geophysical institute university of bergen self-evaluation

GEOPHYSICAL INSTITUTE
UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN
SELF-EVALUATION
19 April 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART A: THE DEPARTMENT
A1. Organisation of the institute………………………………… 1
A2. Leadership of the research…………………………………… 1
A3. The strengths and weaknesses of the institute………………. 2
A4. Recruitment and mobility of researchers…………………….. 3
A5. Previous evaluation of basic research in Earth Sciences…….. 4
A6. Strategy and plans for the future……………………………. 5
A7. Infrastructure (including major pieces of equipment)……….. 7
A8. General conditions for research……………………………… 9
A9. Other information of relevance to the evaluation……………. 10
PART B: RESEARCH GROUPS
1. Meteorology……………………………………………………. 11
2. Climate Dynamics……………………………………………. 14
3. Small Scale Oceanography…………………………………… 19
4. Large Scale Oceanography……………………………………... 23
5. Chemical Oceanography……………………………………….. 26
ATTACHMENTS
I List of doctoral graduates 2007-2009
II CV, publication list and description of research of all staff members
III The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, a national center of excellence

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part A
A1 Organisation of the Institute
The Geophysical Institute (GFI), a department at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
at UiB (www.uib.no/gfi) is an internationally recognized contributor to the development of marine
research and weather forecasting methods, including the Bergen School of Meteorology. The
department is part of the foundation for the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR) Centre
of Excellence (CoE) and hosts a national research school in climate dynamics. The research strategy
rests upon use of own cutting-edge measurement techniques developed in collaboration with
technology partners in combination with theory and modelling in geophysics.
GFI was established in 1917, but the historic period of relevance for comparison with the
present situation is the last 40 years. The present organisation and an overview of staff members are
given in the separate fact sheet. The leader group consists of the head of department, vice-head of
department and the head of administration. The head of department is responsible for all aspects of
the institute activities, including the education programme, research strategy, personnel and
accounting. The position as head of department is a 4-year appointment following open internal and
external advertisement. The head of dept is prof. Peter Mosby Haugan, with prof. Nils Gunnar
Kvamstø serving as vice-head, both since 2003 and now well into their second 4-year period. The
head of administration, Mrs. Audny Berge, has also held her position during this whole period.
All personnel categories (faculty, admin/technical, PhD/PostDocs, students) are represented
in the department board. The members of the department board are elected for four years at the
time, except students and temporary employees who have a shorter rotation period. The main
purpose of the department board is to serve as an advisor to the head of dept on principal issues of
the departments activity. The department board shall also serve as a contact and information forum
between the leader group and the students and employees.
In June 2009 the role of the department board was extended to hold the formal responsibility
for the department budget, strategy and hiring of new faculty staff. The extended role of the
department board was imposed by the University centrally against the recommendations of the
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences which had initiated the change in 2003 from elected
to hired department leadership. Since the early 1970’s until 2003, the university departments had
elected head and department board. The department board had the formal responsibility for most
matters while the elected head had a more preparatory/executive role. Members of other boards and
committees are appointed by the head of dept, supplemented by student representatives. The
committees have delegated responsibility on a more detailed level in running and developing the
educational programmes, research training and outreach activity across all scientific areas covered
by the department. The educational committee and the research training committee are formally
required by the faculty. The organisation of the outreach activity in the present way was initiated
locally in 2003.
The 5 research groups depicted in the figure in section A2 report to the head of department.
They were established in 2003-2004 through a broad internal strategy process taking into account
external advice. Prior to 2003 the department had a meteorology group and an oceanography group
which dealt with upcoming issues. The Bjerknes Centre – UiB was formally established and
became administratively integrated in the department following a decision of the faculty in 2008.
This unit has strategic responsibility for climate research at the faculty and UiB as a whole and
hosts major projects including the CoE and national research school. It is not a regular research
group, but draws upon contributions from research groups both internal and external to the
department.
A2 Leadership of the research
The structural change in 2003 was a move towards stronger science based leadership in university
research. In fact the position as appointed leader (“instituttleder”) after 2003 as opposed to the
elected head (“instituttstyrer”) before, may be better translated as director or leader than head. One
of the immediate actions taken was to form 5 research groups in strategic areas and recruit
personnel with the relevant competence, see Figure 1. The relatively high rate of recruitment from
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part A
2003 – 2009, 7 full-time permanent faculty members with two more on their way in 2010, plus
considerable changes in the technical and administrative staff, has been made possible due to
retirement. In total this will amount to more than 50% turnover of the permanent staff in the 8 year
period until mid 2011. The choice of strategic scientific areas, the main scientific direction and
overall aims of the research in the department are within the mandate of the leader and have been
carried out in informal dialogue with the staff. The recommendations from the last evaluation of
geosciences in Norway (documented in “Geofagplanen”, 1999) has also served as a background for
this process.
Choices concerning specific research problems and project descriptions are delegated to the
research groups. Each of the research groups has a leader/coordinator that is also a contact between
the groups and the leader group. 85% of the department’s basic budget (from the university) is
spent on salaries and related costs. Around 2% of the basic budget is allocated for the research
groups. The actual sum allocated to each group is a sum weighted by the number of faculty
members and supervision load (no. of MSc students and no. of PhD students). The group budgets
are supposed to cover selected scientific travels, conferences, fieldwork etc. Expenses connected to
office infrastructure and equipment are covered from other parts of the budget. The “scientific”
running costs allocated for the research groups are necessary to secure a minimum degree of
flexibility.
Some of the groups have developed a substantial project portfolio and possess thus
substantial budgets to support and sustain high quality research. In fact the external research
funding has risen considerably in recent years. For the institute as a whole the external research
funding approaches the level of the total basic funding received through the university. Considering
that the latter is given with expectations of education activities and other requirements and only
partially can be spent on research, it is easily appreciated that the external funding constitutes the
majority of the research funding. Also external research funding indirectly contributes to education
not only by providing the research base, but in many cases also by funding modern equipment used
in education.
In addition to the 5 thematic research groups depicted in the figure, the Bjerknes Centre –
UiB constitutes a research leadership unit at GFI. In 2008 Unifob AS was formally separated from
UiB, it changed its name to UNI Research, and became a legal partner of the BCCR. In 2009, the
funding of the CoE (17 mill NOK annually from the Research Council of Norway (RCN) and 21
mill NOK in kind from UiB) was then allocated to a new unit, the Bjerknes Centre-UiB. The board
of the Bjerknes Centre-UiB is composed of the head of GFI (leader), the heads of the departments
of Earth Science and Biology, and the director of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
Prof Tore Furevik was appointed leader of Bjerknes-UiB, which is administratively integrated in
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part A
GFI and has as its tasks to manage the CoE and also to coordinate UIB´s climate research as a
whole, between departments, and between faculties, and external initiatives. For instance, the centre
coordinates the newly established Norwegian Research School in Climate Dynamics (ResClim,
2009-2016). ResClim is one of five research schools in Norway newly appointed by the RCN for
the period 2009-2016. ResClim is a joint effort between the Geophysical Institute, UiB
(coordinator) and all major Norwegian academic and research institutions in related fields. The goal
of ResClim is thus to provide an internationally acknowledged research-training environment in
climate dynamics for PhD candidates that meet both the demands of academic excellence as well as
societal needs at large through acquired transferable skills.
The technical staff constitutes a common resource to the department as a whole. Several of
the technical staff members spend most of their time within one of the research groups. However,
the allocation of technical personnel resources to research projects, notably field work, and the
development of skills and competence profile of the technical staff as a whole, remains a
responsibility of the central leader group. External funding has been used to speed up the
development of skills and allocation of technical resources to emerging fields such as chemical
oceanography that would otherwise grow too slowly within the university framework.
Allocation of university funded 4-year PhD scholarships have increased considerably since
2003. Some are given directly from the university or faculty directly to named projects or activities
within the research groups as institutional supplement to external funding. Those which are given to
the department are prioritised by the leader group based on strategic considerations including the
development of areas with perceived potential but few external funding opportunities yet.
A3 The strengths and weaknesses of the institute
Scientific
Strengths
• Critical mass of senior competence in the field of climate modelling and climate research
with development of different research foci on atmospheric radiation, atmospheric
dynamics, ocean dynamics and earth system and carbon cycle modelling.
• Critical mass of senior competence and technical staff in the field of experimental
oceanography and polar research.
• Internationally recognized research competence in several fields including marine
turbulence and physical-biological oceanography.
• Good international contacts and networks.
Weaknesses
• Inability to follow up exciting research opportunities in coastal research, biogeochemical
research, air-sea interaction including sea ice and boundary layer research.
• Vulnerability to fragmentation of research due to strong dependency on external project
funding and hence externally steered research programmes.
Financial
Strengths
• Strong national and international project funding.
• Permanent staff salaries fully financed.
• Good funding possibilities to cover external research stays.
Weaknesses
• Only little available funding for running expenses and consequently little freedom to
develop research fields outside the mainstream project frameworks.
Organisational
Strengths
• Organisational structure to ensure academic freedom of research.
• Research group structure ensures a wide involvement of research staff in supervision of
PhD students.
• Early involvement of PhD and Postdocs into teaching ensured by obligatory teaching
and teaching assistance responsibilities for university PhDs and PostDocs.
Weaknesses
• Strictly regulated and only temporary employment of full time research personnel.
• Strong administrative loads on senior research personnel due to the large volume of
national and particularly international project funding.
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part A
Most importantly, the long-term strategic development of a research area on high international level
is difficult, since career perspectives for key research personnel are missing and critical research
infrastructure is difficult to maintain. Thus the main scientific weaknesses are related to
organisational barriers.
A4 Recruitment and mobility of researchers
In Norwegian university departments PhD, Postdoc and temporary researchers can only be
employed up to 4 years in each category. At GFI 13 PhDs (out of 44) and 2 Postdocs (out of 7) is
funded through the university budget. The rest is employed on externally funded projects. We
assess the recruitment situation as good for these positions. According to national standards the
number of PhD and PostDoc positions linked to GFI is high. All our calls for such candidates, with
a few recent exceptions have got response from many qualified applicants. The number of
Norwegian applicants though has been declining over this period. Presently, we have employees in
these positions from all parts of the world.
We believe that the declining number of Norwegian applicants is due to high demand of
qualified candidates in Norwegian industry during this period, particularly engineers. This shortage
has partly been filled with persons with university background in mathematics and natural sciences
on lucrative terms. In several cases we see that such offers are preferred to a research career, partly
also because of lacking long-term perspectives in the university sector. This might be a national
problem, but in a global labour market it is not a problem as such for the recruitment to Norwegian
universities. In general, we also see that the industry to a larger degree recruits PhD candidates, not
only MSc from GFI. This presumably reflects industrial research challenges. In 2010 we have also
started the first industrial PhD in collaboration with StormGeo. This “næringsPhD” mechanism
recently initiated by the Norwegian Research Council allows a candidate to remain employed in
industry during the PhD study with shared salary costs between the research council and industry.
Our close contact with industry in centres for measurement science and offshore wind, as well as
collaboration in other projects ensures that doctoral students are offered opportunities related to
industrial research challenges.
Since 2000 GFI’s international network has increased substantially. This has also gradually
led to better opportunities for PhD candidates and PostDocs to find good hosts for temporary
research stays. Over the years an increasing number of tenures have taken advantage of these
opportunities. Examples of host institutions are: Univ of Reading, University of Washington,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Nansen-Zhu Centre, Beijing (CAS).
GFI follows the official gender recruitment strategy of UiB. In all evaluations of applicants to
academic positions we follow the principle of hiring female applicants if they are ranked equal (or
better) to male competitors during the evaluation process. In addition we allocate better start-up
budgets and provide better career development program for new female employees. Mainly in order
to recruit more female applicants, we have advertised almost all permanent scientific positions over
the past 7 years at the associate rather than full professor level. GFI has offered academic positions
to female applicants in 3 of the 5 last vacancies. Only one of them accepted the offer. We are in no
position to state whether this has anything to do with local working conditions or economic terms
tied to the offer.
A5 Previous evaluation of basic research in Earth Sciences
The recommendations to GFI from the evaluation in 1998/1999 can be summarized as follows:
1. At least keep the number of academic members on the present level
2. Integrate research in meteorology and oceanography by establishing a group in air-sea
interaction
3. Better optimise the balance between experimental- and modelling oriented activities in
meteorology
4. Expand the total activity with a group in chemical oceanography
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part A
In 2003, the present research groups (Figure 2) were formed. As mentioned, these groups have their
own (small) budgets and the programmes we offer our master students are thematically coherent
with the research groups (The groups in small scale and large scale oceanography link to a common
master in physical oceanography, the small scale oceanography group links up in addition to the
Joint Nordic Master Programme in Marine Ecosystems and Climate). The situation for the research
at GFI before the late 90’s was more discipline based in the sense that each professor covered a
separate field (i.e. radiation, fjords etc) and the strategy (and progress) was the responsibility of the
professor in question independently of what was going on at the rest of the department.
The choice of research themes for the groups is to a large extent conforming to the
recommendations given from the former evaluation committee. Technical support has been made
available for our first professor in experimental chemical oceanography from the start and
reinforced in 2009, and in 2005, chemical oceanography was considerably strengthened by a new
professorship dedicated to modelling. The group in chemical oceanography is also linked to many
well qualified scientists in a related but independent institution (UNI). Still, its progress is
hampered by institutional organisational barriers and the small size of the permanent staff.
The department’s ability to form and implement a strategy and follow up tasks during the
process have drastically increased with the introduction of the new leadership model at UiB. The
mandate and responsibility given to the hired leader were crucial in the process of forming the
present state. A key tool in this connection is recruitment of new staff, which has been a leader
responsibility. This is essential in composing the expertise needed in the research groups towards
new scientific opportunities and challenges. (As mentioned above, the University’s revision of the
institute board mandate in 2009, partly reduces the mandate given to the head of the institute in this
regard). The evaluation has also been an important basis for justifying allocation of strategic
funding from the university centrally.
The previous evaluation also included a recommendation to RCN to make available a
strategic university program (SUP) in air-sea interaction to capitalize on the competence in both
meteorology and oceanography at the same institute. This recommendation was only partly
followed up by the research council, which in the end after a long struggle including a series of
complaints agreed to fund a miniature version of such a program with only one PhD student
scholarship. This 4-year program finally ends in 2010 at which time the need for this type of
expertise is rising dramatically in connection with offshore wind energy. At the final workshop of
the SUP in early April 2010 about 50% of the attending PhD students were newly started and
associated with offshore wind energy, the balance mainly representing larger scale climate research.
The low level of available external funding for process and experimental studies in air-sea
interaction research has precluded the establishment of a viable research group in this field.
The experimental meteorology activities have been renewed with changed focus and activities that
are well integrated in projects including modelling components, ranging from weather systems with
climate implications (polar lows) through mesoscale meteorology (orographic effects, precipitation)
to boundary layer turbulence and wind energy.
A6 Strategy and plans for the future
The department’s research strategy has remained consistent with few changes since it was
developed during the period 2003 to 2005. Focus has been on recruiting and shaping a new
department that would benefit from the competence and traditions from earlier generations while
adapting to modern techniques and challenges. A consistent philosophy for achieving scientific
progress has been and remains the combination of theoretical skills including the ability to use
mathematical tools and understanding of physics with application of modern instrumentation to key
oceanographic and meteorological processes.
The figure in section A2 showing the research groups and Bjerknes Centre also includes the
four target areas polar research, air-sea interaction, operational oceanography and marine physicsbiology.
It is clear that climate dynamics will remain a key priority in the foreseeable future. It is
our intention to further develop the Bjerknes Centre – UiB structure to take a lead also in new
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part A
projects and opportunities. Also polar research remains a strong contributor to the research profile
of GFI. Provided national and other resources remain available on a competitive basis, we expect
polar aspects to play a major role in the activities of several research groups although there are no
plans to create a separate research group for polar research.
With the recent surge in opportunities for air-sea interaction process studies, one might
consider again the earlier ambitions of establishing a research group. However, at the moment airsea
interaction is seen to be best served as a target area drawing competence from several research
groups. With the strict UiB rules for only temporary employment of researchers, we have had to let
a senior researcher in surface waves and boundary layer physics move from GFI to Uni which
maintains a considerable activity in theoretical and modelling aspects of offshore wind energy
research. Remote sensing research at Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC)
also form an important potential collaborator in air-sea interaction. Taken together, this situation
suggest a multi-institution research forum in Bergen rather than a research group within GFI. In
order to follow up the broad range of opportunities within sea ice, remote sensing and air-sea
interaction where the research basis is good, increases in permanent staff would be required to
develop the necessary long term stability.
Concerning operational oceanography, again NERSC, but also IMR and met.no are potential
important collaborators. The GFI cannot be said to have had a lead in this field where many key
applied projects are run by others, even without our participation. However we have established
educational offerings, are linked into Arctic ROOS (Regional Ocean Observing System) and with
the advent of the NACO (Norwegian Atlantic Current Observatory) glider-based observatory can
provide major input to this field. When it comes to seasonal predictability based on ocean
observations and models, we foresee close links between the hitherto almost disjoint research
communities in climate and operational oceanography. Again, no decision has been made to
reorganize research groups, but we monitor the development closely.
For marine physics-biology there is a considerable demand but too few resources. IMR,
Department of Biology and others offer competent collaboration and project opportunities. Students
are interested. There are quantitative research challenges and opportunities here and in chemical
oceanography that can only be met by an increase in staff. As discussed in the section on strengths
and weaknesses, the availability of competent personnel in chemical and biological oceanography is
good but the research groups are sub-optimal. Given the increased emphasis on climate and climate
effects it may be possible to increase UiB efforts and provide new positions to chemical
oceanography and to marine physics-biology within the coastal and small-scale research group.
These two areas remain high priorities. There are also possibilities to foster stronger links between
them.
Within meteorology we have revived the concept of the Bergen School of Meteorology
(BMS), this time focussing more on finer spatial scales than the original development by Bjerknes
and his young collaborators. The activity has close links to met.no and StormGeo, which also hire a
considerable fraction of our educated MScs and PhDs within meteorology. The BMS activity falls
strictly within the meteorology group although with links to climate dynamics. The staff situation in
meteorology will improve in 2010 with the recruitment of a new associate professor (contract in the
process of being signed) and the return to full time efforts of a professor who has had partial leave
for the past two years. In addition a new position in tropical meteorology has been advertised. This
is linked to the university wide initiative in global climate, health and poverty. Priority thereafter
would lie on experimental meteorology.
Following the intense recruitment of new permanent staff since 2003, it is the intention now
to allow the talents and interests develop freely and focus department level efforts more on
provision of infrastructure and creation of good conditions for research. This includes the
participation in national and international fora for development of infrastructure and crossdisciplinary
relations. We will also continue and expand formal participation in international centres
like the Nansen-Zhu in Beijing focussing on climate dynamics and a new Nansen-Tutu Centre in
Cape Town from 2010 focussing on marine environment. Good conditions for research also include
and in fact is crucially dependent upon providing attractive conditions for research group leaders. It
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part A
is the view of the present department leadership that the greatest obstacle to develop internationally
competitive research in our field at UiB lies in the restrictions on the mandates that can be given to
research group leaders when it comes to hiring of scientific personnel to constitute an effective
group. In particular there is a need for more flexibility in hiring of researchers on long term or
permanent contracts when a basic university funding basis is not available.
A7 Research infrastructure (including major equipment items)
GFI´s research infrastructure includes an extensive instrumentation park for both laboratory and
field work in the fields of meteorology, physical/chemical oceanography, and climate research, with
a conservative value estimated to 22,8 mill NOK.
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Type Value Major investment (2005-2009)
Mooring equipment 9 400 000 3 550 000
Ship-borne equipment 740 000 500 000
Total physical oceanography 10 140 000 4 050 000
Major investments: specification
• 1 unit Aanderaa complete communication platform for studies of bottom currents and data retrieval from
the surface. Develogic acoustic modem (bottm and surface), integrated RCM9 current meter and
RDCP600 current profiler with sensors and battery supply. Frame of titan glass spheres for buoyancy.
Value: 1 mill NOK
• 2 units RD-instruments Longranger 75kHz ADCP(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) Depth range
1500-3000 m. Value: 0,5 mill NOK
• 1 stk Rockland scientific Vertical Microstructure Profiler (VMP). Complete instrument with sonde,
winch, cable, hydraulic pump, CTD and deck unit for real-time measurement of turbulence profiles own
2000 m depth. Value: 0,5 mill NOK
• 35 units Seabird SM37 Microcat. Internlogging CTD instruments for mounting on moorings. Plastic and
titan for operation down to 1000-10 500 m depth. Value: 1,3 mill NOK
• 6 stk Aanderaa RCM 9 current meters (C,T,D) for moorings down to 2000 m depth. Value: 0,75 mill
NOK
Miscellaneous
• Cooperation with a number of research institutions in Svalbard , Færøyene , Island, UK the USA in the
maintenance of instrumentation, and data collection/management.
• Current profiler in ships of opportunity: Narrow band 150 Hz ADCP installed in NUKA ARCTICA,
container vessel operating 36 times/yr between Denmark and Greenland. Owned by U. Rhode Is, in
cooperation with the Fisheries Laboratory Færoes and GFI.
CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Type Value
Instruments for measurements of C-parameters
(TCO2, alkalinity, CFC, pCO2 underway); Oxygen
calibration system
Major investment
(2005-2009)
7 300 000 5 900 000
Sensors (Pressure, conductivity, S, O2, etc.) 730 000
Miscellaneous (lab chemicals and gases) 500 000
Total chemical oceanography
Major investments: specification
8 530 000 5 900 000
• 4 x Underway pCO2 measurement instrument. Value: 0,5 mill NOK/piece
• 1 x CFC measurement instrument. Value: 1 mill NOK
• 2 x TCO2 measurement instrument. Value: 0,6 mill NOK/piece
• 1 x Licor measurement instrument. Value: 0,15 mill NOK
• 1 x O2-Winkler measurement instrument. Value: 0,3 mill NOK
• 1 x Oksygen calibration system. Value: 1 mill NOK
• 1 x pCO2-SAMI. Value: 0,25 mill NOK
METEOROLOGY
Type Value Major investment (2005-2009)
Automatic weather stations and sensors
(precipitation, wind, pressure, radiation, etc)
2 450 000 584 000
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part A
Radiation observatories and measurement
systems
715 000
Eddy correlation turbulence systems 830 000 830 000
SUMO model planes 125 000
Total Meteorology
Major investments: specification
4 120 000 1 414 000
• 1 x Tethersonde instrument, Vaisala. Value: 0,584 mill NOK
• 1 x Eddy-correlation turbulence system, Campbell Scientific (tripod, instrument house, data logger,
storage unit). Value: 0,355 mill NOK
• 1 x Eddy- correlation turbulence system (same as above) but incl. ultrasonic anemometer, gas
analyzer, radiation balance sensor and 3 level-sensors for temp/wind/humidity, Campbell Scientific.
Value: 0,475 mill NOK
Equipment with user–rights
• 2 x LIDAR, Leosphere, Windcube. Value: 1,5 mill/unit. Owner: Christian Michelsen Research
CMR, purchase (2009) in connection to the FME NORCOWE/EFOWI
• 1 x Scintillometer, Scintec, PLS900. Value: 0,3 mill NOK. Owner: Christian Michelsen Research
CMR. Purchase (2009) in connection to the FME NORCOWE/EFOWI
Common infrastructure, owned by GFI, with shared ownership and/or user-rights
Research vessels and ROV:
• Ocean research: G O Sars, 4067 brt, owned by IMR, about 25 cruise-days/yr, (ii) Håkon Mosby, 701
tonn, owned by IMR & UIB, about 45 cruise-days/yr
• Coast/fjord research: Hans Brattstrøm, 97 tonn , owned by UiB, about 10 cruise-days/yr
ROV Aglantha: ROV Aglanta. Owned by UiB, drift by IMR. Used mainly for recovery operations.
Laboratories and workshops
• Owned by GFI:
o Laboratory for testing, maintenance and development of research instrumentation.
o Calibration laboratory of temperature sensors and current meters in water tanks (600 liter).
Reference thermometer with traceability to national standard.
o Chemical laboratory for analyses of water samples, salinity, total alkalinity, oxygen and
carbon parametres
o Pick-up for transport of personnel and instrumentation.
• Workshop by the wharf for cruise preparation, maintenance and testing of major marine equipment.
Owner UIB
• Access to the marine biological station at Espegrend (wharf, laboratories, offices, accommodation).
GFI uses their mesoscosm facilities. Owned and driven by the Dept of Biology, UiB.
Modelling and computing resources
• The fully coupled Bergen Climate Model (BCM). BCM is a fully coupled global atmospheresea
ice-ocean climate model consisting of the ARPEGE and MICOM general atmospheric and
ocean circulation models, in addition to a fully thermodynamic-dynamic sea ice model. The
model is unique in that it is specially adapted to describe processes at the high latitudes with the
ability to run with horisontal grids with focus on both the atmosphere and the ocean. BCM is
run at UIBs supercomputing Centre Parallab (see below). BCM was originally developed by
scientists from GFI and NERSC.
• Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM). GFI/UNI-Bjerknes Centre are coordinating the
national effort to exploit the national competence in climate processes and modeling in order to
build a common modeling framework for global climate simulations and Earth System studies
in Norway. Partners in the initiative, which is funded by RCN, are the meteorological institute
and the University of Oslo.
• Ecosystem Model – (ECOSMO) The Geophysical Institute operates and further develops a
regional 3-D model for the marine ecosystem, the model ECOSMO (ECOSystem MOdel). The
ECOSMO model system is used in a number of national, bi-national and international projects
and by users around the world and is currently one of the model systems employed for the
project Marine Ecosystem Evolution in a changing climate, (EU-IP MEECE), a large scale
European project to assess ecosystem response to climate change.
• Computational facilities at the Bergen Center for Computational Science (BCCS). The largest
computational facilities in Bergen reside with BCCS, a department of UNI Research, and
affiliated with UIB. BCCS services many research groups and promotes cross-disciplinary
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part A
activities thanks to its 50-Teraflop CRAYXT4 supercomputer system, one of Europe´s most
powerful computers, ranking among the top 50 in the world.
• Computing storage. A national infrastructure that provides services to different scientific
disciplines with needs for storing digital data is being built up in Oslo and Trondheim
(NorStore). It has been estimated that for an efficient use and dissemination of future data from
the various modeling activities at the institute a local storing capacity of 100 Tbyte directly
accessible from the institute’s computers and with possibilities to easily share the data online
has to be in place. A decision has been made to use internal resources to purchase and install
such a local facility in 2010.
Acquisition plans and upgrades
Meteorology
• Upgrade of radiation observatory. Logging system, tracker, radiation sensors and
miscellaneous will be renewed starting with internal funding 300 kNOK in 2010.
• Norwegian Offshore Wind Energy Research Infrastructure (NOWERI). This is a joint
proposal led from CMR on behalf of all three wind energy research centres in Norway
including NORCOWE where GFI is a partner and so will have user-rights. Preliminary
feedback in April 2010 is that it will be partly funded in 2010. Work will continue to obtain
funding for both the floating experimental turbine and measurement system.
