The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging - Supernova: Pliki

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206 Lipid hydroperoxides 42, 108, 110-111 Lipid metabolism 47-51 synthesis 50-51 transport 50-51 Lipid radicals 42, 44 Lipoic acid 59 Lipofuscin 57, 61, 73, 88, 130, 132, 162, 192 in retina 59, 184 Lipoprotein lipase 50 Liposomes 93 Liver 129 Lobsters 72 Lonely electron carrier (LEC) 36-44, 54-59, 139 defined 36 properties 36-37 Long PCR 75 Longitudinal section (of muscle) 76 Low density lipoprotein 53-54, 60, 108-109, 129, 161, 192 glycation of 60 oxidation of 51, 108-109, 132-133 as preventer of uptake 51, 129 transport 50 Lysosomes 30, 57, 88, 94-97, 130, 160, 167, 192 rupture of 58 M Macrophages 53-54, 129, 133, 175 Macular degeneration 58 Malate/aspartate shuttle 14, 106, 123 Malondialdehyde 44 Margulis L 6 Masoro E 1 Maternal inheritance (of mtDNA) 21-22, 116, 131-132 Matrix (mitochondrial) see mitochondrial matrix Maximum lifespan potential 58, 72, 121, 198-199 McCord J 2, 142 Meclophenoxate see centrophenoxine Medawar P 70 Melanin 65 Membrane damage (mitochondrial) 5, 67 see also Survival of the slowest Membrane oxidisability interspecies differences 71 of polyunsaturated lipids 44 Membrane repair (mitochondrial) by dilution 95, 130 The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging see also Survival of the slowest enzymatic (inadequacy of) 130 Mendelian inheritance 116 Metabolic rate 65, 69, 72 standard 69 specific 69 relationship to aging 65, 69-70 exceptions, 70 in calorie restriction 72 Metastasis 54 Methaemoglobin 108 Methylation (of DNA) 55 Methylcytosine 55 deamination of 55 MiFRA see mitochondrial free radical theory of aging Missense mutations (of mtDNA) see mutant mtDNA, missense mutations Mitchell P 19-20, 94, 145-149 Mitochondria 5-30 etymology 126 evolutionary origins 5-7 function 10-20 location 7-8, 25 number per cell 7 structure 8-10 see also inner membrane (mitochondrial) see also intermembrane space (mitochondrial) see also mitochondrial matrix see also outer membrane (mitochondrial) turnover 24-30, 160 mechanism 94-95 rate 24-30, 160 see also Survival of the slowest see also chemiosmotic theory see also mitochondrial DNA see also oxidative phosphorylation see also respiration see also TCA cycle Mitochondrial DNA 5, 20-30 circularity of 6, 21 copy number bottleneck (in oogenesis) 120 depletion 75, 130, 167-169 per cell 130 per mitochondrion 21, 124 deletions see mutant mtDNA, deletions genes 27-28, 115-118 in plants 116-117, 183
Index genetic code 23, 115-118, 177 of plant mitochondria 116 inheritance 21-22 length 23 Mitochondrial DNA, cont. mutant see mutant mtDNA partial retention in evolution 6, 115-116, 181 recombination 25, 76, 126 illegitimate 25, 76 repair 25 replication 91 accuracy 25-26 perinuclear 91-92, 97 pulsatile 91 rate 91 relative rate in mutants 91-92 see also DNA polymerase (mitochondrial) segregation in mitochondrial division 125 sequenced 23 vulnerability 24-26 Mitochondrial free radical theory of aging 65-80, 91-114, 189-190 free radical theory 65-66 history 65-80 mitochondria as victims 66-67 precursors 65 predictions 159-162 status as a theory 191-192 see also rate of living theory see also reductive hotspot hypothesis see also survival of the slowest see also vicious cycle theory Mitochondrial fusion 125-127 incompatibility with SOS 125 completeness 126 frequency 126-127 Mitochondrial gene therapy see nuclear complementation of mtDNA Mitochondrial inner membrane see inner membrane (mitochondrial) Mitochondrial matrix 7-9 composition 8-9 pH 9 Mitochondrial outer membrane see outer membrane (mitochondrial) Mitochondrial protein import see protein import (mitochondrial) Monocyte 53 Mormons (genealogical database) 160 Mortality rate doubling time 196-198 outliers 196 207 Mosaic distribution of mutant mtDNA see mutant mtDNA, mosaic distribution mtDNA see mitochondrial DNA Müller-Höcker J 2, 75-76, 104-105, 130, 159 Muller’s ratchet 116 Muscle 67, 74-80 extraocular 67, 101 mitochondria in 74-80 of heart see cardiomyocyte precursor cells see myoblasts syncytial structure 76 Mussels 24, 116 Mutant mtDNA 2, 25-30, 67-68, 75-80, 91-99 accumulation in inherited mtDNA-linked diseases 99, 167 see also threshold effect in non-dividing cells 30 in yeast see suppressiveness mechanisms 67-68, 91-99 see amplification of mutant mtDNA see also Survival of the slowest see also vicious cycle theory amount present in vivo 2, 30, 80, 87, 101-102 in inherited mtDNA-linked diseases 80 in postmitotic cells, 30,101-102 in rapidly-dividing cells, 30-67,94 measurement by antibody staining, 102 by histochemistry, 102 by in situ hybridisation, 75-76 by PCR, 101-102,135 deletions 25, 76, 160 mechanism of formation 25-29, 76, 160 see also common deletion destruction of 167 mosaic distribution 75-76, 78-79 segmental distribution in muscle 76, 98, 129 point mutations 78-80 in tRNA genes 80 in protein-coding genes missense mutations 79, 159 nonsense mutations 79, 159 phenotypic severity 79 rate of replication 91-92
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COMPANY de Grey The Mitochondrial F
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ISBN: 1-57059-564-X MOLECULAR BIOLO
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7. The Status of Gerontological The
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17. Conclusion: The Role of the Ger
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I cannot overstate my profound grat
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1. What Is
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Introduction Some may feel that all
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6 The Mitochondrial Free Radical Th
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8 The Mitochondrial Free Radical Th
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10 The Mitochondrial Free Radical T
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18 Fig. 2.7. The respiratory chain.
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24 Fig. 2.9. Types of protein impor
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26 Fig. 2.10. Why the DNA bases pai
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CHAPTER 3 An Introduction to Free R
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An Introduction to Free Radicals Ta
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An Introduction to Free Radicals Fi
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An Introduction to Free Radicals Re
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CHAPTER 6 History of the Mitochondr
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History of the Mitochondrial Free R
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CHAPTER 7 The Status of Gerontologi
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The Status of Gerontological Theory
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The Status of Gerontological Theory
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CHAPTER 8 The Search for How Mutant
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The Search for How Mutant mtDNA is
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CHAPTER 9 The Search for How So Few
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The Search for How So Few Anaerobic
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CHAPTER 10 Frequently-Asked Questio
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Frequently-Asked Questions The effe
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Frequently-Asked Questions Table 10
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Frequently-Asked Questions through
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Frequently-Asked Questions has been
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Frequently-Asked Questions SOS, sin
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Frequently-Asked Questions for almo
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Frequently-Asked Questions Fig. 10.
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Frequently-Asked Questions Fig. 10.
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Frequently-Asked Questions of elect
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Frequently-Asked Questions Referenc
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Frequently-Asked Questions 45. Clay
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CHAPTER 11 A Challenge from Textboo
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A Challenge from Textbook Bioenerge
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The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging - Supernova: Pliki

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