The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging - Supernova: Pliki

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DEDICATION To my mother, Cordelia de Grey, artist and poet, who set aside her own career to devote herself to my education and gave me my urge to understand the world.
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1. What Is Aging? It has been said that aging is a difficult thing to define, but in fact a relatively uncontentious definition is possible. Masoro’s1 is as good as any: deteriorative changes with time during postmaturational life that underlie an increasing vulnerability to challenges, thereby decreasing the ability of the organism to survive. This definition encapsulates a number of important features which the gerontologist, as well as the non-specialist, benefits from keeping in mind: 1. Aging is bad for us. One might think this is so obvious as not to be worth saying, but it goes unsaid so much that gerontologists often seem to have forgotten it. 2. Aging is not an extension of development, but a decay: thus, one can only weakly extrapolate from development when seeking its mechanisms. 3. Aging doesn’t kill us: it “only” makes us steadily more killable. Thus, by this definition, strokes are not part of aging but atherosclerosis (which predisposes us to them) is. Aging also, clearly, needs to be defined descriptively as a prerequisite to its study; here it becomes justified to be less general and to limit the description—at least of the macroscopic features—to a single species, which in this book will be humans. Chapter 5 is devoted to such a description; it is a purposely superficial one, since excellent comprehesive treatments have been published in recent years and are referenced there. Chapter 5 also probes a little way into the proximate causes of these gross symptoms of aging, preparing the ground for the proposed ultimate cause which is the book’s central topic. What about Chapters 2, 3 and 4? Perhaps regrettably, it is in the nature of biology that one must master a fearsome quantity of background information before one can really make sense of a research area. This is, arguably, truer in gerontology than in any other biological field. Hence these three chapters are devoted to providing that background information (on, respectively: mitochondria, free radicals and lipid metabolism), and aging does not feature in them at all; I must ask the reader to have patience with this and to trust that it is a prerequisite for understanding the rest of the book. 1.2. Subjectivity and Vocabulary There is a good deal more use of the first person singular in this book than is typical in academic work. I chose to write it in this style for one central reason: it is a book about a theory. Consequently, much of the thinking that I shall describe has yet to achieve such widespread support that it can be presented as fact. If there were less material in that category, it might have been satisfactory to couch it in language which combined the impersonal with the unauthoritative, but that necessitates a good deal of circumlocution, which, above a certain density, becomes more irritating and flow-breaking than it is worth. I have therefore The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging, by Aubrey D.N.J. de Grey. ©1999 R.G. Landes Company.
Page 1 and 2: COMPANY de Grey The Mitochondrial F
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Page 5 and 6: 7. The Status of Gerontological The
Page 7 and 8: 17. Conclusion: The Role of the Ger
Page 9: I cannot overstate my profound grat
Page 13 and 14: Introduction Some may feel that all
Page 15 and 16: 6 The Mitochondrial Free Radical Th
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Page 27 and 28: 18 Fig. 2.7. The respiratory chain.
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54 The Mitochondrial Free Radical T
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CHAPTER 6 History of the Mitochondr
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History of the Mitochondrial Free R
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CHAPTER 7 The Status of Gerontologi
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The Status of Gerontological Theory
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The Status of Gerontological Theory
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CHAPTER 8 The Search for How Mutant
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The Search for How Mutant mtDNA is
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CHAPTER 9 The Search for How So Few
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The Search for How So Few Anaerobic
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CHAPTER 10 Frequently-Asked Questio
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Frequently-Asked Questions The effe
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Frequently-Asked Questions Table 10
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Frequently-Asked Questions through
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Frequently-Asked Questions has been
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Frequently-Asked Questions SOS, sin
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Frequently-Asked Questions for almo
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Frequently-Asked Questions Fig. 10.
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Frequently-Asked Questions Fig. 10.
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Frequently-Asked Questions of elect
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Frequently-Asked Questions Referenc
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Frequently-Asked Questions 45. Clay
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CHAPTER 11 A Challenge from Textboo
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A Challenge from Textbook Bioenerge
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160 The Mitochondrial Free Radical
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CHAPTER 14 Ablation of Anaerobic Ce
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Ablation of Anaerobic Cells: Techni
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CHAPTER 15 Transgenic Copies of mtD
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Transgenic Copies of mtDNA: Techniq
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CHAPTER 16 Prospective Impact on th
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Prospective Impact on the Healthy H
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Prospective Impact on the Healthy H
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Index Symbols “~”, 19 A Acetald
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Index Copper 35, 107 see also trans
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Index Heart comparison to man-made
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Index genetic code 23, 115-118, 177
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Index Perhydroxyl radical 41, 122,
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Index protonation see protonation (
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INTELLIGENCE UNIT
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