free Radical Th
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10 The Mitochondrial Free Radical T
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18 Fig. 2.7. The respiratory chain.
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24 Fig. 2.9. Types of protein impor
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26 Fig. 2.10. Why the DNA bases pai
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CHAPTER 3 An Introduction to Free R
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An Introduction to Free Radicals Ta
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An Introduction to Free Radicals Fi
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An Introduction to Free Radicals Re
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CHAPTER 6 History of the Mitochondr
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History of the Mitochondrial Free R
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CHAPTER 7 The Status of Gerontologi
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The Status of Gerontological Theory
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The Status of Gerontological Theory
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CHAPTER 8 The Search for How Mutant
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The Search for How Mutant mtDNA is
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CHAPTER 9 The Search for How So Few
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The Search for How So Few Anaerobic
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CHAPTER 10 Frequently-Asked Questio
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Frequently-Asked Questions The effe
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Frequently-Asked Questions Table 10
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Frequently-Asked Questions through
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Frequently-Asked Questions has been
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Frequently-Asked Questions SOS, sin
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Frequently-Asked Questions for almo
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Frequently-Asked Questions Fig. 10.
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Frequently-Asked Questions Fig. 10.
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Frequently-Asked Questions of elect
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Frequently-Asked Questions Referenc
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Frequently-Asked Questions 45. Clay
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CHAPTER 11 A Challenge from Textboo
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A Challenge from Textbook Bioenerge
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The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging - Supernova: Pliki

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