• Boundary layer observatory. A 50-100m mast with instrumentation for wind, temperature,
humidity and turbulence at several levels. Funding to be sought by collaboration with
industry (SWAY) and Innovation Norway.
Oceanography
• PolarBuoy is a self-contained oceanographic buoy to be placed in the same position where
weather ship station M was operated by the ship Polarfront. IMR is project responsible and
takes the lead on the upper ocean buoy while GFI has responsibility for the deep ocean
mooring and carbon system measurements for the complete system. The instrumentation is
funded by the research council and should be in operation in 2010.
• Norwegian Atlantic Current Observatory (NACO) is a system for ocean glider-based
observations off the mid-Norwegian shelf. In April 2010 the research council decided to
fully fund this proposal from GFI to the national infrastructure call as one of only 4
proposals across all science disciplines in Norway.
• Norwegian Ocean Observatory Network (NOON) is a multidisciplinary national consortium
led by UNI where UiB including GFI participates. The present status is a pre-project which
will include one cabled observatory in the Hardangerfjord and one off the mid-Norwegian
shelf in 2011 for educational and testing purposes. The goal for the next phase is a fullblown
deep sea cabled observatory contributing to EMSO and linked to SIOS.
A8 General conditions for research
The department’s resources are primarily the human resources consisting of the competence and
dedication of the members of the permanent staff supplemented by the more volatile competence of
temporary staff and the available research equipment and facilities. The attached CVs also include
the time allocated to research. Overall and as expected, full professors have a smaller fraction of
time allocated to research than associate professors. Support to development of proposals has
increased substantially with introduction of a new position as research coordinator at GFI from mid
2009 and another position to project administration and accounting. Still, senior members of staff
have a substantial work load in connection with establishing and running externally funded projects.
The sub-division of working time between research and teaching is done based on the
teaching requirements given from the faculty and department via the course portfolio. Also other
tasks such as outreach efforts on behalf of the department are considered. Strong involvement in
research projects or supervision does not automatically imply a reduction in teaching requirements
except in special circumstances. There are guidelines but no hard rules concerning the number of
courses or credits expected to be taught from each staff member. Instead the teaching load is
distributed based on individual discussions with the leader of the education committee. In case
problems arise, they can be brought up with the head. However, this has hardly happened over the
past 7 years. Most staff members are genuinely interested in teaching even if they may have a busy
time with research projects.
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part A
A9 Other information of relevance to the evaluation
Climate research is to a large extent channelled through the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
(BCCR). The BCCR is a national Centre of Excellence (CoE) which is funded through the Research
Council of Norway and by internal in-kind contributions and research grants for the period 2003-
2012. The status as CoE was obtained through a national competition across all fields of research,
and the BCCR was one of 13 centres established in the first round, from a total of 129 applicants.
The BCCR is hosted by the University of Bergen, with Uni Research (UNI), the Nansen
Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC) and the Institute for Marine Research (IMR)
as partners. The BCCR is the largest climate research centre in the Nordic countries, drawing on
and integrating competence and skills from three entities which take part in this evaluation: The
Geophysical Institute and Dept. of Earth Science at UiB and Uni Research sub-department Uni-
Bjerknes Centre. For a more comprehensive overview of the BCCR and the organisation of climate
research in Bergen see appendix III.
Until 2008, the position as director of NERSC was combined with a full professorship at
GFI. However, when Ola M. Johannessen retired from this professorship funded by the university,
new university rules and policies concerning UiBs relation to external research centres precluded a
continuation of this arrangement. We refer to the separate report from NERSC for an account of the
scientific activities and contributions from professor Ola M. Johannessen in the period.
In order to be able to recruit young and promising scientists and to increase the probability
of recruiting females, nearly all vacancies in permanent scientific positions the last seven years have
been advertised on the associate professor rather than full professor level. This has implied that the
ratio between full professors and associate professors has decreased over the same period. Several
scientific staff members applied for upgrade from associate professor to full professor in the annual
national call for applications in spring 2008. For unknown reasons (this is a national process), all
evaluations in geophysics in Norway have been slow and nobody from the 2008 round has yet been
evaluated. It is perhaps likely that more staff members actually are on the full professor level than
what the staff table indicates.
Personnel from GFI are heavily involved in interdisciplinary initiatives at UiB. In particular,
two of the members including the leader of an interfaculty task force for climate, health and poverty
research are from GFI and the same is the case for a task force for northern area (polar) research. In
addition the head of department leads the interfaculty strategy board for marine research and
represents UiB in the Marine Board-ESF and other fora. He also leads the science board of the
Bergen Marine Research Cluster, which was set up in 2008 as a collaboration between 8 institutions
conducting marine research in the Bergen area. Several staff members have contributed heavily to
IPCC reports and had strong involvement in outreach. In March 2010 Helge Drange was awarded
the UiB Meltzer prize for outstanding outreach.
In connection with the 90 year anniversary of the institute in 2007, an international science
conference on Polar Dynamics was hosted in Bergen, and a book ”I vinden” edited by historian
Edgar Hovland was produced. The book is in Norwegian except a chapter by Ralph Jewell entitled
”The life cycle of a cyclone model” describing the achievements of the original Bergen School of
Meteorology. A contributor to the book, Mr. Gunnar Ellingsen, is now a PhD student in history at
UiB with a thesis project addressing development of oceanography in the period 1960-1990.
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
PART B: RESEARCH GROUPS
List of staff members
1. METEOROLOGY (METEO)
* Tenured
Last name
Haraldur Olafsson (L)*
Sigbjørn Grønås*
Title
Professor
Professor
Employer
GFI
GFI
Period
30% 2008-2010
Until Aug 2009
Jan Asle Olseth*
Joachim Reuder*
Associate professor
Associate professor
GFI
GFI
Melvyn A. Shapiro
Finn Gunnar Nielsen
Anna Sjøblom
Professor II
Professor II
Associate Professor II
NOAA
Statoil
UNIS
From Oct 2009
Organization, research leadership and strategy
Prof. H. Olafsson leads the meteorology research group (METEO), which counts with 4 tenured
positions (prof and assoc profs), 2 profs II from Statoil (20%) and NOAA (10%) and 1 assoc. prof
II from UNIS (5%). Non-tenured members include 3 researchers affiliated with UNI-Bjerknes
Centre with offices at GFI: Drs E. Kolstad, I. Barstad and F. Flatøy. METEO cooperates closely
with the Climate Dynamics research group, through Prof Kvamstø and Assoc Prof Sorteberg, as
associated members (see below). There are currently 11 PhD students and one part-time technician
associated with METEO
METEO is divided into three sub-groups:
• Dynamic meteorology: Olafsson (Leader), Kvamstø, Sorteberg, Bader, Shapiro, Reuder
• Atmospheric boundary layer: Reuder (L), Olseth, Olafsson, Sjøblom
• Radiation, observations and modelling: Olseth (L), Reuder
The implementation of research tasks is largely confined within the subgroups. The management of
METEO is based on intensive collaboration between the leaders of the subgroups while a strong
degree of independence of the subgroups is maintained. There is rapidly growing collaboration in
terms of co-authorship between the sub-groups (e.g several papers have been submitted or are in
preparation).
Research strategy
The meteorology group aims at keeping and improving an international profile of high-quality
research related to physical processes in the atmosphere and operational weather forecasting. Stateof-the-art
numerical tools and high performance computers are employed to keep a leading
international position in dynamic meteorology and a lead in experimental meteorology is ensured
through work with unmanned flying platforms, a dense weather station network in Iceland, a
planned weather mast in Iceland and planned dense weather station network in Western Norway.
There is strong emphasis on integrating students into international research projects and thereby
keeping a high standard in the educational activities at the institute.
Description of research activities
Activities and major scientific achievements
Atmospheric boundary layer: A key novelty in the observational part is the development of
unmanned airborne observations, where an international leadership has been established. Extensive
projects on offshore boundary-layer observations are envisaged and have already started in close
collaboration with the wind energy community. There is close collaboration with several bodies on
collection of high-quality data at high temporal resolutions from about 250 automatic weather
stations in Iceland. The meteorology group is also pioneering in terms of employing hydrological
and glaciological data for validation of atmospheric modelling.
Dynamic meteorology: The emphasis is on mesoscale flows and forecasting. The data generated
by the atmospheric boundary layer group together with advanced numerical models are used to
study conceptual dynamic meteorology and for improvement of the numerical tools, both to serve
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
the atmospheric sciences in general, as well as to improve forecasts of weather and climate. There
is an emphasis on the finer spatial scales, but neither excluding processes at larger scales nor the
interaction of processes at different scales in time and space. Internationally, the group has weight
in linking mesoscale meteorology and numerical calculations on one hand with weather forecasting
(predictability) and climate on the other hand, with emphasis on the impact of complex terrain and
other surface heterogenities.
Radiation observations & Monitoring: maintain and develop a network of radiation
measurements for studies of radiation processes at various time scales. There is ongoing work on
linking radiation to other meteorological parameters such as cloudiness and there is also
collaboration with scientists in other fields, where atmospheric radiation is essential for life and
health.
All three subgroups collaborate on key projects such as the MABLA (Monitoring of the
Atmospheric Boundary Layer in the Arctic; funds from Icelandic bodies and the Norwegian
THORPEX IPY project) and the BSM (Bergen School of Meteorology; largely financed by the
municipality of Bergen) the latter consisting of a planned dense network of weather stations and
numerical simulations aiming at describing fine-scale aspects of the weather and climate at midlatitudes
in complex terrain. Both these projects are internationally unique, MABLA in terms of
monitoring of the high-latitude boundary layer in an exceptionally tall mast and the BSM in terms
of the density of the network of weather stations in an area of very strong and frequent interaction
between synoptic weather systems and topography.
METEO has recently become actively involved in applied research for the development of
innovative and cost efficient technological solutions for the exploitation of offshore wind energy in
Norway, a national priority. In this regard, GFI participates in the Norwegian Centre for Offshore
Wind Energy (NORCOWE), a national centre for Environmental Energy Research that gathers a
consortium composed of academia, research institutions and major industrial actors in Norway and
abroad. Reuder leads WP5: “Common themes: education, safety, environment, and test facilities
and infrastructure”. NORCOWE plans to include education and research training (MSc and PhD) as
part of their activities, by organsing a Nordic Research School on offshore wind energy, that will
involve the 4 partner universities (UiB, U. Agder, U. Stavanger, and Aalborg U.), with links to the
existing Norwegian Research School in Climate Dynamics (ResClim) coordinated by GFI. A new
professor II position at GFI was recently initiated to strengthen links to engineering in connection
with offshore wind.
Assessment of METEO´s output vs resources (personnel and infrastructure)
In view of the limited manpower that is formally available for research, the output of the METEO
group is quite large in terms of scientific publications, participation in international conferences and
technological development. This is related to the fact that the research rests heavily on the work of
PhD students and to some extent on collaborating bodies as well as on work that is not formally
accounted for. However, in order to keep up the quality and the volume of the research it is
essential to assess enough manpower for teaching obligations. This issue is being dealt with by the
employment of a new associate professor in dynamic meteorology.
Research collaboration
LOCAL AND NATIONAL NETWORKS AND COLLABORATIONS
Institution/ Contacts Activities and impact
Norwegian Meteorological Institute Extensive collaboration on data in real-time for research and
teaching, training and research. Pub peer rev. papers, seminars and
exchange of expertise
Norwegian Radiation Protection
Agency/ B. Johnsen
Offshore observations. 1 peer rev. publication
Christian Michelsen Research AS/ H.R. Offshore wind technology/ Joint projects: NORCOWE; EFOWI
Sorheim
(Equipment for offshore wind infrastructure)
NERSC/ K-F Dagestad 1 peer rev. publication. PhD student
UNIS/ A. Sjøblom Project collaboration on polar boundary layer research and local
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
winds.
Joint field work; PhD collaboration; 1 subm peer rev. pub
ALOMAR 1 / M. Gausa Project collaboration in atm boundary layer research and UAS 2
applications. Joint measurement project & project proposals; regular
meetings
UiO, Dept Geosciences/ J.E.
Projects on dust and local winds and IPY THORPEX. 1 rev.
Kristjánsson
publication and 2 in preparation. PhD collaboration
IMR/ A. D. Sandvik Collaboration on fine-scale simulations. 1 rev. pub. and 2 subm
papers
UNI-Bjerknes / Barstad, Flatøy, Kolstad Extensive collaboration in education, RI and research on climate
NORUT, Tromsø/ R. Storvold Project collaboration: UAS development and application. Joint field
campaign; visits and meetings
University of Stavanger, University of Offshore wind technology; research training / Joint project:
Agder
NORCOWE
Municipality of Bergen Development of a dense network of meteorological observations in
the Bergen region. Development of a unique database of fine-scale
weather patterns in complex terrain
INTERNATIONAL NETWORK AND COLLABORATIONS
European UAS community in Atm. Chair of the COST Action ES0802 – Unmanned aerial systems in
Research
Atmospheric Research/ Meetings (twice/yr) and workshops;
exchange of scientists
Ecole nationale de l'aviation civile Collaboration with the UAS group
(ENAC)/ Catherine-Ronfle Nadaud 3 peer rev publ., 1 in prep;
exchange of students and guest scientists
University of Connecticut and WHOI/ Collaboration with on air-sea interaction and turbulent exchange/
Prof. James Edson
Visits; PhD student exchange; cooperation in instrument
development
Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics Collaboration with the group of on solar UV radiation and orographic
(LFA), University Mayor San Andres modified flow / 3 peer review papers; visits; joint projects
(UMSA), La Paz, Bolivia / Prof. F.
Zaratti
University of Oldenburg, Germany Collaboration with the group in Renewable Energy Meteorology/
Joint PhD supervision; visits; seminars
DTU Risø and University Ålborg, Project collaboration on the potential of UAS use in wind farms/
Denmark/ Gregor Giebel, Anders La- Joint projects and field campaigns; visits; meetings
Cour Harbo
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Collaboration on UAS applications for atmospheric research/
Seminars; visits; regular meetings; envisaged student exchange
NOAA, Boulder, USA Collaboration with the group of J-W. Bao on fine-scale atmospheric
modelling/ 2 peer rev. publications, seminars, extended visits by PhD
students
NCAR, Boulder, USA/
Collaboration on forecasts and atmospheric dynamics in the arctic/
M. Shapiro
Peer rev. publications: 1 published, 1 submitted and 2 in preparation.
Seminars and a proposal.
Institute for Meteo. Research, Iceland/ Numerical modelling and boundary-layer observations. MOSO and
Rögnvaldsson, Ágústsson and
MABLA projects / 7 peer rev. publications. Hosting of PhD students,
Magnússon.
numerical simulations for GFI. Monitoring of the Boundary layer in
a tall mast.
Icelandic Meteorological Office Collaboration on data, research facilities and observations of winds
and precipitation. MOSO and MABLA projects/ 2 peer rev.
publications, 3 publications in preparation.
Icelandic Road Authorities Observations of extreme winds/ 2 peer rev. publications. 2
publications in preparation
University of Miami, USA Collaboration with Prospero´s group on atmospheric dust/ 1 peer rev.
publication in preparation
NETFAM European group on high-resolution modelling. Led by Rontu at FMI
in Finland / Conferences and meetings
Nordic Meteorological Institutes Projects on climate change and energy / 2 peer rev. publications, and
2 in preparation. Exchange visits, data exchange, seminars
DLR, Germany Airborne observations of winds and fine-scale numerical simulations
1 The Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research
2 Unmanned aerial system
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
EUFAR, Europe
/ 2 peer rev. publications in preparation.
Flight hours / 1 peer rev. pub, 2 in preparation
University of the Balearic Islands, Spain Project on katabatic flows/ 1 peer rev. publication. Student exchange
University of East Anglia, UK/ Greenland flow distortion, / 1 peer rev. publication, 1 in preparation.
Renfrew´s group
Very extensive field campaign
Croatian Meteorological Service Collaboration on meteorological time-series and snow observations.
The MOSO field project / 2 peer rev. publication in preparation.
Visits and collaboration in field projects
World Radiation Data Center, St
Petersburg/ Anatoly Tsvetkov
Data exchange
Risø Technical University of Denmark/
Institute of Marine Research in Iceland
Off shore wind technology development/ Joint project: “Autonomous
aerial sensors for wind power meteorology”
FMI, Finland / A. Lindfors Collaboration on radiation/ 1 peer rev. publication
Aalborg University Offshore wind technology; research training / Joint project:
NORCOWE
SMHI, Sweden/ W. Josefsson Collaboration on radiation/ 1 peer rev. publication
LM-Univ. Munich/ P. Koepke Project reports and conference papers
DWD, Germany/ U. Feist Project reports and conference papers
ETH, Zurich/ A. Ohmura PhD student exchange
INDUSTRIAL PARTNERS
Institutions Activities and impact
Norway: Agder Energi, Aker Solutions, Bergen Group, BKK Joint collaboration through the SFI
AS, Det Norske Veritas, Greater Stavanger, Grieg logistics, Norwegian Center for Offshore Wind
Lyse Energi, National OilWell Norway, NorWind,
Energy (NORCOWE) coordinated by
STATSKRAFT, SWAY, Troll Power, Statoil. Finland: VTT Christian Michelsen Research AS
Industrial systems, Sweden: SIEMENS,
Denmark: DELTA; Mavionics; TU Braunschweig Off shore wind technology development/
Joint research project: “Autonomous
aerial sensors for wind power
meteorology”
Norway: SINTEF Energy Research; NorWind; Statoil Wind energy infrastructure, offshore
Germany: GL Renewables consulting and Engineering technology/ Proposal for a SFI on
Norwegian Offshore wind energy research
infrastructure (NOWERI)
STORM Weather Center / with B. Tveita Rev. Publication
Other information of relevance to the evaluation: None
2. CLIMATE DYNAMICS (CLIMATE)
List of staff members * Tenured
Last name Title Affiliation Period
Nils Gunnar Kvamstø (L)* Professor GFI
Helge Drange* Professor GFI
Tore Furevik* Professor GFI
Jürgen Bader* Associate professor GFI/UNI 50% from 2008
Asgeir Sorteberg* Associate professor GFI From 9/08
Daniela Jacobs Professor II MPI-Meteo From 8/09
David Battisti Professor II U. Washington
Gudrun Magnusdottir Professor II U. California Until 11/2009
David Stephenson Professor II U. Exeter Until 12/08
Organization, research leadership and strategy
Prof. Kvamstø leads the research group on Climate Dynamics (CLIMATE) which counts 5 tenured
positions (as of 2009) and 4 prof II with expertise in regional climate modelling (Jacobs),
atmospheric and climate dynamics (Magnusdottir, Battisti) and statistical analyses of weather and
climate (Stephenson). CLIMATE cooperates closely with research groups at UNI-Bjerknes Centre
on past, present and future climate changes (RG 1, 2, 5) through following postdocs: C. Li, U.
Heikkilä, M. Mesquita, K.Nisancioglu, I. Seierstad, J. Wettstein and O.-H. Otterå. The newly
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
appointed Assoc. Prof Tor Eldevik (starts May 2010) will bring expertise on ocean processes
related to ocean circulation and climate. CLIMATE supervises 12 PhD candidates. The group
structure is non hierarchical and the group leader act as coordinator. Communication through
regular meetings; all decisions of strategic importance are consensus based. In the absence of
consensus the group leader makes the final decision. Tasks and committee work are evenly
distributed among the group members.
Research strategy and implementation
The overall aim is to increase the level of fundamental understanding of climate variability in
northern mid- and high-latitudes with particular emphasis on the role of the ocean. The mid- and
high latitude climate is also strongly affected by the tropics. To enhance the large-scale mechanistic
understanding, an important part of the strategy has been to establish a global coupled climate
model as a central research tool. To strengthen the group’s competence on tropical climate
processes, and interactions between the tropics and higher latitudes, we have initiated several
projects on this subject. GFI will also hire a new professor in tropical meteorology in 2010.
A second part of the strategy has been to strengthen and supplement the competence in the
group by means of temporary adjunct positions (prof. II). Well known scientists in the following
areas have been hired: Statistical analysis (Stephenson), climate dynamics (Battisti and
Magnusdottir), regional climate modelling (Jacobs). A third path of the strategy has been to actively
build a project portfolio (25 projects) to sustain a group of 6 postdocs and 21 PhDs. The future
strategy is to continue the present line(s) of research and get a more even balance between the
number of postdocs and PhD candidates in the group. We also wish to open up for more contact
with research groups in other areas. Most of the modelling experience in the group is with complex
models, but recently we have also started to explore models with less complexity. Generally, we use
the model tools as a numerical laboratory for performing idealised experiments.
Description of research activities
CLIMATE has a strong background in dynamic meteorology and oceanography, as well as
numerical modelling on different spatial scales. CLIMATE´s membership and research profile
today is a response to the recommendations from a previous evaluation (1999) were GFI was
prompted to integrate research topics in meteorology and oceanography with the goal to establish a
climate group on climate change and climate variability on mid- and high latitudes. Since then,
CLIMATE has been a key contributor to all relevant national coordinated climate research projects,
e.g. “Regional Climate Development under Global Warming” (RegClim), “Norwegian Ocean
Climate Project” (NoClim), “Climate of Norway and the Arctic in the 21st Century” (NorClim), as
well as International Polar Year (IPY).
Research activities:
1. Climate modelling and climate analysis: The faculty members in CLIMATE have been
instrumental in the development, implementation and evaluation of the Bergen Climate Model
(BCM). Considerable effort has been put into climate analysis to examine, e.g. the formation,
propagation and decay of dynamic and thermodynamic anomalies in the North Atlantic (in this
field Drange has co-authored a Science paper). Also there has been a focus on properties of
simulated mid-latitude storm-tracks, and climate fluctuations over the high Arctic.
2. Large-scale air-sea-ice interaction: A main scientific focus in CLIMATE, along two paths:
(i) mechanisms behind the observed variability in ocean circulation and hydrography, and several
works have therefore concentrated on the effects of the mechanical (wind) and buoyancy (heat
and freshwater) forcing of the ocean. Time scales from days (surface perturbations) to decades
(internal density distributions) have been studied; (ii) the climate impact of mid-latitude SST
anomalies and high-latitude sea-ice anomalies. For this we have constructed idealised anomalies
in the AGCM’s surface boundary conditions – or – analyse the composites in re-analyses or
coupled GCM runs. The analysis of response focuses on mid-latitude storm tracks and large scale
variability patterns.
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
3. The hydrological cycle and climate change: During 2007-09, research on mid- and high
latitudes has been supplemented with research on the hydrological cycle in the subtropics and
tropics. CLIMATE has started research projects in China, India and Ethiopia and has also
submitted proposals for collaboration in Bangladesh and Vietnam. In addition to extensive
analysis of both simulated- and station data, we are in the early stages of exploring new
methodologies for calculating the pathways of water vapour in the atmosphere. hese activities
contribute to “Development Research”, one of the two strategic research areas at UiB.
CLIMATE works collectively in a satisfactory way and has a high publication record. For a more
detailed description of the research, see the individual CVs
Scientific achievements
• Bergen Climate Model (BMC): The BCM started as collaboration between the GFI and NERSC
in the late 1990s, where the atmospheric model at GFI´s ARPEGE (Kvamstø) was coupled with
the ocean model used NERSC´s MICOM (Drange) during RegClim. For 2 years both institutions
shared a postdoc position (Furevik) to work with the technical coupling and model evaluation.
The BCM was one of the major tools in the research implementation by the CoE BCCR, as well
as to national efforts through RegClim and NorClim, where CLIMATE dedicated a considerable
amount of human and infrastructure resources for the continuous development of the model.
Since 2003, model outputs have resulted in more than 30 papers, of which the two first
collectively have had > 100 citations. BCM was one of four European models that delivered
scenario simulation to the IPCC 4AR. Faculty staff has until recently been active in developing
and updating the BCM system leading to improvements that has been documented in a no. of
papers.
• Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM): Drange coordinates RCN´s NORCLIM (with
CLIMATE´s tenured staff as members) which will develop the first Earth System Model in
Norway. NCAR´s atmospheric model has replaced ARPEGE, and interactive chemistry both in
the ocean and the atmosphere, as well as aerosol schemes, have been implemented in addition to
many other improvements. In addition to preparing climate scenarios for Norway and
sorrounding areas, NorESM will provide the Norwegian input to IPCC-AR5.
Assessment of CLIMATE´s output vs resources (personnel and infrastructure)
CLIMATE project portfolio includes 25 projects over the evaluation period, involving 21 PhD
candidates (including those funded by UiB) and 10 postdoc/ research fellows. The tenured staff (5
as of 2009) has published 70 peer review papers and 13 popular science papers and given 60
scientific presentations in international conferences since 2005. The registered outreach activities
include 74 interviews on TV and Radio, 894 interviews in the press and 12 chronicles in
newspapers. In total, group members have given 255 popular presentations for non-scientific public.
Drange was awarded the Meltzer Prize for public outreach in March 2010. He has also contributed
to 2 Official Norwegian Reports (NOU-Reports). The group can document 6 peer review papers
over the last 5 years were at least two of the tenured staff are authors, and all staff members
contribute to joint publications and projects.
The output volume from faculty staff in terms of scientific work, PhD production and outreach
activity is regarded as satisfactory. Particularly the outreach is is large for national standards. Even
though Drange alone is responsible for 80% of it, which is most impressive, the other part is
substantial. It should be noted that external funding is large within the group and provides resources
without paramount compared to university´s basic funding. On the other hand, a large external
project portfolio requires a considerable amount of administrative work, limiting considerably the
research capacity of the project leader. Kvamstø is also deputy Head of department and stepped as
acting Head during Haugan´s sabbatical. CLIMATE members are aware of the situation and search
constantly for an optimal work balance. As externally funded projects have a short time horizon
(typically 3-5 years), the associated research problems will inevitably be affected by this fact and
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Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
may appear as fragmented. This might lead to less activity on fundamental long-term research
challenges. This issue is under debate in the group, but is not yet manifested in our strategy.
Research collaboration
National & international cooperation and networks
Institution/Contacts Activity/Impact
UNI-Bjerknes Centre
Joint research groups, projects and research training/ The groups
work is strongly tied to the BCCR activity and this has been a
great benefit for both parties.
Norwegian Institute of Air Research / 3 joint projects, 5 peer rev pub / Intense cooperation contributing
Y. Orsolini, A. Stohl, H. Sodemann
strongly to advancement of all research topics
NERSC / Many scientists Joint research teams, projects and publications. Research training
(joint PhD supervision)/ Intense cooperation contributing to
advancement of research topics 1 & 2
IMR/ Harald Loeng, A.B Sandø, Øystein Joint research teams, projects and publications. Research training
Skagseth
(joint PhD supervision)/ Good cooperation contributing to
advancement of research topics 1 & 2
UNI-Global/ Prof. T Sætersdal
Scientific coordinator of the research group on climate and health
(9 researchers from the Nile basin countries visiting Norway for 6
months), 1 peer review paper, book ch.
Norwegian meteorological Institute / Joint projects and proposals / Funding through joint projects (e.g.
T. Iversen, Ø. Hov.
RegClim and NorClim) crucial for the climate modelling activities
Center for International Health (CIH), UoB / Interdisciplinary research on climate, health, water cycle, food
Prof. B.Lindtjørn, Prof. R. Nilsen
security, and epidemiological diseases (e.g. malaria). 1 joint
project; PhD training (4) .Research topic 3.
UiO, Dept of geosciences / T. Iversen, Frode Visits, exchange, and project collaboration, committee work,
Stordahl, Jon Egil Kristjanson.
research training (ResClim) / Long-term cooperation contributes
to exchange of information and assessment on our PhD research
Norwegian Polar Institute / O.A. Nøst, S. Project collaboration; research training (ResClim) / Strengthen
Gerland
national network via ResClim. Too early to evaluate its impacts
UIT, Dept of Geology / M. Hald, K. Research training (ResClim) / Strengthen national network via
Andreassen
ResClim. Too early to evaluate its impacts
UiB cross disciplinary Working Group on WG coordinated by Drange and initiated by UiB´s leadership with
climate, health and poverty.
the goal to promote interdisciplinary and interfaculty research on
climate, health and poverty.
UNIS / F. Nilsen, A. Sjøblom. Guest lecturing, project collaboration, research training (ResClim)
/ Summer school in2011
University of Exeter / D. Stephenson and his Project collaboration; Student & staff exchange; Seminars; 4 peer
group
rev publ; research training (4 PhD students) / A long term
important cooperation leading to key publ. research topic 1 &2.
Contributed substantially to advance the groups competence in
climate analysis, and to the expansion of our network.
Int. Arctic Research Center (IARC)
Alaska /J. Walsh, X. Zhang, V.
Alexejeev
Joint research on Climate variability in the Arctic. Research visits
(IARC, 3 mo; GFI 4 mo), 3 joint peer rev publ. / Strengthen int.
network and competence within research topic 1 & 2.
University of Washington, Seattle /
Project collaboration; joint PhD supervision; Seminars; 2 peer rev.
Prof. D. Battisti
publ. within research topic 1&2/ Strengthen competence through
the papers, seminars and discussions.
Institute of Atmospheric Research, Beijing /
Profs dir Huijun Wang, Shuanglun Li,
Several joint projects. Summer schools. Students exchange. 3 PhD
students; 9 peer rev. publ. within research topic 1&2 /Strengthen
Tianjun Zhou
CLIMATE´s competence in tropical meteorology and climate
dynamics
Faroese Fisheries Laboratory, Thorshavn/ B. Project collaboration; 3 joint peer rev. publ. within research topic
Hansen; H. Hatun.
1/Strengthen competence on natural variability of the N.Atlantic
Marine Research Institute, Iceland / Project collaboration; 1 joint peer rev. publ. within research topic
S.Jonsson, H. Valdimarsson, J. Olavson. 1) /Enhanced competence on natural variability of the N Atlantic
IFM – GEOMAR / M. Latif Scientific exchange; 1 peer rev. publication.
LOCEAN/IPSL, IRD. U. Pierre & Marie
Currie, Paris/ S. Janicot, E. Mohino
Scientific exchange; 1 peer rev. publication
University of California, Irvine/ Prof G.
Magnusdottir
Project collaboration; 1 PhD student, seminars, course work.
Imperial school of London / Prof. Arnaud
Czaja
Project proposals; Visits / Too early to assess impact
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 17

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
MIT, USA /P. atrick Heimbach and Geoffrey
Gebbie
Peking University, Beijing / Prof Haijun
Yang
Ethiopia:National Meteo. Agency (NMA) &
Arba Minch University / D. Korecha, S.
Moges, D. T. Mengistu
China: Tibet University & Tibet
Autonomous Regional Meteorological
Bureau / Dr. Caidong, scientist Basang,
Joint project through Norwegian-North America partnership
program; summer schools; joint summer schools: Advanced
Climate Dynamics Courses in 2009, 2010, 2011
1 joint projects and supervision of PhDs, 1 peer rev. publ. res
topic 2 / Enhanced competence in tropical meteorology and
climate dynamics
Education and research training; Interdisciplinary research related
to climate, the water cycle and malaria; 1 joint project / Ongoing:
2 Ethiopian PhD students at GFI; 11 MSc graduated in Arba
Minch University.
Education and research training. 4 high- altitude automated
weather stations, 1 shared research station in cooperation with
GFI; 5 MSc + 1 PhD graduated (finished); 1 peer rev paper & 1
subm. Access to local data.
World Wide University Network (WUN) UiB´s network (board representative) / Important for networking
and collaboration in climate-poverty-health research. Has funded
several research stays at University of Washington, Seattle.
Public and private sectors
Det norske Veritas Project collaboration, research training / Joint projects. Strengthening collaboration
with industry
Statkraft Project initialization/ Strengthening collaboration with industry
Bergen Municipality Project collaboration / Strengthening collaboration with industry
Directorate for Civil
Protection and
Emergency Planning
Working group for sea level rise / Discussion the formal (Governmental)
responsibility for adaptation measures regarding rising sea level in Norway
Other information of relevance to the evaluation
Activities Member Description
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
International commitess
Sorteberg LA Special Report “Managing the
(IPCC)
(2009- ) risks of extreme events and disasters'”
CLIVAR Working Group for Ocean Model
Drange
Co-leader
Development (WGOMD)
(2008 - )
International Association for the Physical
Furevik
National contact
Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO)
(2008 - )
International Association for Meteorology and
Kvamstø
National contact
Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS)
(2008 -)
Norwegian Geophysical Society
National committees and awards
Furevik Deputy leader 2006-07, leader 2008-
09
National Committee on Climate Research (Gov Drange
Member
appointment)
(2006-09)
National Committee on Climate Adaptation (Gov Drange
Member
appointed)
(2009-10)
UiB Meltzer Prize for outstanding science
Drange
Member
communication
(2009)
National and international research education
National Research School in Climate Dynamics Furevik
Coordinator
(ResClim)
(2009-16)
Bergen Summer Research School (BSRS) Drange; Sorteberg,
Furevik
Coordinators of courses and debate
panels
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 18

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
3. SMALL-SCALE OCEANOGRAPHY (ScOcean)
List of staff members *Tenured
Name Position Employer Engagement
Corinna Schrum* Professor GFI
Knut Barthel* Associate professor GFI
Ilker Fer* Associate professor GFI From 9/07
Alastair Jenkins Associate professor GFI 2/07-12/09
Svein Sundby Professor II IMR
Johnny Johannessen Professor II NERSC
Frank Nilsen Associate professor II UNIS
Soenke Maus Non-tenured researcher GFI 1/08-12/09
Ute Daewel Postdoc GFI From 1/09
Elin Darelius Postdoc GFI From 10/08
Anders Sirevaag Postdoc GFI From 4/09
Organization, research leadership and strategy
Prof. Schrum leads ScOcean, which currently counts with 3 full time senior positions and 3 part
time prof II/assoc. prof II from the Institute of Marine Research (IMR, 20%), Nansen Center
(NERSC, 20%) and University in Svalbard (UNIS, 5%). The group co-leader is Assoc. Prof Ilker
Fer. During the reporting period 1 assoc. prof was temporally filled. The core group is currently
complemented by 3 researchers, which hold a temporary postdoc positions (1 university funded, 2
project funded), and 3 members/associate members holding project research positions at GFI or
UNI-Bjerknes (Dr. Alastair Jenkins, Dr. Sönke Maus and Dr. Lars H. Smedsrud). In addition, the
group counts currently with 7 PhD students (5 of them associated members, employed by
collaborating institutions) and one, project-based, research assistant.
Organisation and management of the research
The research group activities comprise both, theoretical research including numerical modelling and
experimental and fieldwork activities. Both core activities are represented in the leading structure of
the research group (Numerical Modelling: Corinna Schrum (L) and Experimental Research: Ilker
Fer (co-L). ScOcean is organised following a cooperative model to ensure freedom of research. The
direct funding of research activities from the University is only marginal and the research activities
are typically connected to externally funded research projects, providing funding for e.g. field
campaigns and/or externally funded PhD, postdoc- and researcher positions and research activities
are typically committed in connection with these research projects. The principal investigator (PI)
has the full responsibility for his/her own project (e.g. science, budget and reporting), which implies
total independence on project related decisions without reporting duties to ScOcean leaders.
Research strategy and implementation
The aim of ScOcean is to improve our knowledge in the following fields:
• Ocean mixing, turbulence and exchange processes: Goal: improve our understanding of the link
between external forcing and the small scale mixing processes in the ocean, and how the ocean
mixing will influence the circulation, stratification and distribution of properties such
temperature, salt, gases and nutrients. The approach is to conduct process studies using state-ofthe-art
observational techniques supplemented by idealized numerical and laboratory models.
ScOcean´s expertise in small-scale turbulence and exchange processes is unique in Norway, and
the group contributes significantly to the critical mass in Europe.
• Coupled physical-biological modelling in the marine environment: Goal: to build up a
modelling community with critical mass to apply and advance further development of complex
model tools to study physical-biological processes in different marine environments. In order to
achieve this, ScOcean decided to join resources and use a common modelling tool ECOSMO
(ECOsystem MOdel), which is widely used in interdisciplinary research in the European
research community and beyond. ECOSMO is further developed and maintained in a joint
national and international effort where model data are made widely available through a
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 19

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
framework of joint research projects (funded by the EU, RCN and bi-lateral cooperations) and
via the ICES network (www.wgoofe.org).
Research at the university has to cover a broader field than it is typically the case at research
institutions and has to be open for demands to develop research competence and research education
in new fields. The research group is therefore open for interdisciplinary and industrial
collaborations and we are co-supervising a number of external PhD students employed by e.g. the
Institute for Marine Research, met.no, Uni-research, Norsk Hydro, NIVA. The group is specifically
linked up with partners focussing on marine biology and marine ecosystems research through NFR-
and EU-funded projects and we have been co-supervising PhD students associated with the
Department of Biology, University of Bergen, University of Hamburg, Germany and the Institute of
Oceanography, Vietnamese Academy of Science, Vietnam.
Description of research activities
Arctic research (Fer, Schrum, Smedsrud, Årthun, Barthel, Sirevaag, Darelius, Maus, Jenkins)
ScOcean scientists have contributed significantly to Arctic and IPY related research (BIAC, EU-
DAMOCLES, NUKA ARCTICA). Group members contributed to assessing ocean transports in
higher latitudes and by using hydrodynamic modelling. During the reporting period the ADCP
equipment on the NUKA ARCTICA was renewed and we successfully restarted the ADCP
measurement on NUKA ARCTICA. ScOcean scientists have furthermore contributed to research
related to water mass formation in Arctic regions. Ocean mixing leads to irreversible changes in
water properties hence plays a pivotal role in climate variability and change. Sea ice, under ice
boundary layer and ocean mixing are studied using both theoretical and experimental methods.
Within the research group expertise has been developed in field experiments and deployments from
challenging environments, including the ice-shelves of Antarctica. Software and methods have been
developed in data processing and reduction from specialized turbulence instrumentation.
During recent years also fundamental research on the sea ice medium itself was performed
by ScOcean. The research was focused on the thermophysical properties of sea ice and dynamics
that are important in shaping air-ocean interaction processes in polar regions. Field studies of sea
ice growth and desalination have been combined with ice tank experiments and high technology
synchrotron-based studies of sea ice microstructure and chemistry to provide new insights into the
processes by which sea ice moderates and modifies air-sea exchange of gas, heat, momentum, and
chemical constituents.
Marine ecosystem evolution in a changing environment (Schrum, Barthel, Daewel, H. Svendsen, St.
Svendsen, Årthun, Pushpadas). Key research activities comprise the hydrodynamic variability of
regional and shelf sea systems (including fjords and inland lakes) and its impact on ecosystem
structuring and egg and larvae fish development and drift and acidification problems. Spatial and
temporal scales to be addressed in the modelling range from O(10km)-O(1cm) and from 20minseveral
decades. Research topics addressed comprise the hyrodynamic and climatic impacts on the
structuring of marine ecosystems and on individual species.
For the ECOSMO model a diversity of coupled bio-geochemical modules has been developed with
major developers are being group members. A number of key papers (also in prep) are introducing
new and advanced methods for Individual Based Modelling (IBM) and its coupling to
hydrodynamics.
Air-sea exchange and turbulence research (including applied research in the context of renewable
energy (Fer, Jenkins, Schrum, Barthel, Sirevaag, Smedsrud, Årthun). Momentum, heat and fresh
water as well as chemical properties are exchanged via the air-sea and air-sea-ice interface are
studied with coupled modelling approaches. The theoretical approaches are complemented by eddy
correlation and small scale structure measurements. The research group conducts dedicated
turbulence and fine scale measurements in conditions covering calm to severe wind events in both
fixed and moving platforms. Data are used to describe the link between forcing and turbulent
mixing in the surface boundary layer. With its research competence in air-sea exchange and
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 20

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
turbulent exchange processes members of the group also contribute to applied research projects
such as the Norwegian Centre for Offshore Wind Energy (NORCOWE).
Scientific achievements
Group members specifically contributed to the Arctic and IPY related research, mainly within the
RCN-funded BIAC and the EU-funded DAMOCLES projects, with key papers published and under
review. Another strategic research area that has successfully been developed is the field of marine
ecosystem research. Here a number of key papers have been written, and are in preparation,
introducing new and advanced methods for Individual Based Modelling (IBM) and its coupling to
hydrodynamics. Besides model data to resolve marine ecosystem variability in different marine
environments have been created. These data had a wider impact through the group members
involvement in interdisciplinary EU projects (e.g. ECOOP,RECLAIM&MEECE) and are now used
by a larger Norwegian and European research community. Model data created by research group
members are also used for the purpose of national pollution assessment through a cooperation with
NIVA and KLIF (Klima og Forusensningsdirektoratet Norgeand modeling methods developed are
now used by a wider research community by cooperating research groups, e.g. in Norway and in
Europe (University of Hamburg, Germany, DTU Aqua, Denmark, NIVA) and in Vietnam. In
Vietnam a suite of model setups at different scales is used by researchers and PhD students in
oceanography.
Assessment of ScOcean´s output vs resources (personnel and infrastructure). Key academic
personnel was renewed recently (due to retirement) where 2 out of 3 full time professor/associate
professor positions were appointed during the past five years (2006&2007) and all 3 postdoc
positions and all PhD positions were filled in the second half of the reporting period (2008&2009).
With this reorganisation, ScOcean re-defined its research strategies. The build-up of the research
environment has successfully been completed during the recent years and a stimulating research
environment has been created. The group succeeded in developing a large variety of research
topics, specifically when related to the number of researchers in the group and a large number of
key scientific paper were created by the group members in the last years. ScOcean has also been
quite successful in raising funds from national and international sources to support experimental
costs and research positions (academic positions, field campaigns, research infrastructure) as well
as international cooperation, and today external funding supports the bulk of ScOcean´s research.
Specifically the large number of EU-research projects result in additional administrative duties of
the project leader and limits research capacities.
Overall, the scientific output of the group is considered to be very good in relation to the
personnel resources available to the group and to its administrative and teaching duties. The 3
permanent and full time employed faculty members are all above average engaged in teaching
activities and have taken over leading responsibilities in the educational program boards for GFIs
master and bachelor programmes (Fer, Barthel) and for the Joint Nordic Master Programme in
Ecosystems and Climate, which is led by the GFI (Schrum). Moreover, members are strongly
involved in the NOMA project, an educational project in Sudan (Barthel).
The groups ambition to cover a broad topical and interdisciplinary area and to provide
research competence in a variety of fields, which we feel is relevant from an educational
perspective, is sometimes challenging in relation to the personnel resources available.
Research collaboration
Intense research collaboration takes place inside the research group and with other research groups
at the GFI (e.g. LaScO) . Internal collaborations exits furthemore with other Departments at UiB
(Mathematics, Biology) and within the BCCR. Members of the group are connected to the Bjerknes
Centre Research groups RG3 and RG5. These internal collaborations are very important to ensure a
critical mass in solving research tasks, further advancements of methods and knowledge and to
broaden the base for supervision of PhD researchers. Internal collaborations are important for local
development of the strategic research areas.
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 21

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
External collaboration, both national and international do increase the visibility in the
international community and ensures connecting local research to state of the art international
research activities. Particularly the research in the Arctic and Antarctic sector benefits from the
existing collaboration since it requires demanding instrumentation and logistics capabilities for field
work in harsh environments. Moreover, external collaborations provide valuable impulses to pose
new research questions, specifically in an interdisciplinary and applied context. They are especially
important for the research group with its interdisciplinary research and wide research profile: the
external knowhow from other research disciplines, specifically marine biology, but also competence
in the field of atmospheric chemistry is critical for the quality of the interdisciplinary research and it
ensures critical mass for resolving research tasks. The external collaborations are also strengthening
network establishment and the partnership competing for international funding.
The personal networks of the group members are used for staff researcher to be hosted by
collaborating institutions and to invite guest researchers to stay at our institute. We feel that this is
especially important for exchange of ideas and developing networks for the younger researchers.
Local, national & international cooperation and networks
Institution/ Contacts Activity and Impact
GFI-LaScO/ Gammelsrød, Østerhus Joint projects (BIAC, DAMOCLES), joint publications
IMR, NERSC & UNI-Bjerknes Centre / I. Ezau,
H. Søiland, A. Mork, J.E.Nilsen, P. Budgell, M.
Skogen, S. Østerhus, B. Ådlandsvik, S. Hjøllo-
Sætre, K. Drinkwater, J. Johannessen
UiB: Depts of Mathematics and Biology /J.
Berntsen, Ø. Fiksen, R. Rosland
NIVA/ E. Yakushev, N. Green, A. Staalstrøm, P.
Jaccard. D. Durand, K. Daae
NPI / GW. Gabrielsen, H. Hop, A. Sundfjord, V.
Tverrberg, OA Nøst
Met.no, a.o. L.H. Hole, K. Christensen
Joint projects (e.g. MEECE, ECOOP, RECLAIM,
BIOWAVE, BIAC) and publications, cooperation ICES
WGs and workshops. Improvements to Bergen Climate
Model.
Joint projects (BIAC, TBECO, NUFU), joint publications
(in prep). Collaboration to further develop ECOSMO.
Joint projects and publications (in prep). Collaboration in
renewing and running the Nuka Arctica ADCP.
Collaboration to further develop ECOSMO.
Joint projects and publications, collaboration in Arctic
field work.
Joint project (BIOWAVE) and planned publications.
UNIS /F. Nilsen, R. Skogseth Joint projects (DAMOCLES, BIAC) and publications.
Collaboration in Arctic fieldwork.
GKSS, Germany/ V. Matthias, J. Bieser, H v. Bilateral funded project (NFR-DAAD), exchange of
Storch, E. Meyer.
PhDs. Collaboration to further develop ECOSMO and
ollaboration in climate assessment report for the Baltic
Sea (BACC), joint publications.
Baltic Sea Research Insitute, Germany /J. Joint project (ECODRIVE) and research collaborations
Ahlheit, H. Burchards, L. Umlauf
and exchange, visiting scientist.
DTU Aqua, Denmark /A. Christensen, H. Joint projects and publications (RECLAIM, MEECE),
Mosegaard, H. Jensen, A. Rindorf, B. McKenzie, ECOSMO collaborations (use of data andmodel tools).
F. Koester, M. Payne, K. Brander
Collaboration within ICES.
Univ Hamburg, MPI-Meteorology /
Joint projects (RECLAIM, ECOOP, MEECE, Aquashift,
M. St. John, M. Peck, T. Pohlmann, W. Kuehn, J. ECODRIVE) and joint publications. Collaboration to
Paetsch, A. Temming. J. Floeter, D. Notz further develop ECOSMO. Lab-experiments on sea ice
dynamics and thermodynamics.
Swiss Light Source Synchrotron, Paul Scherrer Sea ice microstructure, joint project, support for using
Institut in Switzerland (SLS-PSI) / T. Huthwelker experimental facilities and joint publication.
IMARES, Netherlands / A. Rijnsdorp, M.
Dickey-Collas.
Joint projects (ECODRIVE, RECLAIM) and publication.
Institute of Marine Research, Erdemli, Turkey /
E. Oezsoey, T. Oguz, B. Salihoglu, H. Sur
Joint publication and joint projects (ECOOP and MEECE)
Department of Naval Architecture and Marine
Engineering, National Technical University of
Athens, Greece / K. Belibassakis
Joint publication
Institute of Oceanography, Vietnamese Academy
of Science, Vietnam /
Thai Ngoc Chien, Pham Xuan Duong
Joint project and publications (NUFU project)
University of Gothenburg; Stockholm Univ./A. Collaboration in Climate assessment report for the Baltic
Omstedt, G. Destouni, J. Jarsjoe
Sea (BACC), joint publications. Collaboration in the
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 22

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
UK: NOCS, BAS, U. Manchester, Proudman
Ocen Lab, SAMS, SAHFOS /I. Allen, B. Kelley-
Gerryn, C. Reed, P. Licandro, F. Cottier, J.
Wilkinsn, A. Jenkins
Russia: Shirshov Institute of Oceanology; INM/
R. Ibrayev
Ardhuin
P. Petitgas, B. Planque, F.
USA: University Alberta; University of
Washington Seattle WHOI ; University of Rood
Island; New York University; University of
Wyoming / M. McPhee, J. Morrison, C. Haas, T.
Rossby, C. Flagg, D. Holland, WS. Holbrook
Bergen Sea Ice group.
Joint projects (MEECE) and publications (in prep).
Collaboration in Arctic fieldwork.
Joint publication.
Joint projects (RECLAIM, MEECE) and collaboration in
the frame of ICES workshops, joint publications
(published and in prep.).
Collaboration in Arctic and Antarctic field work, joint
collaborative project, and planned publications.
Collaboration in renewing and running the Nuka Arctica
ADCP, joint publication (in prep).
Public and private sectors
Barlindhaug Consulting Joint project (NORCOWE) and publications
Shtokman Development AG, Technip Joint publication
Other information of relevance to the evaluation: None
4. LARGE-SCALE OCEANOGRAPHY (LaScO)
List of staff members *Tenured
Name Position Employer Engagement
Tor Gammelsrød (L)* Professor GFI
Peter Haugan* Professor GFI
Kjell Arild Orvik* Associate professor GFI
Svein Østerhus Associate professor II UNI From 10/09
Eva Falck Postdoc GFI
Yoshie Kasajima Postdoc GFI
Organization, research leadership and strategy
Prof Gammelsrød leads LaScO which includes 3 tenured positions, 1 assoc. prof II affiliated at
UNI-Bjerknes Centre, and 2 postdocs. The group supervises 8 PhD students. LaScO organisation is
non hierarchical and all members are urged to advance ideas and propose topics for research. The
group is managed on an informal basis where most of the day-to-day work is carried out on ad hoc
meetings and e-mail communication. LaScO holds formal meetings twice a year to discuss issues
related to the budget and external funding.
LaScO´s goal is to study large-scale oceanographic processes in the world oceans through a
combination of observations (ship-based field work and remote sensing) and theoretical work
(including numerical and models). Oceanographic technology development is an important
additional activity, in cooperation with UNI-Bjerknes Centre and industrial partners (see below).
Profile and research activities
Polar research
• Bipolar Atlantic Thermohaline circulation (BIAC). This is an IPY funded project coordinated
by Gammelsrød and Østerhus, with the goal to study mechanisms, manifestations and impacts
of bottom water formation on the bipolar Atlantic Ocean shelves (Weddell Sea and the Barents
Sea). The global impact of ocean processes in the Antarctic has been a strategic research area at
GFI for nearly hundred years. The Weddell Sea has been a major focus area and has provided
important contributions to the understanding of circulation patterns, melting underneath the
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 23

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
floating glaciers and processes of deep-water formation. Acquisition of invaluable datasets
covering all seasons are obtained, thanks to innovative technology developed in cooperation
with industrial partners (e.g. notably AADI).
• Polar climate and heat transport (POCAHONTAS). This is a project funded by the RCN -
NORKLIMA programme. The main objective is to determine the combined ocean and
atmospheric heat transport toward Svalbard and the European Arctic and to identify and
quantify the marine processes that regulate this transport and their feedbacks.
• Thermohaline Overturning at Risk (THOR). This EU-FP7 funded project will establish an
operational system to monitor and forecast the development of the North Atlantic component of
the thermohaline circulation on decadal timescales.
• DAMOCLES (2005-2010) and related projects involving Haugan and Orvik from LaScO
focusing on the relation between variability of the Norwegian Atlantic Current and Arctic
climate.
Observations and Monitoring activities
• Weather Station Mike: in the Norwegian Sea has provided daily oceanographic profiles of
temperature and salinity since 1948, one of the longest time series of temperature and salinity in
the world. Since 2001 time series of carbon parameters have been performed, carried out by the
chemical oceanography group (ChemOcean, see below)
• The BIAC (OceanSites) station S2 on the Weddell Sea: Two identical stations are being built in
cooperation between the Bjerknes Centre and AADI for the purpose. These stations are fitted
with batteries for a minimum of five years’ operation. They also incorporate an acoustic modem,
RDCP 600 current profiler with sensors for measuring temperature and salinity, acoustic release
and a beacon for localisation in connection with retrieval. The stations have options for installing
other sensors and instruments as well as extended battery capacity. THOR also contributes to
this.
• The Svinøy Section Monitoring Programme: The section monitors the flow of the Norwegian
Atlantic current (NwAC) as up-stream reference for the Arctic Ocean. The Svinøy section (SS)
cuts through the entire Atlantic Inflow just to the north of the Scotland-Greenland Ridge. In 1995
GFI deployed a moored array of current meters in the eastern branch of the NwAC resulting in a
unique 15-year current time series and more than 15 peer-review publications since 2001. The
SS mooring array is today a benchmark for the monitoring of the NwAC and the Arctic Ocean
Sciences Board (AOSB) strongly encourages that the SS array must be continued. The SS has
been maintained through funding from the oil industry and recently by GFIs participation in
large research projects (EU funded DAMOCLES and RCN funded iAOOS-Norway / Poleward).
A new infrastructure project involving gliders will provide new opportunities for research.
• Nuka Arctica: Unique time series of ocean currents of the upper ocean (400m) between the
Atlantic Ocean and the Nordic Seas have been provided with an acoustic Doppler current
profiler (ADCP) installed on the this container vessel that operates between Denmark and
Greenland on a three week schedule.
• Integrating and enhancement of key existing European deep-ocean observatories (EuroSITES):
EuroSITES will integrate and enhance the existing deep ocean observatories into a coherent
European network, and perform specific science mission that will, in the future, form the basis
for sustained monitoring of key environmental features.
Research education and training activities
LaScO is involved in graduate training in developing countries at the MSc level, through
participation in Norad´s programme for Master Studies (NOMA), as follows:
• Open ocean and coastal processes in the Mozambican Channel (2008-2013): Studies of eddies
in the Mozambican Channel, tides along the coast as well processes in an estuary. The aim is to
train 24 MSc students
• Physical and chemical oceanography in the Red Sea (2008-2012): The first 4 students, who will
take their master this year, use historical data from the Red Sea and Arabian Sea for their master
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 24

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
theses. They have also started a sampling program in the area close to Port Sudan, the data will
be used by the next master students starting this autumn.
Scientific achievements
Since 2007 LaScO activities in the Weddell Sea have been supported by BIAC. A large part
involves exploring new frontiers, e.g the annual long study of the deep flow of dense water in the
eastern Barents Sea towards the Arctic Ocean, is unique. BIAC has also installed its first advanced
monitoring station (developed in cooperation with UNI-Bjerknes Centre and AADI engineers) at
500 m depth in the continental shelf of the Southern Weddell Sea to conduct a 5-year monitoring of
dense water formation processes. The impact of such technological advancement cannot be underestimated
as it will produce future iterations of more versatile monitoring stations with greater
longevity and the ability to record data on a wider range of factors, which ultimately will improve
ocean circulation and climate models. The monitoring experience from BIAC will be used to design
an Arctic marine monitoring system with base in Svalbard. This relates the recently granted
Norwegian proposal to an ESFRI-preparatory phase entitled: Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth
Observing System – SIOS. The BIAC monitoring sites will then be listed as potential ones for the
international global set of long-term ocean observatories. BIACs has already produced peer review
publications.
Assessment of LaScO´s output vs resources (personnel and infrastructure)
During the evaluation period Haugan has been engaged as the Head of Department, while
Gammelsrød has acted as the scientific cruise co-ordinator for UiB. All LaScO members are active
in fieldwork, spending several weeks at sea per year. This is time-consuming and the need for more
permanent scientific personnel in the group is obvious. When evaluating output vs resources, it is
relevant to note that Haugan has probably contributed more to initiating research related to other
groups than to LaScO in the present period, including offshore wind (listed under METEO), ocean
carbon including acidification, and various activities related to ScOcean. Also the PostDoc Elin
Darelius who fills in for Haugans teaching and research has been allocated to another group. For
international collaboration on research infrastructure and marine research coordination, refer to
Haugans CV.
Research collaboration: LaScO has a tight collaboration with the ScOcean group regarding
common field activities and instrumentation needs, and the production of scientific publications.
Institution /Contacts Activities and impact
Local , National and International cooperation
UIB: Depts of Mathematics, Earth Science and Ocean modelling, joint PhD supervision
biology / J. Berntsen, Guttorm Alendal
IMR / L.Asplin, R.Ingvaldsen, H. Loeng, P.Budgell; Joint projects (3) and publications (6), Cooperation
H. Søiland, Ø. Skagseth, F. Rey
Svinøy section; 10 common publications
UNI-Bjerknes Centre / R. Bellerby; M.Miles Joint project (1)
L.H. Smedsrud; A. Omar, S. Østerhus
NERSC / J.E.Ø. Nilsen, S. Sandven, K. Kloster, M. Joint project (1) and publication (1)
Bentsen, T. Eldevik, Hanne Sagen
UNIS / F. Nilsen; R. Skogseth Joint research project (1), Joint cruises to the Arctic
(6)
NPI / A. Sundfjord; O. A. Nøst Joint research project (1) and publication (1)
Meteorological Institute / C. Mauritzen
I. Hanssen Bauer, P.E. Isachsen
Joint research projects (3) and publications (1)
University of Oslo / Joe LaCasce Joint research project (1) and publications (3)
BAS / K. Nicholls
Joint publications (1)
K. Makinson
Expeditions to the Antarctic
AWI / E. Fahrbach, G. Budéus
Joint publications (3)
G. Kattner, E. Damm
Göteborg University, Sweden / Leif G. Anderson, K.
Anders Olsson
Expeditions to the Antarctic
Joint publications (4)
Expeditions to the Arctic, Greenland and Iceland Sea
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 25

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
U. Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique /
A. Mubango Hoguane
NOMA project coordinator
Red Sea University / Abdelgadir D. Elhag NOMA project coordinator
U. of East Anglia, UK / M.J. Messias Joint expedition (1) & publications (2)
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey California, USA / W. Maslowski
Joint publication (1)
University of Rhode Island USA / T. Rossby Joint publication (1)
Scripps Inst. Oceanography, USA / P. Niiler Joint research project (1) and publication (1)
University of Washington / P. Rhines Research training: joint supervision (2 PhD)
University of Tasmania/Nathan Bindoff Joint research, exchange
University of Cape Town/Frank Shillington Exchange visits, initiation of Nansen-Tutu
ICES Contribution to the annual report prepared by the
Working Group on Oceanic Hydrography
Public and private sectors
Aanderaa AS; Christian Michelsen Researh AS Technology development of oceanographic research
Instanes Svalbard
instrumentation
Other information of relevance to the evaluation
Long-term datasets: Continuation of monitoring activities
OWS Polarfront service at station M was terminated in November 2009. This has severe
consequences not only for the long time series of temperature and salinity but also for the different
time series started in more recent years including inorganic carbon. We are deeply concerned that
this unique time series is interrupted, and we are trying to find solutions using moorings and ships
of opportunity for to a certain degree maintain the observation series. It is of greatest importance to
find funds to maintain the MIKE series on a long term basis.
Technology development
Our team of scientific technical staff (3 engineers) and the workshops at GFI´s main building and
Marineholmen have been essential and a prerequisite for the group´s successful construction of
instruments, preparing and participation on the scientific expeditions at sea.
5. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY (ChemOcean)
List of staff members *Tenured
Name Position Employer Engagement
Truls Johannessen (L)* Professor GFI
Christoph Heinze (co-L)* Professor GFI
Karen Assmann Associate Professor II UNI 9/07-08/09
Richard Bellerby Associate Professor II UNI 9/08-8/12
Ingunn Skjelvan Associate Professor II UNI 9/07-12/11
Caroline Roelandt Non-tenured researcher GFI 10/09-9/12
Abdirahman M. Omar Postdoc GFI 2006-2009
Emanuele R. Reggiani Postdoc GFI 4/09-9/11
Jerry Tjiputra Postdoc GFI Start 1/09
Organization, research leadership and strategy
ChemOcean is tightly integrated with the research group on Biogeochemical Cycles (BC) at UNI-
Bjerknes Centre. In addition to members shown in the table above, the group counts with Dr. Are
Olsen (since 2001), Anders Olsson (2002-07), Emil Jeansson (2007-2011) and Dr. Christophe
Sturm (2007-2008) all affiliated with UNI-Bjerknes Centre. There are presently 6 PhD associated
with ChemOcean, 2 on co-supervision with NERSC and 1 with the Department of mathematics.
ChemOcean´s research combine observations with modelling to understand key
biogeochemical processes of the marine carbon cycle. The group is sub-divided into an (i)
Analytical group, lead by Johannessen, and a (ii) modelling group, lead by Heinze. Within each
sub-group, thematic responsibilities are allocated to each member (see below), which also concern
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 26

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
issues regarding research project generation (e.g. funding), lab/fieldwork and publication of
scientific results. CHEMOCEAN and BC hold joint meetings to ensure integration of activities.
Research strategy and implementation
The overall objective is to achieve quantitative understanding of the key biogeochemical-physical
interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere (now also terrestrial), and of how this
coupled system affects and is affected by climate and environmental change. More specifically in
terms of ChemOcean/BC i.e., studies are conducted of the global carbon cycle and related cycles
like the silica, nitrogen and oxygen, in a past, present and future oceans system. Future changes,
sensitivities and vulnerably of biogeochemical processes important for the carbon cycle and
ecosystems like ocean acidification is a main concern and the group has planned and participated in
a number of mesocosm studies in which the main goal has been to assess the vulnerability of
different species in the high CO2 world.
On the physical interaction the group focus has been on studies of chemical tracers and how they
spread in the ocean, due to mixing etc. The main goals has been to put time on mixing processes
advection rates, water ages etc. This style of studies is in particularly important for validation of
GCM’s and also parameterization of models used by the scientists in the group.
Our responsibility analytically speaking has mainly been related to perform science in the
Polar Environments both on the Northern and the Southern hemispheres, Marginal Seas and in the
North Atlantic Ocean. Conceptually and by using modeling tools, the group has a global
perspective also depicted in the group dedication to international science performed in international
programs as IGBP, SCOR, engagement in the ICCP process etc. The group also now aims towards
participating in development of Earth System Models on a national scale. In practical terms this
means that terrestrial systems need to be included in our science as well and already is.
Description of research activities
ChemOcean carries out research on marine biogeochemistry with the aim to understand the roles of
the ocean as a regulator of atmospheric contents of greenhouse gases, and the ocean circulation by
using chemical tracers. ChemOcean aims at quantifying changes in sources and sinks of CO2 in the
world’s ocean and understanding the biogeochemical feedbacks in a high CO2 and low pH ocean.
The study areas are: Arctic, Atlantic and Southern oceans, Nordic Seas, Barents and North Sea.
Another important activity of the group has been the development of novel autonomous
instrumentation and methodology for measuring parameters of the carbon system.
Analytical group
• North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas VOS Nuka Arctica, repeated sections in the Nordic
Seas, work related to CARINA and the SOCAT database (Olsen)
• The North and Barents Seas, Shallow oceans C-cycling, CO2 storage (Omar)
• Station MIKE and CARBOSCHOOLS (Skjelvan)
• Tracer studies (CFC’s and SF6) and carbon transport (Jeansson)
• Biogeochemical feedbacks and the Antarctic C-cycle (Bellerby)
Modelling group
• Global ocean C-modelling (Assmann)
• Terrestrial modelling globally (Roelandt)
• Global Earth System modelling (Tjiputra)
ChemOcean is also involved in the topic of CO2 storage in geological formations with a view of
assessing the risk for leakage and the setting up a comprehensive monitoring system in the North
Sea. This is being carried out in cooperation with the Departments of Mathematics, and Earth
Sciences at UIB and staff from UNI-Environment.
Scientific achievements
• A carbon observing system for the North Atlantic: ChemOcean developed and runs a
comprehensive marine carbon observing system using autonomous instruments on voluntary
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 27

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
observing ships, time series stations, and deep section data collected from research vessels. This
is a contribution to a global network of carbon underway measurements coordinated by the
International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), under the auspices of IOC/UNESCO
and SCOR. SOLAS and IMBER sponsored by IGBP, SCOR, WCRP and CACGP. The
technology developed by ChemOcean/BC groups consists of a high-end state-of-the-art
autonomous underway pCO2 instrumentation system (entitled the “Bjerknes-Neill VOS pCO2
system”). Two units are currently operative on R/V G.O. Sars and M/V Nuka Arctica while a
third was operational on Weather Station Mike in the Norwegian Sea until 2009 The Bjerknes-
Neill VOS pCO2 system has proved to be robust, reliable and delivers high quality data, proof of
which is the high demand for the instrument. For instance, 5 units have been delivered to the
NOAA, USA, one to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
(CSIRO), Australia and 3 units to European partners in CARBOOCEAN.
• Carbon cycling in the Nordic Seas and the North Atlantic Ocean, estimates of excess carbon: In
addition to assessing fluxes of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean, the group focus on
the general carbon cycle both naturally and including excess carbon added to the system by
fossil fuel burning. The future role of the ocean as sources and sinks is one of the main topics.
Methods used include repeat sections, time series and VOS data. In the Nordic Seas the most
promising approach has been to use transient tracers and CO2 atmospheric inventories and
translations between them to detect the carbon stored in the Nordic Seas. In addition,
measurements on station MIKE gave more detailed information about the seasonal and
interannual variability in the area. Data covering more than a decade has been produced from
the area in projects like CARDEEP, ESOP’s, NORCLIM, TRACTOR and CARBOOCEAN.
• Ocean acidification: Mesocosm experiments are carried out in order to study impact on aquatic
ecosystems to forced changes in ocean chemistry (e.g. lowering of pH). The observations are
then used to model the impact on marine biota (e.g. changes in calcification rates) at the regional
scale (Nordic Seas and Barents Sea) and in the world ocean.
• Development and running of biogeochemical component models: A fully coupled climatecarbon
cycle model has been implemented by including terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycle
components into the Bergen Climate Model. This model to simulate future carbon uptake based
on one of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC)’s future the emerging
Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM), coordinated by GFI/UNI-Bjerknes Centre in
collaboration with the University of Oslo and the National Center for Atmospheric Research
(NCAR) in the USA. The improved model will include more realistic processes such as the
nitrogen cycle and aerosol feedbacks. In the near future, the model will be able to explore the
relevant mitigation scenarios, such as aiming to stabilize climate change to below 2 degree
Celsius warming.
• The role of Marginal Seas in the carbon system: The general areas of concern are the Barents
Sea and the North Sea.
• Ocean Circulation and Carbon Cycling: Using transient tracers and a deliberate released tracer to
study and to firmly describe how the “big ocean integrator” works in time and space. Example of
this style of work where the group has been involved is funded in ESOP2 and TRACTOR both
coordinated by UiB, and the letter one at GFI. This required a cruise intensive exercise.
Assessment of output vs resources (personnel and infrastructure)
There are presently only two members permanently employed by GFI (Heinze and Johannessen).
There is a strong need to get more permanent scientific personnel in chemical oceanography to
consolidated the group and to prepare for the future. Today we are operating on the edge of our
capacity and there is a clear need to build up a critical mass. In order to keep up the publication rate,
the experience built up over years and the strong request from society and other governmental
institution like MD the ministry of environment, FD fishery department and FD Research
Department and UD department of foreign affairs and their related research institutions as NIVA,
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 28

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
HI etc. we will need about 4 new science positions and more technical support. Today there is only
one senior engineer and one laboratory engineer in the analytical group.
There is also a strong requirement for more technical support on implementing the modelling
tools on the different computer platforms. Today scientists in the group are spending too much time
on practical problems that easily could have been solved by an advanced engineer. The estimated
need for support is at present 3-4 persons. There is also a lot of work related to proposal writing that
could be performed by an advanced project manager/scientific coordinator.
Research collaboration Local, National og international network and collaborations
Institution/contact/committee Activity / Impact
BIOFORSK, Daniel Rasse Terrestrial modelling and national Integrated Carbon Observation
CARBOOCEAN, FP6 Integrated Project,
cooperation
Lygre), NILU (Pacyna)
System (ICOS), ESFRI roadmap, EU and RCN-project
UiB/BCCR was coordinator (C. Heinze), cooperation on ocean and Earth
system modelling as well as carbon related societal issues
CMR, Ole Blix, Jon Oddvar Hellevang. Development of CO2 sensors,
Forskningssenter for Mijløvennlig Energi (FME) SUCCESS, and Senter
for forskningsdrevet innovasjon, SFI, UiB role is to develop
instrumentation for carbon monitoring – specifically UiB is working on a
Dept. of Biology, UiB, J. Egge, F.
Thingstad, T. Magnesen, D. Aksnes
Dept. Earth Science, UIB,
Rolf Birger Pedersen, Ulysses Ninneman,
Eystein Jansen
Dept. Mathematics, Guttorm Alendal, Helge
K. Dale
pH-sensor. RCN-projects in cooperation with industrial partners.
Mesocosms, manipulative experiments on ecosystem changes due to
environmental changes like ocean acidification, EUROCEANS,
MEECE, EPOCA (EU-projects).
BCCR, Geological Mass-Spectrometer laboratories for stable isotopes,
GMS-laboratory and Chemicla Oceanography Laboratories, KJOS
laboratory Collaboration research on leakage monitoring in connection to
CO2 storage, FME-SUCCESS, CO2 Marine (RCN projects in
cooperation with industrial partners).
Collaboration research on leakage monitoring in connection to CO2
storage, FME-SUCCESS, CO2 Marine and SECURE
Dept. of Physics, UiB, Bjørn Kvamme, Lars
Egil Helseth
Development of CO2 sensors, FME-SUCCESS SFI
Institute of economics, UIB, Sigve Tjøtta Joint seminars on climate and economics
Institute of Marine Research/K. A. Mork,
Henrik Søiland
Joint cruises/efficient use of infrastructure.
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Joint publication on horizontal carbon transport in prep.,joint PhD
Centre, T. Eldevik, J. Johannessen, L. student (1 publication), joint EU proposal submissions (space,
Bertino, Svetlana Milutinovich
environment)
NIVA, Kai Sørensen, Dominique Durand,
Andrew Sweetman
CO2 measurements, FME-SUCCESS and CO2 storage and risks
NILU, Cathrine Lund Myhre ICOS: NILU is the responsible partner for atmospheric measurements
SINTEF, Trondheim, Dag Slagstad Ecosystem and ocean acidification modelling CABANERA/MERCLIM
3 papers in prep
University of Oslo, Dag Hessen Ecosystem response to changing climate drivers, MERCLIM (RCNproject)
University of Tromsø, Paul Wassman Carbon biogeochemical cycling CABANERA/MERCLIM 2 papers
published, 2 sub,itted and 3 in prep.
UNIREASEARCH-Environment, Svein Collaboration research on leakage monitoring in connection to CO2
Winter
storage, FME-SUCCESS, CO2 Marine
Alfred Wegner-Institut für Polar and
Meeresforshung/Mario Hoppema/Dieter
Wolf-Gladrow/Judith Hauck
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis
Centre, Alexander Kozyr
Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research/Pedro Monteiro
CSIR, Stellenbosch, South Africa
(Monteiro)
Development of CARINA. Southern Ocean biogeochemistry and ocean
acidification (CARBOCEAN/EPOCA). Acidification modelling
(MERCLIM). Iron fertilisation studies (EISENEX, EIFEX)
CARINA & SOCAT data synthesis projects, web publication of data.
Surface ocean CO2 sampling, 1. int. white paper
Southern Ocean carbon biogeochemistry and Benguela ocean
acidification research (SOBER) Joint cruises. 4 paper in preperation
EPOCA, J.-P. Gattuso, L. Hanson Research education, PHD training, best practices on ocean acidification
Gothenburg University, Melissa Chierichi
and Leif G. Anderson
use of satellite data for pCO2 data extrapolation, Nordic Seas
anthropogenic CO2, CARINA data synthesis >10 joint int. peer reviewed
articles, C-cycle and tracer studies / 10 projects and 20 papers
Heidelberg University, Ingeborg Levin Student exchange, 1 M.Sc. student, joint EU ITN proposal
Observatoire Océanologique Laboratoire Ocean acidification : research training, experimental data mining (I paper
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 29

Evaluation of Norwegian Research in Earth Science GFI – Part B
d'Océanographie CNRS-UPMC, France submitted)
(Gattuso, Nisimaa)
IFM GEOMAR, Kiel Mesocosm perturbations (PEeCE and EPOCA). Trace metal and
biogeochemical cycling in the Southern Ocean (EIFEX) 8 paper
published
Institute for Marine research, CSIC, Vigo Anthropogenic carbon investigations (1 paper)
JGOFS, SOLAS & IMBER (integrated Participation in SSC, Working groups and joint research projects;
research projects from the IGBP)
research training / Development of Science and implementation plans,
Joint publications
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et Biogeochemical modelling, 3 projects, 1 publication, 2 drafts
l'Environnement (LSCE), Saclay, France,
M. Gehlen, L.Bopp, J. Orr
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Wade Eddy Covariance air-sea CO2 exchange measurements and pCO2
McGillis & Taro Takahashi
climatology, student exchange, 1 int. peer reviewed article & joint
arcticle in preperation,
Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften, Development of CARINA, >5 int. peer rev. Articles, 4 joint projects, C.
Kiel, Germany (IfM-GEOMAR), T. Heinze: Developed an age transport module for the early diagenesis
Tanhua, D. Wallace, A. Körtzinger, I. Kriest model of the HAMOCC2s. / 1 publication (Heinze et al 2009), research
visit (sabbatical).
LOCEAN-IPSL, Nicolas Metzl , Gilles Collaboration on collection of CO2, temperature and salinity data from
Reverdin, S. Janicot, E. Mohino
the container carrier Nuka Arctica in the subpolar North Atlantic,
analysis of CO2 time trends in the region & the Surface ocean CO2 Atlas
Project; 1 scientific exchange, C-cycle and ocean physics / 6 projects, 5
papers
Marine Research Institute Iceland, Jon Joint fieldwork and CARINA project, 2 int. peer reviewed articles.
Olafsson
Max-Planck-Institute für Meteorologie, J. C-cycle and tracer modelling, 2 projects and 2 papers
Segschneider, E. Maier-Reimer
National Oceanography Centre,
Calcification and ocean acidification (CALMARO), new instrumentation
Southampton, UK
for carbon cycle studies (SENSENET)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre/Sergio Modelling the subpolar North Atlantic Carbon Cycle.
Signorini
NOAA-Pacific MARINE Environmental Organisation of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (http://www.socat.info/)
Laboratory, Christoph Sabine and Steve the worlds largest database of surface ocean pCO2 data
Hankin
NOAA Miami, Rik Wanninkhof and Denis VOS-data and flux data/ 3 projects about 10 papers, International
Pierrot
coordination Joint SOLAS and IMBER scientific implementation plan;
Science results depicted in Deep-Sea Research, II, Volume 56, 8-10,
2009, in papers therin, research visit (Sabbatical)
Plymouth Marine Laboratories Ecosystem and ocean acidification modelling (MEECE)
Rosenstiel School of marine and
SOLAS and IMBER joint implementation plan for carbon
atmospheric Sceicne, University of Miami
Stanford University, USA. (Gry Mine Berg) Biogeochemical cycling in the Southern Ocean (EIFEX). One paper
submitted
University of Princeton, Robert M. Key Development of CARINA: unique database of marine C observations
from 188 cruises in the Atlantic, Arctic and Southern Oceans, securing
amongs other the data collected by our group. >5 int. peer rev. articles
University of Cape Town, South Africa Southern Ocean carbon biogeochemistry (SOBER) Joint cruises,
(Waldron, Thomalla)
lecturing, PhD student supervision. 3 Papers in preperation
University of East Anglia/Andrew Watson, EU projects ESOP, IMCORP, CAVASSOO, TRACTOR,
Dorothee Bakker
CARBOOCEAN, the SOCAT data synthesis. Air-sea CO2 exchange
and tracer release studies, 5 projects, 15 papers
University of Liege, Belgium, Alberto Noth Sea, 1 paper, Marine calcification and ocean acidification 1 paper
Borges
World Wide University Network (WUN) UiB´s network (board representative) / Important for networking and
collaboration in climate-poverty-health research. Has funded several
research stays at University of Washington, Seattle.
Industrial/private partners
Aanderaa Development of CO2 sensors and system for calibration of oxygen
sensors
Other information of relevance to the evaluation
New initiatives for collaboration with terrestrial research groups (UiO, NILU, BIOFORSK at Ås,
and others) are on their way in connection with earth system modelling.
Self evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 30

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I List of doctoral graduates 2007-2009, Geophysical Institute, UiB
Candidate Dissertation title
Arild
Sundfjord
Sönke Maus
(Dr.philos.)
Erik W.
Kolstad
Yongjia Song
Doroteaciro
Iovino
Caroline
Kivimäe
Elin Darelius
Steinar Orre
Signe Aaboe
François
Counillon
Ivar A.
Seierstad
“Vertical mixing in the
marginal ice zone of the
Barents Sea. Spatial and
temporal variation of oceanic
turbulence - observations and
numerical model
experiments.”
”Brine entrapment in sea ice:
morphological stability,
microstructure, and
convection”.
”Extreme winds in the Nordic
Seas: polar lows and Arctic
fronts in a changing climate”
“Modeling of atmospheric
circulation at mid- and high
latitudes of the northern
hemisphere – evaluation
studies using ARPEGE”
"On the Nordic Seas' role in
the Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation"
”Carbon and oxygen fluxes in
the Barents and Norwegian
Seas: Production, air-sea
exchange and budget
calculations”
”On the influence of smallscale
topography on dense
plumes, with a special focus
on the Filchner Overflow
plume”
“Circulation features in the
northern North Atlantic
Ocean inferred from
simulated radioactive tracers”
”Circulation dynamics over
sloping topography –
Application to the Nordic
Seas and Arctic Ocean”
“Ensemble-based data
assimilation and forecasting
with an eddy-resolving model
of the Gulf of Mexico”
"On the relationships between
large scale flow patterns,
storminess and a reduced
Date of
defense
Superviso
r
Funding
source
Cooperat
ion
12-01-07 Svendsen NFR NPI
23-03-07 None
30-03-07 Kvamstø
13-04-07 Grønås
NFR
(CoE)
NFR
(CoE)
BCCR
BCCR
27-06-07 Drange NFR NERSC
17-08-07
T.
Johanness
en
05-10-07 Gammelsr
ød
UiB BCCR
NFR
(CoE)
BCCR
12-03-08 Drange NFR NERSC
30-05-08 Svendsen NFR NPI
12-09-08
O. M.
Johanness
en
15-10-08 Kvamstø NFR
NFR NERSC

APPENDIX I List of doctoral graduates 2007-2009, Geophysical Institute, UiB
Cecilie Hansen
Dag Johan
Steinskog
Cai Dong
Anders
Sirevaag
Karin
Margretha H.
Larsen
Øyvind
Knutsen
Tarjei Breiteig
Christophe
Bernard
Arctic sea-ice cover"
”Simulated primary
production in the Norwegian
Sea – Interannual variability
and impact of mesoscale
activity”
“Applications of extreme
value theory in temperature
records in Extra-tropical and
Arctic regions”
”Glacier response to changing
climatic condition - The role
of circulation variability and
long-term trends over the
Tibetan Plateau, China”
”Small-scale processes of the
under-ice boundary layer”
”Circulation and exchange of
water masses on the Faroe
Shelf and the impact on the
Shelf ecosystem”
”Spatial and temporal
variability of currents and
transport of warm waters
towards the Arctic Ocean
with focus on the flow
towards the Greenland-
Scotland ridge and the
through flow area at the
eastern side of the Fram
Strait: Analysis and
synthesis”.
"The influence of the ocean
and the stratosphere on
climate persistence in the
North Atlantic region"
”Land Ocean coupling:
Contribution of riverine silica
fluxes to Global Ocean
Biogeochemistry”
28-11-08 Drange NERSC NERSC
08-12-08 Kvamstø NERSC
11-12-08 Barthel Quota
09-01-09 Gammelsr
ød
11-02-09 Svendsen
NFR
(CoE)
Faroes
Partnersh
ip,
Torshavn,
Færøyene
Met.Inst.,
Lhasa,
Tibet
BCCR
Faroe inst
Fisheries
Research
30-06-09 Svendsen NFR BCCR
07-09-09 Kvamstø NFR BCCR
25-09-09 Heinze EU BCCR

APPENDIX II CV, publication list and description of research of GFI staff members
Karen ASSMANN 2
Jurgen BADER 6
Knut BARTHEL 9
David BATTISTI 11
Richard BELLERBY 15
Ute DAEWEL 20
Elin DARELIUS 23
Helge DRANGE 25
Eva FALCK 31
Ilker FER 35
Tore FUREVIK 39
Tor GAMMELSRØD 43
Sigbjørn GRØNÅS 46
Peter HAUGAN 49
Christoph HEINZE 55
Daniela JACOBS 61
Alastair JENKINS 67
Johnny JOHANNESSEN 71
Truls JOHANNESSEN 75
Yoshie KASAJIMA 80
Nils Gunnar KVAMSTØ 82
Gudrun MAGNUSDOTTIR 86
Soenke MAUS 88
Finn Gunnar NIELSEN 92
Frank NILSEN 96
Haraldur OLAFSSON 102
Jan Asle OLSETH 105
Abdirahman OMAR 109
Kjell Arild ORVIK 114
Svein ØSTERHUS 118
Emanuele R. REGGIANI 121
Joachim REUDER 123
Caroline ROELANDT 127
Corinna SCHRUM 130
Melvyn A. SHAPIRO 135
Anders SIREVAAG 138
Anna SJ¨OBLOM 140
Ingunn SKJELVAN 148
Asgeir SORTEBERG 153
David STEPHENSON 158
Svein SUNDBY 164
Jerry TJIPUTRA 168
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 1

ChemOcean KAREN ASSMANN
Name: Karen Assmann
Born: 22 January 1976
Nationality: German
Present position: Researcher II (BCCR), Associate Professor II (GFI, 9/2007-9/2009)
Academic degrees:
2004 PhD/Dr. rer.nat. University of Bremen/Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine
Research (AWI), Germany
1999 MSci Physics, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Department of
Physics, London, UK
Work experience:
04/2009 – 04/2010 Researcher, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
09/2007 - 08/2009 Adjunct Associate Professor, Geophysical Institute,University of Bergen
04/2005 - 03/2009 Post-doctoral Researcher, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
02/2005 - 03/2005 Post-doctoral Researcher, Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine
Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany
07/2004 - 12/2004 Post-doctoral Researcher, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New
York University, New York, U.S.A
01/2004 - 03/2004 Research Assistant, Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine
Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany
11/1999 - 08/2003 Research Assistant, Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine
Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany
Fields of interest and present research activities
� Ocean carbon cycle modelling & model development
� Carbon uptake in the North Atlantic
� Carbon and heat transport and fluxes in the Nordic Seas
� Oxygen variability in Subantarctic Model Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water
� Ice-ocean interaction and variability of dense water formation in Antarctic Marginal Seas
� Teaching at GFI:
� GEOF336 Chemical Oceanography: Exercises & Lecturing
� GEOF101 Introduction to Meteorology and Oceanography: Lecturing
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 80%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including peerreview,
outreach activities, and other professional merits:
• Reviewer for Science, JGR, GRL, EPSL, Antarctic Science
• Membership in Scientific Projects: Co-PI NFR Project CarbonHeat, EU IP CarboOcean,
Norwegian Science Foundation (NFR) Project NorClim, NFR IPY Project BIAC, NFR
Project MerClim, international collaborator in US project AnSlope
• Guest member of SCAR Southern Ocean Panel
• Member of AGU
• Lecturer EaSYMS Summer School, Helsinki, 2009
Doctoral students presently under supervision
Gisle Nondal, NERSC/GFI, 2006-present
Siv Lauvset, BCCR/GFI, 2008-present
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
(i) peer-reviewed journal papers
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ChemOcean KAREN ASSMANN
Assmann, K.M., M. Bentsen, J. Segschneider, and C. Heinze: An isopycnic ocean carbon cycle
model, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 2, 1023-1079, 2009.
Tjiputra, J.F., K. Assmann, M. Bentsen, I. Bethke, O. H. Otterå, C. Sturm, and C. Heinze: Bergen
earth system model (BCM-C): model description and regional climate-carbon cycle
feedbacks assessment, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 2, 845-887, 2009.
Assmann, K.M., H.H. Hellmer, and S.S. Jacobs: Amundsen sea ice production and transport. J. of
Geophys. Res., 110(C12), C12013, DOI:10.1029/2004JC002797, 2005.
Assmann, K.M., and R.Timmermann: Variability of dense water formation in the Ross Sea. Ocean
Dynamics, 55, 68-87, DOI:10.1007/s10236-004-0106-7, 2005.
(ii) other papers (including scientific reports)
Jansen, Eystein; Flatøy, Frode; Ninnemann, Ulysses S; Mesquita, Michel D Santos; Assmann,
Karen Margarete: Norsk klimavarsling kan bli svekket. (Norwegian climate research may be
weakened), Morgenbladet, 2009.
Paasche, Øyvind; Kolstad, Erik Wilhelm; Assmann, Karen. Klimaforskerne ut til folket. (Climate
researchers to the people) På Høyden, 2007.
(iii) international conference proceedings
Invited Presentations
Assmann, K.M.: Regional modelling in the Southern Ocean, Clic/Clivar/SCAR Southern Ocean
Panel Meeting, 2006.
Presentations and Posters
Assmann, K.M., C.Heinze, M.Bentsen, and A.Olsen: Recent Changes in North Atlantic Carbon
Uptake in an Isopycnic Ocean Carbon Cycle Model, MOCA, Montreal, 2009. (Oral
Presentation)
Assmann, K.M., C.Heinze, M.Bentsen, and A.Olsen: Modelling Recent Changes in Carbon Uptake
in the North Atlantic, Climate Change Congress, Copenhagen, 2009. (Poster)
Assmann, K.M., C.Heinze, M.Bentsen, and A.Olsen: Recent changes in anthropogenic CO2 uptake
in an isopycnic ocean carbon cycle model, SCAR IPY Open Science Conference, St.
Petersburg, 2008. (Oral Presentation)
Tjiputra, J., K. Assmann, I. Bethke, I., C. Heinze: Potential future changes in ocean acidity using an
earth system model. kick-off meeting of EU FP7 project EPOCA; 2008. (Poster)
Tjiputra, J., K. Assmann, I. Bethke, C. Heinze, C. Sturm: Analysis of global and regional carbon
uptake by land and ocean using an earth system modeling approach. EGU General
Assembly, 2008. (Poster)
Assmann, K.M., C.Heinze, M.Bentsen, and A.Olsen: Decadal changes in anthropogenic carbon
uptake in an isopycnic ocean carbon cycle model, Oral Presentation, Ocean Sciences
Meeting, Orlando, 2008. (Oral Presentation)
Assmann, K.M., C.Heinze, M.Bentsen, H.Drange, and A.Olsen: Anthropogenic carbon uptake in an
isopycnic ocean carbon cycle model, Polar Dynamics Conference, Bergen, 2007. (Oral
Presentation)
Assmann, K.M., C. Heinze, M. Bentsen, H. Drange, K. Sturm: Excess carbon in an isopycnic ocean
carbon cycle model. EGU General Assembly, 2007. (Poster)
Assmann, K.M., C.Heinze, M.Bentsen, and H.Drange: First results from the isopycnic ocean carbon
cycle model HAMOCC and MICOM, 2nd CARBOOCEAN Annual General Meeting, 2006.
(Oral Presentation)
Assmann, K.M., and R. Timmermann: Variability of dense water formation in the Ross Sea. 3rd
International Conference on the Oceanography of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, 2005. (Oral
Presentation)
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ChemOcean KAREN ASSMANN
Assmann, K.M., C. Heinze, H. Drange, K. Lygre, M. Bentsen: Towards a new isopycnic ocean
carbon cycle model. 7th International Carbon Dioxide Conference, 2005. (Poster)
Corroboration complementing the publication list
The carbon cycle is a major forcing component in the global climate system. Modelling studies
aiming to explain recent and past climatic changes and to project future ones thus increasingly
include the interaction between the physical and biogeochemical systems. Their ocean components
are generally z-coordinate ocean models, i.e., models that use vertical layers at constant depth, that
are conceptually easy to use but that employ a vertical coordinate that is alien to the real ocean
structure.
At the Bjerknes Centre I have developed a new isopycnic ocean carbon cycle model based on the
physical ocean model MICOM and the ocean biogeochemistry module HAMOCC (Hamburg Ocean
Carbon Cycle model). Ocean carbon cycle models are generally based on z-coordinate models and
previous attempts to develop an ocean carbon cycle model based on an isopycnic ocean component
have had little success. I amended HAMOCC for use with isopycnic coordinates and we used the
additional information given by the biogeochemical tracers to identify and improve weaknesses in
the physical model. HAMOCC/MICOM will form the ocean component of the new Norwegian
Earth System Model NorESM, and has successfully been used as part of the extended Bergen
Climate model BCM-C.
The two publication in Geoscientific Model Development (Assmann et al. 2009/2010, and Tjiputra
et al. 2009/2010) we present first results from a newly developed isopycnic carbon cycle model and
demonstrate the viability of using an isopycnic physical ocean component for both stand alone
ocean carbon cycle modelling and Earth System Models. As expected, the model represents interior
ocean transport of biogeochemical tracers well and produces realistic tracer distributions.
Difficulties in employing a purely isopycnic coordinate lie mainly in the treatment of the surface
boundary layer which is often represented by a bulk mixed layer. The most significant adjustments
of the ocean biogeochemistry model HAMOCC for use with an isopycnic coordinate were in the
representation of upper ocean biological production. We present a series of sensitivity studies
exploring the effect of changes in biogeochemical and physical processes on export production and
nutrient distribution. Apart from giving us pointers for further model development, they highlight
the importance of preformed nutrient distributions in the Southern Ocean for global nutrient
distributions. The sensitivity studies show that iron limitation for biological particle production, the
treatment of light penetration for biological production, and the role of diapycnal mixing result in
significant changes of modelled air-sea fluxes and nutrient distributions.
My research career so far has focussed on the interaction of the high latitude physical ocean with
both cryosphere and biogeochemistry. I have mainly used numerical models with a close link to
observations.
The newly developped ocean carbon cycle has also been used in a study by my PhD-student Gisle
Nondal to help explain a large oxygen reduction in the South Atlantic intermediate waters seen in
buoy data. This study highlights the importance of variations and trends in the southward transport
of CDW not only for the Antarctic marginal seas, but also for AAIW formation and lower latitudes.
We have also used the model to investigate changes in air-sea carbon fluxes in the North Atlantic
which has the highest column inventories of anthropogenic carbon, but where observation indicate a
decrease in ocean carbon uptake in recent decades. This work has been presented orally and on
posters at several intenational conferences.
The remaining publications stem from my PhD thesis where I investigated the variability of the iceocean
system in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean with the BRIOS (Bremerhaven Regional
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ChemOcean KAREN ASSMANN
Ice Ocean Simulations) coupled sea ice-ice shelf-ocean model. I investigated the seasonal
variability of circulation, water mass distribution and ice shelf melting on the Ross Sea continental
shelf and showed that the inflow of high shelf water into the Ross Ice Shelf cavity affects the
central Ice Shelf Water plume. A study on sea ice transport in the Amundsen Sea combined model
results with drift buoy data. I found that the interannual variability of dense water characteristics on
the Ross Sea shelf is predominantly controlled by variations in the shelf inflow. Variations in the
seasonal cooling, salt input and subsequent deep convection in the southwestern Ross Sea cannot
explain the shelf water freshening observed in recent decades. The origin of the inflow variability
can be traced back to the western Bellingshausen Sea. Variations in the meridional transport of
Circumpolar Deep Water cause temperature anomalies at the shelf break and consequently the subsurface
salinity anomalies that are found in both observations and the model by affecting sea-ice
related fresh water fluxes in the Amundsen Sea.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 5

METEO JURGEN BADER
Name: Jürgen Bader
Born: 12.11.1973
Nationality: German
Present position: Associate Professor (50%) at the Geophysical Institute, UiB; Researcher II UNI-
Bjerknes Centre (50%)
Academic degrees
• PhD at the Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany: "The Role of the
Tropical Indian Ocean in Global Climate", advisors: Prof. Dr. Mojib Latif, Prof. Dr. Hartmut
Graßl 16.10.2000 - 02.02. 2005
• Dipolma in meteorology, Hamburg, Germany: "Large eddy simulation of contrails", Advisors:
Prof.Dr. Hartmut Graßl, Dr. Andreas Chlond, 11.6.1999
• "Vordiplom" in meteorology, Hamburg, Germany, 1995
Work experience
• Associate Professor (temporary position) at the Geophysical Institute at the University of
Bergen, Norway, since 01. 03. 2009
• "Postdoc" in the Projekt "COMPAS" (Climate and Ocean in mid-to-high latitudes: Mechanisms
of variability in PAleo and modern recordS funded by the research council of Norway) at the
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway, since 07. 08. 2006
• "Postdoc" in the EU-Projekt "AMMA" (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses) at the
Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften an der Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 03. 02. 2005 -
31. 7. 2006
• Employed in the projekt "IMPETUS" (An integrated approach to the efficient management of
scarce water resources in West Africa) at the Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany (working
place: Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany), 16. 10. 2000 - 31. 12. 2004
• Military services at the "Geophysikalischen Dienst der Bundeswehr", Alt Duvenstedt, Germany
(aviation meteorology; flightweather briefing) 1. 11. 1999 - 31. 8. 2000
• Student job at the Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany 1995-1999
Teaching
Since 2009 I have lectured the following courses at GFI: GEOF212 - Physical Climatology,
GEOF320 - Dynamics of the Atmosphere I
Fields of interest and present research activities
My main scientific interests are in climate dynamics and dynamical meteorology. My work in these
fields has mostly been connected with numerical modelling and can be categorized in the following
topics:
• climate modelling and -analysis
• large-scale dynamics
• ocean-atmosphere interaction, especially the impact of sea surface temperatures and sea ice
on the atmospheric variability
• monsoon dynamics, especially the the low-frequency variabilty of the West African
Monsoon
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research:
The portion of my time dedicated to research is now about 50%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including peerreview,
outreach activities, and other professional merits:
• Several assessment committees for applicants to scientific positions
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METEO JURGEN BADER
• Review duties journals: Journal of Climate, Climate Dynamics, Theoretical and Applied
Climatology
• Review duties proposals: National Science Foundation, USA
• About 20 presentations at international conferences and workshop
Research grants and contracts
Funding
Agency
Project Title Period Role
RCN COMPAS 2006 - Investigator
RCN DecCen 2009 - Principal
Investigator
Doctoral students presently under supervision
Main supervisor for 2 MSc candidates and 1 PhD candidate
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Bader J. and M. Latif: North Atlantic Oscillation response to anomalous Indian Ocean SST in a
coupled GCM, Journal of Climate, 18, 5382-5389, 2005
Bader, Mohino and Janicot: The impact of differences between two observed SST data-sets on the
African Monsoon, in preparation, 2010
Belen Rodriguez de Fonseca, Serge Janicot, Teresa Losada, Elsa Mohino, Mathieu Joly, Aurora
Voldoire, Bernard Fontaine, Cyril Caminade, Irene Polo, Javier Garcia-Serrano, Jürgen Bader,
Fabrice Chauvin, Paolo Ruti, Sebastin Gervois: Interanual Variability on the West African
Monsoon, submitted to Atmospheric Science Letters, 2010
Elsa Mohino, Belen Rodrguez de Fonseca, Teresa Losada, Sebastien Gervois, Serge Janicot, Jürgen
Bader, Paolo Ruti, and Fabrice Chauvin: Inter-annual SST-forced signals on West African
rainfall from AGCM simulations-Part I: changes in the interannual modes and model
intercomparison, submitted to Climate Dynamics, 2010
Mohino, Janicot and Bader: Sahel rainfall and decadal to multidecadal sea surface temperature
variability, submitted to Climate Dynamics, 2009
Mesquita, Hodges, Atkinson and Bader: Sea ice anomalies in the Sea of Okhotsk and the
relationship with storm tracks in the northern hemisphere, submitted to Tellus, 2009
Bader, Jürgen and Mojib Latif: The 1983 drought in the West Sahel: a case study, Climate
Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0700-y, 2009
Seierstad I. and J. Bader: Impact of a projected future Arctic Sea Ice reduction on extratropical
storminess and the NAO, Climate Dynamics, 34, 937-943, DOI 10.1007/s00382-008-0463-x,
2008
Latif M. , N. Keenlyside, J. Bader: Tropical sea surface temperature, vertical wind shear, and
hurricane development, Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L01710,
doi:10.1029/2006GL027969, 2007
Bader J. and M. Latif: North Atlantic Oscillation response to anomalous Indian Ocean SST in a
coupled GCM, Journal of Climate, 18, 5382-5389, 2005
Bader J. : The role of the tropical Indian Ocean in global Climate, PhD thesis, Fachbereich
Geowissenschaften, Universität Hamburg, 2005
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
My primary expertise is on climate phenomena and their relevance for future change.
I worked on variability patterns like the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) - the dominant climate
mode in the north Atlantic region. I analysed interconnections between a projected future arctic sea
ice reduction and the NAO and investigated the role of the observed tropical sea surface warming
on the recent upward trend of the NAO. I analysed the role of remote sea surface temperatures
anomalies on the Sahelian drought which is part of the West African Monsoon system. The paper
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 7

METEO JURGEN BADER
has been cited in the last IPCC report. I also worked on extremes. I analysed the role of the vertical
wind-shear on the hurricane development in the Atlantic sector.
Bader J. and M. Latif: The impact of decadal-scale Indian Ocean SST anomalies on Sahelian
rainfall and the North Atlantic Oscillation, Geophysical Research Letters, 30, DOI
10.1029/2003GL018426, 2003
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 8

LaScO KNUT BARTHEL
Name: Knut Barthel
Born: 1953 March 17
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Associate professor
Academic degrees:
1980: University of Oslo, Cand.Real.
1985: University of Bergen Dr.Scient.
Work experience:
1991-present: Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Associate professor.
1987-91: Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Senior scientist.
1985-87: Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Scientist.
Fields of interest and present research activities:
• Numerical modelling in oceanography.
• Remote sensing of geophysical variables.
• Planetary boundary layer and air-sea interaction.
• Sea surface gravity waves.
Presently the research activity is concentrated on the oceanic circulation in the South China Sea,
and on the formulation of the external heat fluxes in the numerical model ECOSMO which I use in
the study. ECOSMO stems from the Hamburg shelf ocean model (HAMSOM), and couples
biological and physical processes. My colleague Corinna Schrum has contributed much to its
development, and it is used by many in the research group. Last year I have also used ECOSMO in
a project where the physical state of some bays on the Kola peninsula was investigated.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: Between 30 to 40%, i.e. less than usual. This is
due to strong dedication to educational matters (e.g. NOMA-project in Sudan).
Membership in academic and professional committees:
Member of the Institute’s Master Program Board.
Doctoral students presently under supervision:
• Jan Kristian Jensen: Using Regional Oriented Feature Modelling to assess Spatial Structure,
Dynamics, Life Cycle, and Climatology of Mesoscale Oceanographic Structures in Norwegian
Waters.
• Thai Ngoc Chien: Primary Production on the Shelf Waters of the Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam.
• Pham Xuan Duong: The circulation and hydrography of the Nha Phu and Nha Trang bays,
Vietnam.
Selected publications 2005-2009:
Peer reviewed:
Barthel, K., R. Rosland, and C.N. Thai. Modelling the circulation on the continental shelf of the
province Khanh Hoa in Vietnam. Journal of Marine Systems, Vol. 77, No. 1-2, pp. 89-113, doi
10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.010, 2009.
Scientific report:
Barthel, K., Y. Gjessing, and T. Sagerup. Possible sea ice formation in Guba Orlovka based on
circulation modelling and meteorological conditions. Geotechnic report for Shtokman
Development AG, Technip, and Barlindhaug Multiconsult, 2009.
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LaScO KNUT BARTHEL
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
The department of Biology at the University of Bergen is leading a NUFU project with Vietnamese
counterparts to investigate the carrying capacity of the bays of the Khanh Hoa province. The project
is called Coastal Modelling and Fish Health. The Geophysical institute was asked to contribute
with expertise in oceanographic modelling.
I have been using the Hamburg shelf ocean model HAMSOM for several years in studies of
Norwegian waters, and decided to go into this project using my experience with HAMSOM. The
project aims also at calculations of the primary production in the bays. Therefore we went for the
primary production model, ECOHAM, which have been developed at the same institute in
Hamburg. The daily mean values of the physical state (sea level, currents, temperature, etc)
calculated by HAMSOM were fed into ECOHAM.
The article Modelling the circulation on the continental shelf of the province Khanh Hoa in Vietnam
presents the physical model results from HAMSOM that were used as input for the primary
production modelling. A paper called Modeling nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics at the
continental shelf of Khanh Hoa, Vietnam, reports on that work, and is under revision.
My colleague Corinna Schrum has developed the model ECOSMO, which couples the biology and
the physics. It stems from HAMSOM. In stead of daily mean values, the tidal values are used,
which gives more realistic behavior of the mixing processes involved. In the NUFU project we
therefore proceed with ECOSMO.
The report Possible sea ice formation in Guba Orlovka based on circulation modelling and
meteorological conditions gives estimates of the physical conditions during winter in some bays on
the Kola peninsula where the Russians plan to construct new harbours. I have set up ECOSMO on a
very fine scale for the area. One goal was to calculate the effect that a breakwater would have on
the formation of sea ice.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 10

CLIMATE DAVID BATTISTI
Name: David Battisti
Born: 1956
Nationality: U.S. citizen
Present position: Professor, Tamaki Chair of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington,
Seattle
Academic degrees
1988 Ph.D., Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA.
Disertation title: Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Interannual Variability in the Tropical
Atmosphere/Ocean System.
1981 M.Sc., Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle WA.
1978 .B.Sc, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. Cum Laude.
Work experience
2007-present Adjunct Professor, University of Bergen
2006- present Tamaki Chair of Atmospheric Sciences
2006- present Adjunct Faculty, Dept. of Earth and Space Physics, Univ. of Washington
2003 – 2006 Director, Earth Initiative, University of Washington
2003 – 2006 Tamaki Professor of Atmospheric Sciences
2003 – 2006 Associate Vice Provost, Office of Research.
2000 - present Professor, Dept, of Atmospheric Sciences, Univ. of Washington, Seattle WA
1997 - 2003 Director, Joint Study of the Atmosphere and Oceans (JISAO), University of
Washington, Seattle, WA
1996 - present Senior Fellow, JISAO, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
1995 - 2000 Associate Professor, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, U. of Washington,
Seattle.
1991 - 1995 Fellow, JISAO, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
1990 - 1995 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Atmos. Sci., University of Washington, Seattle
WA.
1989 - 1990 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Meteorology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison WI.
JISAO
1989 - 1990 Summer Visitor, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
1988 Research Associate (postdoctorate), University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
Notes: Most of the courses below meet four hours per week. Readings Courses are not listed.
University of Washington, Seattle, WA
1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001 Atmosphere/Ocean Interaction (ATMS 591, ATMS 560)
1993 Equatorial Physical Oceanography (OCN 548a)
1990-1993, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2006 Weather (ATMS 101)
1994, 1995, 1997, 1999-2002, Honors Arts and Science (HA&S 220A) Maintenance of the Climate
System
2003 Honors Arts and Science (HA&S 220A) Climate of the Pacific Northwest
2004 Honors and Science (HA&S 221A) The Physical Earth
2005 Honors (HA&S 221A) The Biological Earth 2005 Honors (HA&S 222A) The Human Earth
2006, 2007 Honors (HA&S 222A) Food and the Environment
2009 (HA&S 222D) Global Warming
2006 The Holocene Express (with G. Roe and J. Sachs; ATMS 590)
1991-1998, 2005 Atmospheric Dynamics II (ATMS 442)
1991, 1994 Atmospheric Dynamics II (ATMS 542)
1996 Planetary Atmospheric Dynamics (ATMS 556)
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 11

CLIMATE DAVID BATTISTI
2000, 2010 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics II (ATMS 509/OCN 509)
2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009 Paleoclimate (ATMS 589/ESS 589)
2008, 2009 Global Warming (ATMS 111)
2010 Climate and Justice (LAW 576A)
University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
1989 Atmosphere-Ocean System (grad.)
1989 Physical Oceanography II (grad.)
1990 Introduction to Meteorology, (undergrad.)
1990 Tropical Oceanography Seminar (grad.)
Fields o finterest and present research activities
• Dynamical Climate Reconstruction Using Paleoclimate Data and Ensemble State Estimation
• Constructing a Zero-Energy Rice Seed Bank in Jharkhand, India
• Climate and Food Security in Indonesia
• Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events on Chinese Rice Production and the
World Rice Market
• Variability and drivers of the annual cycle of rainfall in China
• Impacts of El Nino/Southern Oscillation change due to increased greenhouse gases
• Geo-engineering Climate Change
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 50%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including peerreview,
outreach activities, and other professional merits:
1990 - 1993 AMS Committee on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere.
1992 - 1995, NOAA Atlantic Climate Change Program Scientific Working Group.
1997-1998 Membership; cochair, 1992-1994.
1993–1996 Science Working Group, Surface Heat and Energy Balance of the Arctic
(SHEBA).
1994 - 1996 National Academy of Science/National Research Council Climate Research
Committee (CRC).
1994 – 1998 National Academy of Science/National Research Council Panel on Decadal
to Century Climate Variability (DECCEN
1996-1997 Member, Science Steering Committee (SSC) for NSF Arctic System Science
(OAII)
1996-1997 Cochair, CSM Decadal Variability Working Group
1996-1999 Member, Steering Committee for NOAA Postdoctoral Program; Chair 1999
1998 Cochair, CSM Decadal Variability Working Group
1998-2000 Member, NSF’s SEARCH Science Steering Group
1998-2000, 2002 Cochair, U.S. Science Steering Committee for Climate (US CLIVAR)
2001 Member, U.S. Science Steering Committee for CLIVAR
1998-2005 Member, NOAA’s Abrupt Climate Change Panel
1998-present Member, NSF’s Climate Systems Laboratory Review Panel
2000-2007 Member, U.S. CLIVAR-PAGES Science Steering Committee
2001-2007 Member, Advisory Committee for Canadian Climate Program (CLIVAR)
2002-2003 Chair, NOAA Joint Institutes
2002-2003 Member, Senior Research Council, NOAA
2003-2006 Director, Earth Initiative, University of Washington
2009-2010 Member, Committee on Stabilization Targets for Atmospheric Greenhouse
Gas Concentrations. National Research Council, National Academy of
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CLIMATE DAVID BATTISTI
Sciences
Professional societies: AMS, AGU, EGU
Honors
• Whos who in the West 1995, 1996
• Whos who in America 1997
• Golden Citation Award (Australia) 1995
• Recipient, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences Annual Teaching Award, 1994; 1997
• Houghton Lecturer, MIT 1999 (www-paoc.mit.edu/paoc/events/houghton.htm)
• Keynote speaker at numerous national and international meetings, including the annual meeting
of the American Geophysical Union Annual Meeting (2002, 2003, 2004), American Quaternary
Association AMQUA (2002), the Goldschmidt Conference (2002), and the Geological Society
of America Annual Meeting (2003).
• Distinguished Visiting Scholar, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Summer 2002.
• Thompson Lecturer, NCAR 2004 (http://www.asp.ucar.edu/thompson/thompson_lecture.jsp)
• Fellow, American Meteorological Society Professor II, Department of Geophysics, University of
Bergen (January 2007 – present)
• Quay Hebrew Distinguished Lecturer, Brigham Young University (2008)
• Flint Lecturer, Yale University (2008)
Henry Kendall Lecturer, MIT (2010)
Refereed papers/proposals for the following professional organisations:
National Academy of Sciences, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, Journal of Climate, J. Meteor.
Soc. Japan, Geophysical Research Letters, Journal of Physical Oceanography, Continental Shelf
Research, National Science Foundation, Deep-Sea Research, U.S. Department of State, Nature,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Global and Planetary Science, The
Atmosphere-Ocean System, Cambridge University Press, Oxford Press, Bulletin American Met.
Society, West Publishing, New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology, Tellus,
J. of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres), J. of Geophysical Research (Oceans), NERC (UK),
MacArthur Foundation
Doctoral students presently under supervision: 4
Aaron Donohoe & Rob Nicholas (U.Washington), Kathrine Dayem (U. Colorado), Francesco
Pausata (U.Bergen).
Current MSc students: 6. Otherwise, has Battisti supervised 15 PhD and 12 MSc candidates since
1993 (presently 6 MSc students)
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
2009 Deng, X., J. Huang, F. Qiao, R.L. Naylor, W.P. Falcon, M. Burke, S.Rozelle, and D.S.
Battisti: Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events on China’s Rice Production.
Journal of Geographical Sciences, 20, 3-16.
2009 Vimont, D.J., D.S. Battisti, and R.L. Naylor: Downscaling Indonesian precipitation using
large-scale meteorological fields. International Journal of Climatology, DOI
10.1002/joc.2010.
2009 Donohoe, A. and D.S. Battisti The amplitude asymmetry between synoptic cyclone and
anticyclone amplitudes: implications for filtering methods in feature tracking. Mon. Wea.
Rev., 137, 3874-87.
2009 Donohoe, A. and D.S. Battisti: Causes of Reduced North Atlantic Storm Activity in a CCSM3
Simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum. J. Climate, 22, 4793–4808.
2009 Pausata, F.S.R., C. Li, J.J. Wettstein, K.H. Nisancioglu, and D.S. Battisti: Changes in
atmospheric variability in a glacial climate and the impacts on proxy data: a model
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 13

CLIMATE DAVID BATTISTI
intercomparison. Climate of the Past, 5, 489-502.
2009 Sachs, J.P., D. Sachse, Z. Zhang, R.H. Smittenberg, D.S. Battisti, and S. Golubic: Near-
equator position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone during the Littel Ice Age. Nature
Geosciences, 28 June.
2009 Battisti, D.S. and R.L. Naylor: Historical Warnings of Future Food Insecurity
withUnprecedented Seasonal Heat. Science, 323, no 5911, 240-4.
2009 Blackstock, J.J, D.S. Battisti, K. Caleira, D.M. Eardley, J.I.Katz, D.W. Keith, A.A.N.
Patrinos, D.P. Schrag, R.H.Socolow, and S.E. Koonin: Climate engineering response to
climate emergencies. Novim.
2008 Li C. and D.S. Battisti: Reduced Atlantic storminess during the Last Glaical Maximum:
Evidence from a coupled climate model. J. Climate, 21, 3561-79.
2008 Nicholas,R.andD.S.Battisti:DroughtRecurrenceandSeasonalRainfallPredictioninthe Rio Yaqui
Basin, Mexico. J. App. Meteor. Hydro., 47, 991-1005.
2007 Naylor, R.L, D.S. Battisti, D.J. Vimont, W.P. Falcon and M.B. Burke: Assessing Risks of
Climate Variability and Climate Change on Indonesian Rice Agriculture. Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci., 104, 7752-7.
2007 Takahaski, K. and D.S. Battisti: Processes controlling the mean tropical Pacific Precipitation
Pattern: II. The South Pacific Convergence Zone and the southeast Pacific dry zone. J.
Climate, 20, 5696-5702.
2007 Seager, R., and D.S. Battisti: Challenges to our understanding of the general circulation:
abrupt climate change. In “The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere” (eds. Schneider and
Sobel). Pg 331-71. Princeton University Press.
2007 Takahaski, K. and D.S. Battisti: Processes controlling the mean tropical Pacific Precipitation
Pattern: I. The Andes and the Eastern Pacific ITCZ. J. Climate. 20, 3434-51.
2005 Biasutti, M., D. S. Battisti and E.S. Sarachik: Terrestrial influence on the annual cycle of the
Atlantic ITCZ in an AGCM coupled to a slab ocean. J. Climate, 18, 211-28.
2005 Li, C., D.S. Battisti, D.P. Schrag, E. Tziperman: Abrupt climate shifts in Greenland due to
displacement of the sea ice edge. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L19702, doi:10.
1029/2005GL023492.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 14

ChemOcean RICHARD BELLERBY
Name: Richard Garth James Bellerby
Born: 6 th October 1966.
Nationality: British
Present position: Associate professor II (UiB)/Researcher I- Professor competence (Uni Research)
Academic degrees
Doctor of Philosophy: 1990-4. Seawater pH and the Oceanic Carbon cycle. University of
Plymouth/Plymouth Marine Laboratory
BSc(Hons). (2:1) 1986-90. Ocean Science and Fisheries Science Polytechnic South West
Work experience
Positions
Postdoctoral Investigator: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 1/1/95-31/12/95.
Senior Research Associate: Dept. Environmental Science, University of East Anglia. 1/2/96-
31/1/98.
Researcher: Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen. 1/2/98-31/1/99.
Higher Scientific Officer: CCMS, Plymouth Marine Laboratory. 4/2/99-3/2/00.
Researcher: Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen. 4/2/00-30/9/01
Senior Researcher II Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research. 1/10/01-31/03/09.
Senior Researcher I (Professor competence) Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research. 31/03/09present
Associate Professor Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, 1/9/08-present
Teaching
1990-1994: Undergraduate supervision and lecturing in estuarine dynamics and coastal
oceanography, University of Plymouth.
1998, 1999 Undergraduate/Masters. Marine biogeochemistry, Uni. Cape Town, South Africa.
2002: Biogeochemical modifications and climate, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
2003-4. Polar Biogeochemistry postgraduate course. Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
2008- present Global Carbon Cycling/Ocean Biogeochemistry. Uni. of Cape Town, South Africa.
Fields of interest
Marine carbon cycle; Marine biogeochemistry; Ocean acidification; Ocean modelling;
Instrumentation for ocean observations; Ocean change and society – communication and education:
Present research activities
High latitude carbon dioxide system research: Using new and historical ocean observations of the
Arctic and Southern Ocean marine biogeochemical systems, we are characterising the regionality
and rates of change of ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange and surface-deep ocean natural and
anthropogenic carbon transport.
Ocean acidification: We use ocean observations and ocean models to identify and study processes
that influence the rate of ocean acidification. This information is being used to determine thresholds
and potential tipping points for future ocean carbon uptake through alterations of the oceans buffer
capacity and for the maintenance of important ecosystems including Arctic cold water coral
systems, planktonic ecosystems and African upwelling systems.
Response of marine ecosystems to climate relevant perturbations: We study the biogeochemical
and pelagic ecological process responses and consequences for marine biogeochemical cycling
following deliberate ecosystem perturbations. We are studying the effects of ocean acidification,
changing iron supply, changing organic carbon supply, a warming ocean and changing light and
UV supply through a changing ice-climate. Meta-analysis of this information is being used to
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 15

ChemOcean RICHARD BELLERBY
develop a new understanding of marine ecosystem responses relevant to ecosystem model
parameterisation.
Ecosystem modelling: We are combining the new information from the deliberate perturbation
experiments into coupled ecosystem models (with full carbon dioxide system) to develop scenarios
of ecosystem response and climate feedbacks throughout the next century.
Novel instrumentation for carbon biogeochemical studies: We optimise existing and develop new
instrumentation for automated observations of the carbon dioxide in seawater to enable improved
regional, temporal and deep ocean coverage of in situ observations. These sensors are used on ships
of opportunity and profiling floats.
Climate discourse: We are developing an understanding of the societal requirements for climate
and ocean change information. We are improving the language of communication by developing
common discourse strategies. We are then applying this new knowledge to inform, at the suitable
level, on societal and policy relevant data and information to different levels of institution (e.g.
schools, industry, politicians). This work is at the national and international level with a particular
initial focus on Southern Africa
Indication of portion of time dedicated to research: 70%
Membership of National and International Committees
American Geophysical Union, Norwegian Geophysical Union, OR/SCAR expert group in
Oceanography 2006-present. SCAR SOOS implementation group 2007-present. Scientific Steering
Committee for SCOR/SCAR ICED 2009-present
Editorial responsibilities
Guest Editor for Special Issue on “Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography,
Volume 55, Issues 20-21, October 2008” with Paul Wassmann and JoLynn Carroll. Guest
Editor for Special Issue on “The Ocean in a high CO2 world” with Ulf Riebesell, Frede
Thingstad. Biogeosciences, 5. Reviewer for Elsevier, Blackwell, AGU and EGU journals
Professional merits as Project leadership
UiB LOCUS: Mesocosm studies of climate change on marine ecosystems PI. Norwegian Research
Council: CABANERA Arctic carbon cycle PI. NOAA: Autonomous underway instruments for VOS
applications. Lead PI. EU COST 735: "Short-lived trace gas production and biological feedbacks"
WG Leader. Norwegian Research Council: SOBER- Southern Ocean Biogeochemistry
Coordinator Norwegian Research Council: IPY BIAC BiPolar Atlantic Circulation Project
Manager, PI. Bjerknes PAME (SFF). Polar Aquatic Marine Ecology PI. EU Framework VII:
EPOCA. European Study of Ocean Acidification PI. EU Framework VII: MEECE. Marine
Ecosystem Evolution in a Changing Environment Steering Committee Member, PI and WG
leader. EU ITN CALMARO. Calcification by Marine Organisms PI. Norwegian Research Council
NORKLIMA: MERCLIM. Marine Ecosystem Response to a Changing Climate Coordinator. EU
Framework VII: SENSENET. Development of new sensors for oceanic measurement PI. Arctic
Marine Assessment Project - Arctic Acidification. Assessment of ocean acidification of the
Northern oceans and the effects on marine organisms. PI.
Doctoral students currently under supervision
2006-present: A study of the processes governing ventilation and the carbon cycle in the Southern
Ocean using a HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model and autonomous measurements from ARGO
floats. Gisle Nondal, University of Bergen and Nansen Centre.
2008-present: The Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the carbon export flux in the Sub-
Antarctic Zone south of Africa. Warren Joubert, University of Cape Town
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 16

ChemOcean RICHARD BELLERBY
2008–present: Deep water formation in the Barents Sea related to regional sea-ice formation and
CO2 uptake. Marius Årthun, University of Bergen
2008-present: Biogeochemistry in the north Atlantic and Barents Sea Helene Frigstad, University of
Bergen.
2008–present: Marine Biogeochemical cycling under climate change and ocean acidification, Anna
Silyakova, University of Bergen
Selected Publications
Submitted (and not including 4 published in 2010)
Berg G.M., Mills M.M., Long M. C., Bellerby R.G.J., Strass V., Savoye N., Röttgers R., Croot
P.L., Webb A. and. Arrigo K.R., Variation in particulate C and N isotope composition following
iron fertilization in two successive phytoplankton communities in the Southern Ocean. Submitted
to Global Biogeochemical Cycles
de Kluijver A., Soetaert K., Schulz K.G., Riebesell U., Bellerby R.G.J., and Middelburg J.J.
Carbon fluxes in natural plankton communities under elevated CO2 levels: a stable isotope
labeling study. Submitted to Limnology and Oceanography
Breitbarth E., Bellerby R.G.J., Neill C., Ardelan M.V., Meyerhöfer M., Zöllner E., Croot P. L. and
Riebesell U., Ocean acidification increases bioavailability of iron, Biogeosciences Discussions
Kivimæe C., Bellerby R.G.J., Fransson A., Reigstad M and Johannessen T. A carbon budget for
the Barents Sea submitted to Deep-Sea Research I
Olsen A., Omar A and Jeansson E, Anderson L.G. and Bellerby R.G.J., Nordic Seas Transit-Time:
and Distribution of Anthropogenic CO2 accepted in Journal of Geophysical Research
Kivimæe C., Bellerby R.G.J., Sundfjord A. and Omar A., Variability of new production and CO2
air-sea exchange in the north-western Barents Sea in relation to sea ice cover. Submitted J. Mar.
Res.
Published (from a total of 34)
Takahashi T., Sutherland S., Wanninkhof R., Sweeney C., Feely R.A., Chipman D., Hales B.,
Friederich G., Chavez F., Watson A., Bakker D.C.E., Schuster U., Metzl N., Yoshikawa-Inoue
H., Ishii M., Midorikawa T., Sabine C., Hoppema M., Olafsson J., Arnarson T.S., Tilbrook B.,
Johannessen T., Olsen A., Bellerby R.G.J., et al., Climatological Mean and Decadal Change in
Surface Ocean pCO2, and Net Sea-air CO2 Flux over the Global Oceans. In press Deep-Sea Res.
IIdoi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009
Tamelander T, Kivimäe C, Bellerby RGJ, Renaud PE, Kristiansen S. (2009). Base-line variations
in stable isotope values in an Arctic marine ecosystem: Effects of carbon and nitrogen uptake by
phytoplankton. Hydrobiologia 630:63–73
Vázquez-Rodríguez M., Touratier F., Lo Monaco C., Waugh D., Padin X.A., Bellerby R.G.J., et
al.,, 2009. Anthropogenic carbon in the Atlantic Ocean: comparison of four data-based
calculation methods, Biogeosciences, 6, 439-451.
Nondal G., Bellerby R.G.J., Olsen A., Johannessen T. and Olafsson J., 2009. The surface CO2
system in the northern North Atlantic: an assessment of the optimal variable combination for
Voluntary Observing Ships. Limnology and oceanography: methods. 9, 109-118.
Jutterstrøm S., Jeansson E., Anderson L.G., Bellerby R.G.J, et al., Evaluation of anthropogenic
carbon inventory in the Nordic Seas using observed relationships of N, P and C versus CFC,
Progress In Oceanography, Volume 78, Issue 1, July 2008, Pages 78-84
Bellerby R. G. J. , Schulz K. G. , Riebesell U. , Neill C. , Nondal G. , Heegaard E. , Johannessen
T. , and Brown K. R., 2008. Marine ecosystem community carbon and nutrient uptake
stoichiometry under varying ocean acidification during the PeECE III experiment
Biogeosciences, 5, 1517-1527
Thingstad T.F., Bellerby R.G.J., et al., 2008. Counterintuitive food web response to organic carbon
enrichment in an arctic pelagic ecosystem. Nature 455: 387-390 (doi:10.1038/nature 07235).
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 17

ChemOcean RICHARD BELLERBY
Riebesell, U., Bellerby, R. G. J., et al., 2008. Phytoplankton calcification in a high CO2 world.
Science 32, 1466b
Findlay, H.S., Tyrrell, T., Bellerby, R.G.J., Merico, A. and Skjelvan, I. (2008) Carbon and
nutrient mixed layer dynamics in the Norwegian Sea. Biogeosciences, 5, (5), 1395-1410.
Riebesell U., Schulz K. G., Bellerby R.G.J., Botros M., Fritsche P., Meyerhöfer M. Neill C.,
Nondal G., Oschlies A. and Wohlers J. 2007. Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high
CO2 ocean. Nature 2007;450:545-549.
Bellerby R.G.J., Olsen A., Furevik T. and Anderson L.A., 2005, Response of the surface ocean
CO2 system in the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic to climate change. In: Climate Variability in
the Nordic Seas, H. Drange, T.M. Dokken, T. Furevik, R. Gerdes, and W. Berger, Eds.,
Geophysical Monograph Series 158, AGU, 189-198.
Croot P.L., Laan P., Nishioka J., Strauss V., Boye M., Timmermanns K., Bellerby R.G.J., Goldson
L., Nightingale P.D. and de Baar H.J.W., 2005. Spatial and temporal distribution of Fe(II) and
H2O2 during EisenEx, and open ocean mesoscale iron enrichment. Marine Chemistry 95(1-2), pp
65-88.
Bozec Y., Bakker D.C.E., Hartmann C., Bellerby R.G.J., et al., 2005. The CO2 system in context
of Redfield proportions during an iron enrichment experiment in the Southern Ocean.
OceanMarine Chemistry, 95(1-2), pp 89-105.
Delille B., Harlay J., Zondervan I., Jacquet S., Chou L., Wollast R., Bellerby R.G.J., Frankignoulle
M., Vieira Borges A., Riebesell U. and Gattuso J-P., 2005. Response of primary production and
calcification to changes of pCO2 during experimental blooms of the coccolithophorid Emiliania
huxleyi. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, GB2023, doi:10.1029/2004GB002318
Selected Invited talks (from a total of 10)
Bellerby R.G.J., Ocean acidification, ecosystem implications and climate feedback in a changing
Arctic Ocean, Invited presentation, Arctic Meltdown Global Effects, Carnegie Institute,
Washington DC, 2-3 October, 2006.
Bellerby R.G.J. CO2 and ocean acidification. The Unlimited Arctic, Policy conference; Tromsø,
Norway 21.01.2007 - 23.01.2007
Bellerby R.G.J. Bethke I., Hauck J. and Slagstad D. Ocean acidification from increasing CO2:
ecological consequences and climate feedbacks. Kystklimakonferansen, Leknes Rådhuset,
Leknes 10 April 2008
Bellerby R.G.J Arctic Ocean Acidification: A Contemporary and Future View of Changes to the
Marine Carbon Dioxide System, Invited presentation at the 20th Annual Meeting and Arctic
Forum of the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States, Washington DC, 14th May,
2008.
Selected conference presentations (from a total of 57)
Bellerby R G J. Progress in understanding ocean atmosphere feedbacks from changing ocean
chemistry. COST Tools for assessing global air-sea fluxes of climate and air pollution relevant
gases; Brussels 16 October 2007
Bellerby R G J Quillfeldt, Cecilie von, Ocean acidification from increasing CO2: potential
ecological consequences and climate feedbacks, Northern Dialogue meeting, Ottawa, Canada,
October 17 th , 2008
Bellerby R G J, Hauck J, Hoppema M, Monteiro P, Waldron H, Völker C and Wolf-Gladrow D
Southern ocean acidification: rates and regionality with ecological responses and climate
feebacks. Fifth EGU Alexander von Humboldt International Conference, Cape Town, South
Africa, 11–16 January 2009
Bellerby R G J Some economic aspects of ocean acidification.. ”Havforsuring og klimaendringer”;
Oslo, Norway 29 October, 2009
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 18

ChemOcean RICHARD BELLERBY
Corroboration complementing the publication list
To understand the response and feedback of ocean biogeochemical systems to climate variability
requires an integrated and cross disciplinary approach. It is not appropriate to view the responses of
the (physical and biological) carbon pumps individually as each respond to modifications in the
other. Therefore, the overall philosophy of my science is to investigate the marine carbon cycle
using relationships and combined feedbacks from the physical environment (gas exchange,
transport, water mass transformations); those of biogeochemical (marine stoichiometry, elemental
cycling) and of biological nature (e.g. planktonic systems, energy flow). Through this combined
approach it is then possible to begin to understand how marine systems will evolve and influence
global carbon cycling and thus climate. My approach is to use (1) interpretations of the natural
ocean system from ocean going expeditions, in situ observation platforms and global datasets; (2)
deliberate perturbation experiments taking the natural ocean out of its contemporary framework and
(3) regional coupled physical-chemical-ecosystem and global ocean models.
For the last five years my research has concentrated on two main pathways; (1) processes
controlling natural and anthropogenic modifications to the marine carbon biogeochemical seeting of
the high latitude oceans and (2) the ecological responses and potential climate feedbacks of pelagic
ecosystems and biogeochemical frameworks. This research has found that high latitude (with a
focus on the Weddell Sea and Nordic Seas) regions are significant conduits for excess carbon
exchange between the surface and intermediate/deep ocean yet there is very large regional
variability both in the integrated excess carbon content and the present rate of increase. We have
used this new empirical information on water mass specific excess carbon modification rates to
optimise regional coupled carbon biogeochemical and ecosystem models. For example, these have
been used to predict rates and regionality of modification in ocean acidification relevant to
important ecosystems (e.g. cold water coral reefs, high latitude pelagic planktonic systems).
My research explores ecosystem and biogeochemical feedbacks to increasing ocean acidification,
climate change and modifications to nutrient supply to the ocean through controlled manipulations
in mesocosm and laboratory experiments. We have shown that under increased CO2 concentrations
there are significant reductions in pelagic calcification; changes to the stoichiometry of planktonic
nutrient uptake and modifications to iron speciation in seawater. If these modifications represent the
collective response of marine ecosystems to ocean acidification, we have shown that this will
constitute a significant negative feedback to future climate change (published in Nature and
Science). Studies of high latitude pelagic ecosystems have highlighted a new paradigm for nutrient
flow through system which has significant relevance for future response to a changing Arctic
Ocean. Increasing marine organic carbon, potentially from ocean acidification induced
stoichiometric planktonic uptake or from increasing supply from eroding Tundra could promote
bacterial utilisation of marine nutrients at the expense of phytoplankton reducing marine
autotrophic production (published in Nature).
My on-going research is exploring the combined use of new observational and experimental
information in better parameterisation of ocean models to understand regional and global carbon
biogeochemical feedbacks to climate change. This information will, in turn, be used to prioritise
process and ocean basin observational strategies.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 19

ScOcean UTE DAEWEL
Name: Ute Daewel
Born: 13/03/1979
Nationality: German
Present position: PostDoc
Academic degrees:
2008 Dr. rer. nat., Department of Geosciences, University of Hamburg, Germany
2004 Diploma (equal to M.Sc.) in Oceanography, Institute of Oceanography,
University of Hamburg, Germany
Work experience:
2008- present– Post-doctoral researcher, Geophysical Inst., University of Bergen
2005 - 2008 employment as scientist, Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Research,
University of Hamburg
2002 - 2004 student assistant (IFM Uni. Hamburg sect.: shelf sea oceanography)
2000 - 2002 student assistant (IFM Uni. Hamburg sect.: remote sensing)
Fields of interest and present research activities
My research interests are mainly dedicated to the investigation of physical and biological
interactions in marine ecosystems using coupled bio-physical models, with special emphasis on
lower trophic level dynamic and fish early life stages. For this purpose, two different types of
models are in use and continuously under development. One NPZD (Nutrient, Phytoplankton,
Zooplankton, Detritus)-model (ECOSMO Schrum et al. 2006) that covers the linkage between
physical processes (e.g. temperature, transport, mixing, frontal dynamics) and lower trophic level
dynamics in the North and Baltic Sea, and a spatially explicit Individual Based Model that built a
link between physics, lower trophic dynamics (as prey) and changes in vital rates of fish (or
crustaceans) early life stages. Using this approach my research is concentrated on two major
topics. First, how does climate variability impacts the marine ecosystem components directly (via
e.g. temperature) or indirectly (via bottom-up control)? Second, how important are passive and
active transport processes for recruitment variability of specific species in shallow, tidal influenced
marine systems. Here, my interests are specifically on the role of sub-grid scale physical processes
and the numerical reconstruction and investigation of selective tidal stream transport.
My current research interests concentrates on the impact of long-term climate variability on lower
trophic level dynamics in the North and Baltic Sea system. Within the EU founded project
MEECE (EU FP7, #212085), numerical hind- and forecast experiments are planed to receive
knowledge about the temporal development of the marine ecosystem and the underlying processes.
One specific focus under this scientific headline will be on the comparison and evaluation of
different atmospheric forcings and on the further development of the ecosystem model by
extending the simulated food chain by a third trophic level directing towards an End-to-End
ecosystem model.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 100 %
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Review work for Fisheries Oceanography, Journal of Plankton Research, Marine Ecology Progress
Series
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 20

ScOcean UTE DAEWEL
Doctoral students presently under supervision: None
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Peer-reviewed article
Rose, K.A., Allen, J.I., Artioli, Y., Barange, M., Blackford, J., Carlotti, F., Cropp, R., Daewel, U.,
Flynn, K., Hill, S., Hille Ris Lambers, R., Huse, G., Mackinson, S., Megrey, B.A., Moll, A.,
Rivkin, R., Salihoglu, B., Schrum, C., Shannon, L., Shin, Y., Smith, L., Smith, C., Soldoro,
C., St John, M., Zhou, M. End-To-End Models for the Analysis of Marine Ecosystems:
Challenges, Issues, and Next Steps. accepted for publication in Marine and Coastal
Fisheries.
Kühn, W., Peck, M.A., Hinrichsen, H.-H., Daewel, U., Moll, A., Pohlmann, T., Stegert, C., Tamm,
S. (2008). Spatial and temporal changes in the habitat suitability of the German Bight
(southern North Sea) for larval sprat: An IBM approach using size-structured prey fields. J.
Mar. Sys. 74, 1-2, 329-342.
Daewel, U., Peck, M.A., Kühn, W., St. John, M.A., Alekseeva, I., and Schrum, C. (2008)
Coupling ecosystem and individual-based models to simulate the influence of climate
variability on potential growth and survival of larval sprat in the North Sea. Fisheries
Oceanography 17(5):333–351.
Daewel, U., Peck, M.A., Schrum, C., St. John, M.A. (2008) How best to include the effects of
climate-driven forcing on prey fields in larval fish individual-based models. Journal of
Plankton Research 30(1):1–5.
Peck M.A., and Daewel, U. (2007) Physiologically based limits to food consumption, and
individual-based modeling of foraging and growth of larval fishes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
347: 171–183.
Christensen, A., Daewel, U., Jensen, H., Mosegaard, H., St. John, M.A., Schrum, C. (2007)
Hydrodynamic backtracking of fish larvae by individual-based modelling. Mar. Ecol. Prog.
Ser. 347: 221–232.
Oral Presentations
Daewel, U., Peck, M.A. and Schrum, C. Impact of environmental change on North Sea Atlantic
cod (Gadus morhua): Scenario modeling in the North Sea. ICES CM 21-25. Sept. 2009,
Berlin, Germany
Daewel, U., Alekseeva, I., Peck, M.A. and Schrum, C. Response of larval cod to environmental
changes: Scenario modelling in the North Sea. ICES Workshop on cod and future climate
change, 17-20 June, 2008, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Daewel, U., Peck, M.A., St. John, M.A., and Schrum, C. Comparing habitat suitability for sprat
(Sprattus sprattus) and cod (Gadus morhua) in the North Sea: first results of a modelling
study. ICES CM/G:19, 17-21-Sept., 2007, Helsinki, Finnland.
Daewel, U., Peck, M.A., Alekseeva, I., St. John, M.A., and Schrum, C. Linking climate-driven
processes and long-term variability in larval fish growth and survival: coupled model results
for 1990-2004 in the North Sea. GFÖ-Jahrestagung, WS-Aquashift, 10.-13.09.2007,
Marburg, Germany.
Daewel, U., Peck, M.A., St. John, M.A., Schrum, C. Investigating the effect of changing
environmental factors on spatial and temporal variability in larval fish growth and survival in
the North Sea ICES CM/C:19, 19-23- Sept., 2006, Maastricht, Netherlands.
Daewel, U., Peck, M.A., Dickmann, M., Kühn, W. St. John, M. and Schrum, C. All you can eat?
Defining prey fields & mechanistic limits to food consumption in larval fish IBMs: An
example for sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the North Sea. Workshop on advancements in
modeling physical-biological interactions, 3-5 Apr., 2006, Nantes, France.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 21

ScOcean UTE DAEWEL
Hochbaum, U., Peck, M.A., Schrum, C., St. John, M.A. and Kühn, W. Simulating the influence of
climate variability on larval fish survival: An example using sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the
southern North Sea. ICES meeting 21.9.2005 Aberdeen, Scotland. (award winning
presentation)
Corroboration text complementing the publication list
The understanding of ecosystem dynamics is strongly coupled to the knowledge about
mechanisms that link biological processes to the physical environment. Therefore large scientific
efforts were spent on the identification and understanding of such mechanisms during the last
decades. While in situ and laboratory studies can provide insights into how biotic and abiotic
factors correlate with vital rates (e.g., rates of survival and growth), identifying the underlying
mechanisms and ‘mediator-chains’ is difficult. A valuable method to investigate bio-physical
interactions is the utilization of coupled numerical models. Coupled bio-physical models typically
include a hydrodynamic module and modules for different trophic levels (e.g. NPZD (Nutrient,
Phyto-, Zooplankton, Detritus), Individual based modules (IBMs) for marine species). Sensitivity
studies and scenario tests of such models allow conclusions about the importance of single model
parameters and the identification and quantification of underlying processes that link e.g.
environmental changes to primary and secondary production or larval fish survival.
My publications comprises two main aspects, 1) the development of a coupled bio-physical model
system and 2) the application of the model system to enhance the understanding of processes
related to trophodynamic interactions (e.g. match/mismatch of larval fish and their prey) and
juvenile recruitment of marine species in the North Sea. The main foci of the model development
was on the parameterization of an IBM for sprat as well as for Atlantic cod, its link to a second
model simulating spatial-temporal dynamics of prey-fields and the understanding of the internal
dynamics of the IBM using a sensitivity analysis. The approach to couple an IBM directly to
spatially and temporally resolved prey fields derived from an ecosystem model is rather novel and
has not been implemented previously. It allows specifically the investigation of trophic
interactions in marine ecosystems under consideration of environmental changes and does not rely
on static observations that do neither cover the required spatial resolution nor show any reaction to
changes in the environmental forcing.
The sensitivity experiments conducted with the model allowed to identify research gaps related to
the parameterization of IBMs, with a special emphasis on internal parameters (e.g. maximum
consumption levels, mortality definitions) and on the link to simulated (or observed) prey fields.
The utilization of the model system in a 3d-context finally led to the identification of “mediatorchains”
important for potential survival of sprat and cod early life stages. Here the results indicated
especially that water temperature and transport processes determine timing and location of the
most sensitive first-feeding phase and hence, the survival probability of larval fish.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 22

ScOcean ELIN DARELIUS
Name: Elin Darelius
Born: 2 February, 1977
Nationality: Swedish
Present position: Post Doc
Academic degrees:
2007 PhD. Physical Oceanography. Thesis title: “On the influence of small-scale
topography on dense plumes, with a special focus on the Filchner Overflow
Plume”, University of Bergen, Norway
2003 Cand. Scient. Physical Oceanography. Thesis title: ”Circulation and Water Mass
Formation in an Arctic Fjord” , University of Bergen/University Centre in Svalbard,
Norway
2001 Cand. Mag. Physical Oceanography. University of Bergen, Norway
Work experience:
2008 – present Post Doc, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
2007 – 2008 Research Scientist, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen/Bjerknes
Center for Climate Research, Norway. Project: “Bipolar Atlantic
Thermohaline Circulation” (BIAC)
Fields of interest and present research activities
Dense overflows and plume dynamics: Observations, theory and physical modelling
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 75 % (25% teaching)
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
None
Doctoral students presently under supervision: None
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Peer reviewed articles
Darelius, E., L.H. Smedsud, S. Østerhus, A.Foldvik and T. Gammelsrød (2009), ”On the structure
and variability of the Filchner Overflow Plume”, Tellus A , Vol 63(3), p. 446-464
Darelius, E. (2008) “Topographic steering of dense overflows: Laboratory experiments with Vshaped
ridges and canyons”, Deep Sea Research I, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2008.04.008
Wåhlin, A.K., E. Darelius, C. Cenedese and G. Lane-Serff (2008) “Mixing in density currents
induced by submarine canyons and ridges”, Deep Sea Research I,
doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.02.007
Darelius, E and A.K. Wåhlin (2007) “Downward flow of dense water leaning on a submarine
ridge” Deep Sea Research I, Vol 54 (7), p. 1173-1188
Reports
Darelius, E. (2006) “Topograpic Steering of the Filchner Overflow - laboratory and analytical
model studies” FRISP report nr 17, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Darelius, E, S. Østerhus and T. Gammelsrød (2006) ”Variability of the Filchner Overflow plume”
FRISP report nr 17, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 23

ScOcean ELIN DARELIUS
Popular Science Publications
Darelius, E. (2006): Det stora blå. Article in AKA, Bergen, Norway (March 06)
Darelius, E. (2005): Antarktis ger liv åt världshaven. Article in Svenska Dagbladet, Stockholm,
Sweden (18 Sep 05)
Darelius, E. (2005): Ovädren blir kraftigare när vädret blir varmare”. Article in Svenska
Dagbladet, Stockholm, Sweden (4 Sep 05)
Corroboration of of the publication list
Dense overflows constitute an important link in the downwelling limb of the thermohaline
circulation. The flow of dense water between ocean basins or between marginal sea and an ocean
basin often occurs through relatively narrow passages or straits, with the dense water forming a
dense plume – the overflow - upon its exit. The overflow sites are regions of major water mass
transformation, partly determining the long-term thermohaline equilibrium of the oceans and their
dynamical response to changes in climatic forcing. In today’s Global Climate Models (GCM), the
overflows and processes occurring within them represent subgrid scale processes that need to be
parameterised. It is widely accepted that a correct representation of overflows in GCMs is
important in order for them to produce realistic scenarios, but nevertheless, dense overflows
continue to be a week point in large-scale models, mainly because the overflows and the related
processes – instabilities, entrainment and mixing – are so poorly known. It is therefore important
to increase the knowledge in this field, not only to improve the parameterisations, but to improve
our understanding of one of the key processes in oceanic circulation.
In my work I have been investigating how mesoscale topographic features influence a
dense overflow plume. Based on observations and laboratory experiments I have shown how
ridges and canyons can deflect all or portions of a plume downslope and how it influences the
mixing. I am currently looking at eddy generation and secondary circulation and its influence on
mixing.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 24

CLIMATE HELGE DRANGE
Name: Helge Drange
Born: 08.02.1965
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Professor
Academic degrees
• 1994, Dr.Scient, Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen (UoB) and the Nansen
Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC). Thesis: An Isopycnic Coordinate
Carbon Cycle Model for the North Atlantic; and the Possibility of Disposing of Fossil Fuel
CO2 in the Ocean. Advisors: Peter M. Haugan and Ola M. Johannessen
• 1990, Cand Scient., Department of Mathematics, UoB. Thesis: Wave-guides in an ionized
gas. Advisor: Alf H. Øien
• 1987, Cand. Mag., in Mathematics, UoB
Work experience
• Jun 2009-present: Part-time employed at Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR),
Bergen
• Oct 2008-present: Professor in oceanography, Geophysical Institute, UoB
• Mar 2003-Aug 2008: Co-Director at Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre, Beijing,
China
• Jan 2003-2007: Group leader for climate modelling at BCCR
• July 2002-Sep 2008: Adjunct Professor in numerical climate modelling at Dep. of
Geophysics, UoB
• 1997-Sep 2008: Director for G. C. Rieber Climate Institute at NERSC
• 1996-97: Research Director for G. C. Rieber Climate Institute at NERSC
• 1994-95: Post. Doc. in Biogeochemical Oceanography at NERSC, and at Dep. of
Meteorology, Univ. of Stockholm, Sweden
Teaching
• Spring 2009 and spring 2010: GEOF110 - Introduction to Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics
• 7 summer schools (climate modelling, climate dynamics, and ocean biogeochemistry;
Nuuk/Greenland 2001, Laugarvatn/Iceland 2002, Beijing/China 2004 and 2008, Bergen
2005 and 2006, and St. Petersburg/Russia 2007)
Fields of interest and present research activities
My main scientific interests are in climate and ocean dynamics with particular focus on high
latitudes, and climate/Earth System Modelling. Key scientific topics in recent years have been:
• Assess, by combining observations, theory and modelling, the natural variability and stability
properties of the ocean thermohaline circulation
• Explore the potential for decadal-scale predictability at mid to high northern latitudes
• Analyse real and idealised tracers in ocean general circulation models in order to assess the
formation, propagation and decay of thermodynamic and dynamic anomalies
Portion of my time dedicated to research: about 30%
Professional merits
UoB´s Melzer Prize for outstanding science communication (2010)
Recent appointments:
• National Committee on Climate Adaptation (NOU klimatilpassing; issued by the Norwegian
Government, 2010)
• National Committee on Climate Research (Klima21; issued by the Norwegian Government,
2010)
• Co-head of CLIVAR Working Group for Ocean Model Development (2008-present)
• Member of CLIVAR Working Group for Ocean Model Development (2004-2008)
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 25

CLIMATE HELGE DRANGE
• Head of the climate-poverty-health initiative at UoB, established by Rector, with the aim to
identify and strengthen cross-disciplinary research at the University
• Oversea supervisor of PhD students (2005-2012), issued by the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) / Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
• Member of the National Action Plan for Climate Research under the Research Council of
Norway (2005)
• Member of the Board of CICERO - Center for International Climate and Environmental
Research, Oslo (2005-2008)
• Member of the West Nordic Ocean Climate Program of the Nordic Council of Ministers (2001-
2006)
• Group leader for numerical modeling at BCCR (2000-2007)
• Member of the Research Council of Norway’s climate program committee (2001-2004)
• Secretary for the Research Council of Norway’s climate program plan (2001)
• Member of the JGOFS Global Synthesis and Modelling Task Team (2000-2001)
• Contributing author to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fourth
Assessment Report, the Scientific Basis (2007)
• Contributing author to Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA, 2004)
• One of three initiative takers for the establishment of the Norwegian Climate Centre (2005)
• One of three initiative takers for the establishment of the Nansen-Zhu International Centre of
Climate Research, Beijing (2002)
• One of three initiative takers for the establishment of the Bjerknes Collaboration for Climate
Research, Bergen (1999)
• Contributed to the development of the Bergen Climate Model, one of four European global
climate models that provided full climate scenario integrations for the IPCC Fourth Assessment
Report (2007)
• Several PhD assessment committees and assessment committees for applicants to scientific
positions
• Review duties journals: Climate Dynamics, Journal of Geophysical Research, Geophysical
Research Letters, Nature, Science, Tellus
• Review duties proposals: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Netherlands Organisation for
Scientific Research (NWO); National Science Foundation, USA; Natural Environment
Research Council, England
• About 25 invited lectures at international institutions, conferences and workshops
• 61 papers in international peer-reviewed journals; 28 project/technical reports; likely more than
40 popularized articles and chronicles; likely more than 100 interviews for TV and radio; likely
more than 250 interviews/commentaries in newspapers; likely more than 150 popular science
lectures
Research grants and contracts
Funding
Agency
Project Title Period Role
RCN NorClim: Climate of Norway and the Arctic in the
21st Century
2007-2010 Coordinator
EC, FP 6 DYNAMITE: Understanding the Dynamics of the
Coupled Climate System
2005 - 2008 Coordinator
EC, FP7 ENSEMBLES: Ensembles-Based Predictions of 2005 - 2008 Principal
Climate Changes and Their Impacts
Investigator
EC, FP5 PREDICATE: Mechanisms and Predictability of 2002 - 2005 Work
Decadal Fluctuations in Atlantic-European
package
Climate
(WP) leader
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 26

CLIMATE HELGE DRANGE
NRC RegClim: Regional Climate Development Under
Global Warming
1998-2006 WP leader
NRC NOClim: Norwegian Ocean Project 2000-2006 WP leader
EC TRACTOR: Tracer and Circulation in the Nordic
Seas Region
2001 - 2003 WP leader
EC PRISM: PRogramme for Integrated earth System 2001 - 2003 Principal
Modelling
Investigator
Supervision
Main supervisor for 9 PhD candidates and 7 MSc candidates and
Doctoral students presently under supervision
Ingo Bethke (main supervisor) and Helene R. Langehaug (co-supervisor)
Academic publications 2005-2009
Lohmann, K., H. Drange, and M. Bentsen (2009), A possible mechanism for the strong
weakening of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre in the mid-1990s, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36,
L15602, doi:10.1029/2009GL039166
Zhou, T., R. Yu, J. Zhang, H. Drange, C. Cassou, C. Deser, D.L.R. Hodson, E. Sanchez-Gomez,
J. Li, N. Keenlyside, X. Xin, and Y. Okumura, 2009: Why the Western Pacific Subtropical
High Has Extended Westward since the Late 1970s. J. Climate, 22, 2199–2215
Eldevik, T., J. E. Ø. Nilsen, D. Iovino, K. A. Olsson, A. B. Sandø, and H. Drange (2009): The
thermohaline circulation: overflows, sources, and observed variability 1950-2005, Nature
Geosciences, doi:10.1038/NGEO518
Hátún, H., Mark Payne, Gregory Beaugrand, Philip Chris Reid, Annebritt Sandø, Helge Drange,
Bogi Hansen, Jan Arge Jacobsenand Dorete Bloch (2009, Large biogeographical shifts in the
north-eastern Atlantic Ocean: From thesubpolar gyre, via plankton, to blue whiting andpilot
whales, Prog. Oceanogr., doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.001
Gao, Y., H. Drange, O. M. Johannessen, and L. H. Pettersson (2009), Sources and pathways of
90Sr in the North Atlantic-Arctic region: present day and global warming, J. Environm.
Radioactivity, 100, 375-395
Lohmann, K., H. Drange, and M. Bentsen (2008): Response of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre
to persistent North Atlantic oscillation like forcing, Clim. Dyn., 10.1007/s00382-008-0467-6
Jiang, D., Z. Ding, H. Drange, and Y. Gao (2008): Sensitivity of East Asian climate to the
progressive uplift and expansion of the Tibetan Plateau under the mid-Pliocene boundary
conditions, Adv. Atm. Sci., 25, 709-722
Yu, L., Y. Gao, H. Wang and H. Drange, Revisiting the Effect of Ocean Diapycnal Mixing on the
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Recovery in a Freshwater Perturbation
Simulation, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 25, 597-609
Orre, S., Y. Gao, H. Drange and E. Deleersnijder (2008), Diagnosing ocean tracer transport from
Sellafield and Dounreay by equivalent diffusion age, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 25,
805-814
Su, J., H.-J. Wang, H. Yang, H. Drange, Y. Gao, and M. Bentsen (2007), Role of the atmospheric
and oceanic circulation in the tropical Pacific SST changes, J. Clim., doi:
10.1175/2007JCLI1692.1
Siegismund, F., J. Johannessen, H. Drange, K. A. Mork, A. Korablev (2007), Steric height
variability in the Nordic Seas J. Geophys. Res., 112, C12010, doi:10.1029/2007JC004221
Gao, D.-Y., H. Drange, and Y.-Q. Gao (2007), Reconstruction of Northern hemisphere 500 hPa
geopotential heights back to the late 19th century, Theor. Appl. Climatol., doi
10.1007/s00704-006-0271-3
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 27

CLIMATE HELGE DRANGE
Deshayes, J., C. Frankignoul, and H. Drange (2007), Formation and export of deep water in the
Labrador and Irminger Seas in a GCM, Deep Sea Research I, 54, 510-532
Risebrobakken, B., Dokken T., Otterå O. H., Jansen E., Y. Gao, H. Drange (2006), Inception of
the northern European ice sheet due to contrasting ocean and insolation forcing, Quaternary
Research, 667, 128-135, doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.007
Orre, S., Y. Gao, H. Drange, and J. E. Ø. Nilsen (2006), A reassessment of the dispersion of
Technetium-99 in the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea, J. Mar. Sys., 68, 24-38,
doi:10.1016/j.marsys.2006.10.009
Zhou, T.J., R.C. Yu, Y. Gao, H. Drange (2006), Air-sea Coupled Model Simulation of North
Atlantic Interannual Variability II:Tropical tele-connection, Acta Meteorologica Sinica
(Chinese journal with Englisg abstract), 64, 18-30
Zhou, T.J., R.C. Yu, Y. Gao, H. Drange (2006), Air-sea Coupled Model Simulation of North
Atlantic Interannual Variability I: Local Air-sea Interaction. Acta Meteorologica Sinica
(Chinese journal with Englisg abstract), 64, 1-17
Bethke, I., T. Furevik, and H. Drange (2006), Towards a more saline North Atlantic and a fresher
Arctic under global warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21712
Marzeion, B., and H. Drange (2006), Diapycnal Mixing in a Conceptual Model of the Atlantic
Meridional Overturning Circulation, Deep Sea Research 2, 53, 226-238
Collins, M., M. Botzet, A. Carril, H. Drange, A. Jouzeau, M. Latif, O. H. Otterå, H. Pohlmann, A.
Sorteberg, R. Sutton, L. Terray (2006): Interannual to decadal climate predictability: A multiperfect-model-ensemble
study. J. Climate, 19, 1195-1203, doi:10.1175/JCLI3654.1
Zhou, T. J., and Drange H. (2005), Climate Impacts of the Decadal and Interannual Variability of
the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation in Bergen Climate Model, Chinese J. Atm. Sci., 29,
167-177 (Chinese journal with English abstract)
Sorteberg, A., T. Furevik, H. Drange, and N. G. Kvamstø (2005), Effects of simulated natural
variability on Arctic temperature projections, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18708,
doi:10.1029/2005GL023404
Hátún, H., A. B. Sandø, H. Drange, B. Hansen, and H. Valdimarsson (2005), Influence of the
Atlantic Subpolar Gyre on the Thermohaline Circulation, Science, 309, 1841-1844
Gong, D., and Drange, H. (2005), A preliminary study on the relationship between Arctic
Oscillation and daily SLP variance in the Northern hemisphere during wintertime, Adv. Atm.
Sci., 22, 313-327
Drange, H., T. Dokken, T. Furevik, R. Gerdes, W. Berger, A. Nesje, A. A. Orvik, Ø. Skagseth, I.
Skjelvan, and S. Østerhus (2005), The Nordic Seas: An introduction, in The Nordic Seas: An
Integrated Perspective (Drange, H., T. Dokken, T. Furevik, R. Gerdes, and W. Berger, Eds.),
AGU Monograph 158, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 1-10
Drange, H., R. Gerdes, Y. Gao, M. Karcher, F. Kauker, and M. Bentsen (2005), Ocean general
circulation modelling of the Nordic Seas, in The Nordic Seas: An Integrated Perspective,
(Drange, H., T. Dokken, T. Furevik, R. Gerdes, and W. Berger, Eds.), AGU Monograph 158,
American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 199-220
Hátún, H., Sandø, A. B., Drange, H. and Bentsen, M. (2005), Seasonal to decadal temperature
variations in the Faroe-Shetland inflow waters, in The Nordic Seas: An Integrated
Perspective, (Drange, H., T. Dokken, T. Furevik, R. Gerdes, and W. Berger, Eds.), AGU
Monograph 158, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 239-250
Jiang, D., H.-J. Wang, Z. Ding, X. Lang, and H. Drange (2005), Modeling the middle Pliocene
climate with a global AGCM, J. Geophys. Res., 110, doi:10.1029/2004JD005639
Gao Y., Drange H., Bentsen M., Johannessen O.M. (2005), Tracer-derived transient time of the
eastern waters in the Nordic Seas, Tellus, 57B, 332-34
Kattsov, V. M., E. Källén, H. Cattle, J. Christensen, H. Drange, I. Hanssen-Bauer, T. Jóhannesen,
I. Karol, J. Räisänen, G. Svensson, and S. Vavulin (2005), Future climate change: Modeling
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 28

CLIMATE HELGE DRANGE
and scenarios for the Arctic. In Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA)
Kuzmina, S. I., L. Bengtsson, O. M. Johannessen, H. Drange, L. P. Bobylev and M. W. Miles
(2005): The North Atlantic Oscillation and greenhouse-gas forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32,
L04703, doi:10.1029/2004GL021064
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
The main part of my research has been focussed on improving and evaluating an isopycnic
coordinate OGCM for, in particular, the Atlantic-Arctic region, and to use this model – as a
numerical laboratory – to examine the formation, propagation and decay of dynamic and
thermodynamic anomalies in the ocean. This research activity has lead to the establishment of one
of the current state-of-the-art OGCMs for the Atlantic/Arctic region, resulting in 21 papers in
international refereed journals since 2005, including an article in Science in 2005 headed by my
Faroe Island/Bergen colleague Hjalmar Hátún.
In the latter publication, instrumental observations from the northern North Atlantic, satellite
altimeter data and our isopycnic coordinate OGCM were used to explore the variability and
dynamics of the North Atlantic Sup-Polar Gyre (SPG) since the 1960´s. The paper demonstrated
how the strength and extent of the SPG modulates the poleward flow of warm and saline water.
Several of the recent papers I have contributed to, particularly those headed by my PostDoc Katja
Lohmann, have focussed on an abrupt reduction, sometimes phrased a collapse, of the strength and
extent of the North Atlantic SPG taking place after the winter 1995/96. Based on our modelling,
we are now rather confident that this recent and, according to available observations and
modelling results unprecedented, collapse was caused by a combination of (long-term) ocean
preconditioning and (short-term) weakening of the North Atlantic Westerlies.
The 1995/96-shift in the circulation and hydrography in the northern North Atlantic has greatly
influenced the marine ecosystem in the region, from major plankton communities to commercially
important fish stocks (e.g., Hátún et al., Progress in Oceanography, 2009), the recent warming
and salinification of the Nordic Seas and the Atlantic part part of the Arctic (e.g., Eldevik et al.,
Nature Geosciences, 2009), and the rapid intensification of the melting of some of the major
Greenland outlet glaciers during the past 10 years. I consider the rapidly improved understanding
of the dynamics of the North Atlantic SPG as a beautiful story made possible by combining
available in situ and remotely sensed observations with dedicated modelling experiments (in
addition to bridging expertise irrespective of nationalities and institutions). We are of course not
the only group that has contributed to this understanding, but we have certainly played a central
role in it.
Another and somewhat related topic that has been central to my research has been linked to the
stability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Both conceptual models
(Marzeion and Drange, Deep Sea Research, 2006), our OGCM (several papers) and Bergen
Climate Model (see below) have been used to address the sensitivity and stability of the AMOC to
various parameterizations of vertical (diapycnal) mixing in the ocean. We have also examined that
stability of AMOC in the Bergen Climate Model to artificially released fresh water in the northern
North Atlantic (e.g., Yu et al., Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2008, based on several papers
by Otterå et al. in 2004). In conclusion, we find that large fresh water fluxes are needed to
significantly slow down the AMOC in our model systems, and that the AMOC tend to recover
from an abrupt weakening due to the accumulation of high-saline water in the north-western
tropical Atlantic. We also find that a stratification dependent diapycnal parameterization tends to
reduce the sensitivity of AMOC to fresh water fluxes. These findings contributed to the conclusion
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 29

CLIMATE HELGE DRANGE
in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007)
that current knowledge indicate that AMOC is rather stable with respect to expected changes in the
climate system in the 21 st century.
The development of the OGCM has continued in recent years, with the main responsibility taken
over by my PhD-student and now colleague at the Bjerknes Center, Mats Bentsen. As a result of
this, the OGCM has been incorporated as the ocean module in the Bergen Climate Model, which
was one of four European climate models that contributed to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2007. Currently, an updated version of the OGCM
forms the ocean module in NorESM, a new Norwegian Earth System Model that will be used for
the Fifth Assessment Report from the IPCC (scheduled for 2013-14). As co-leader of the CLIVAR
Working Group of Ocean Model Development (WGOMD), I am in the position to follow the
development in ocean modelling at the major modelling groups world wide, and also to contribute
to the community efforts to improve the modelling of the World Ocean. In this way, we are in a
good position to judge our strengths and weaknesses, and we can thereby prioritize our modelling
efforts accordingly.
As part of my involvement as Co-Director of the Nansen-Zhu International Research Center in
Beijing between 2003 and 2008, I have also spent some time in exploring climate variability and
stability at low latitudes. For this, I was in charge of forming a version of the Bergen Climate
Model that could be used for so-called partial coupled experiments. The needed modifications of
the Bergen Climate Model were carried out in Bergen, and the modified model was later
transferred to Beijing. A group of Chinese and Norwegian students have used this model to
perform so-called Atmospheric Bridge-Ocean Tunnel experiments by, for instance, prescribing
temperature and salinity anomalies in specific regions of the world, and thereafter explore how
these anomalies may influence climate on different spatial and temporal scales. There are a variety
of technical and scientific aspects to these studies, and only the initial results have been published
(e.g., Zhu et al., Journal of Climate, 2008). I consider the partial coupled experiments as a useful
way to use complex models as a numerical laboratory, and I will pursue this tool both as a way to
train students, but also to explore the sensitivity of the climate system to localized thermodynamic
(or dynamic) anomalies.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 30

LaScO EVA FALCK
Name: Eva Falck
Born: 19.07.1956
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Researcher at Bjerknes Centre and project coordinator for CarboSchools
(Geophysical Institute)
Academic degrees:
� Cand. Scient in physical oceanography, University of Bergen, December 1993
� Dr. Scient in chemical oceanography, University of Bergen, June 1999
Work experience:
01-02-2009 – present Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Uni Research, Bergen,
Researcher, POCAHONTAS project.
01-08-2008 – 31-08-2010 Geophysical Institute, Bergen, Project coordinator for the project
“CarboSchools” (20 – 50%)
01-08-2008 – 31-01-2009 Geophysical Institute, Bergen, Executive officer for the project
“Nordic Master Programme” (50%)
01-08-2004 – 31-07-2008 Geophysical Institute, Bergen, Post Doc
01-09-2002 – 31-07-2004 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research,
Bremerhaven, Germany, Researcher
01-07-2002 – 30-08-2002 Geophysical Institute, Bergen, Researcher
01-07-2000 – 30-06-2002 Swedish Natural Science Research Council, post doctoral
fellowship at the Department of Analytical and Marine Chemistry,
Göteborg University, Sweden.
01-05-2000 – 30-06-2000 Geological Institute, Bergen. Researcher
01-02-2000 – 30-04-2000 Geophysical Institute, Bergen. