The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging - Supernova: Pliki

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Conclusion: The Role of the Gerontologist Today had been of a treatment that completely abolished all aspects of human senescence, since the latter announcement (or something not far short of it) would at once be generally seen as likely in relatively few years. For sociological purposes, therefore, I contend that it is pointless—and therefore unwise, since it is a distraction—to distinguish between degrees of life extension that exceed a factor of two. 17.4. Possibilities Versus Probabilities The predictability of scientific progress is not good. A classic case is the history of the search for a polio vaccine, 5 which reminds us that it is not always the optimists who get it wrong: 1. In 1912, one of the leading experts was asked how far away the field was from developing a polio vaccine. He said they were only a few years away. 2. In 1949, a vaccine still did not exist; another expert was asked the same question. He opined that a vaccine was still decades away. 3. Later in 1949, a vaccine was created. Bearing this in mind, let us briefly set aside the question of whether the scenario I have outlined will actually occur; all I have claimed, after all, is that it is a realistic possibility. Let us simply consider the consequences for society if it were to occur, and our potential to influence those consequences by our prior actions. The innumerable changes to society that would ultimately result are daunting enough; what is even scarier is the transition to that state, since there would inevitably be a period during which the availability of the necessary medical treatment fell short of universal. In view of this, it is very hard to be sanguine that a poorly anticipated transition to a society in which life expectancy is much higher would be a smooth one. A better planned transition, on the other hand, might be less traumatic: not because the public would be any less energetic in their efforts to acquire the treatment at once—that is surely unrealistic—but because the period of limited availability might be greatly shortened by forward planning. I feel, therefore, that gerontologists have a critical responsibility to remain alert to the medium-term medical prospects of such an eventuality, so as to ensure that policy-makers have as much warning of it as possible. This book has only touched very briefly on the social consequences of a greatly increased lifespan potential, and not at all on the specific difficulties that would face us during the transition to it; for a treatment which expertly blends the social and scientific issues, the reader is recommended to reference 6, and especially to its closing chapter. I have, rather, simply tried to make the case that a wide-ranging discussion of those issues should not be put off. I do not think that inhibition of that discussion, by persistent and vocal overestimation of the time before such an advance could possibly occur, can be described as erring on the side of caution. References 1. Gompertz B. On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 1825; 115:513-585. 2. Hibbs AR, Walford RL. A mathematical model of physiological processes and its application to the study of aging. Mech Ageing Dev 1989; 50:193-214. 3. Charlesworth B, Partridge L. Ageing: levelling of the grim reaper. Curr Biol 1997; 7:R440- R442. 4. Carnes BA, Olshansky SJ, Grahn D. Continuing the search for a law of mortality. Popul Dev Rev 1996; 22:231-264. 5. Paul JR. History of poliomyelitis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971. 6. Kirkwood TBL. Time of our Lives. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1999. 199
Index Symbols “~”, 19 A Acetaldehyde 12, 14-15 Acetyl CoA 14-15 see also coenzyme A Acetyl-L-carnitine 59 see also carnitine Action potential 111 Adenine 25-26, 55 Adenosine diphosphate 11-14 Adenosine triphosphate 11-14, 123 synthesis in glycolysis 12 in OXPHOS 19-20 in TCA cycle 14-15, 105, 123 see also ATP synthase ADP see adenosine diphosphate Ageing see aging Aging 1-3, 53-61 dependence on non-turnover 59, 125 defined 1 in lower metazoans 68 in some but not all yeasts 68 intervention in see lifespan, extension of maximum symptoms macroscopic 53-61 molecular 54-61 theories of see theories of aging Albumin 48, 108-110 Aldehydes, 42 Alkoxyl radical 41, 108 Allotopic expression 170, 173-186 see also nuclear complementation of mtDNA Allylic (hydrogen atom) 44 Amino acids (breakdown) 12 Amplification of mutant mtDNA 2, 75-80 detection 75 Antioxidants 58, 66, 121 dietary 58 effect on lifespan 58,66 enzymatic 58, 73-74 limitations of 74 in plasma LDL oxidation, despite, 51 Apoptosis 57,162,173-175 induction in anaerobic cells 173-175 of muscle fibre segments 175 resistance to 57 Ascaris suum see mussels Ascorbate 38, 43, 107 Ascorbate radical 38, 105 Ascorbic acid see ascorbate Atherogenesis, 53-54 Atherosclerosis, 1, 53-54, 133 Athletes (mutant mtDNA in), 115 ATP see adenosine triphosphate ATP/ADP translocase 14, 123 ATPase see ATP synthase ATP synthase 19-20, 79, 159, 181 subunit 6 point mutations, 79, 96, 102, 159 turbine mechanism, 20 subunit 8, 24, 116-117, 181 size, 117 subunit 9, 116-117 see also adenosine triphosphate Attardi G 77, 103 Austad SN 166 Autophagocytosis 94-95 see also lysosomes see also mitochondria, turnover Average lifespan 66, 72, 121 Axolotls 190
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COMPANY de Grey The Mitochondrial F
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7. The Status of Gerontological The
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17. Conclusion: The Role of the Ger
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I cannot overstate my profound grat
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1. What Is
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Introduction Some may feel that all
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6 The Mitochondrial Free Radical Th
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8 The Mitochondrial Free Radical Th
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10 The Mitochondrial Free Radical T
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18 Fig. 2.7. The respiratory chain.
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CHAPTER 3 An Introduction to Free R
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CHAPTER 6 History of the Mitochondr
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History of the Mitochondrial Free R
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CHAPTER 7 The Status of Gerontologi
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The Status of Gerontological Theory
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The Status of Gerontological Theory
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CHAPTER 8 The Search for How Mutant
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The Search for How Mutant mtDNA is
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CHAPTER 9 The Search for How So Few
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The Search for How So Few Anaerobic
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CHAPTER 10 Frequently-Asked Questio
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Frequently-Asked Questions The effe
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Frequently-Asked Questions Table 10
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Frequently-Asked Questions through
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Frequently-Asked Questions has been
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Frequently-Asked Questions SOS, sin
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Frequently-Asked Questions for almo
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Frequently-Asked Questions Fig. 10.
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Frequently-Asked Questions Fig. 10.
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Frequently-Asked Questions of elect
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Frequently-Asked Questions Referenc
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Frequently-Asked Questions 45. Clay
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CHAPTER 11 A Challenge from Textboo
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A Challenge from Textbook Bioenerge
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A Challenge from Textbook Bioenerge
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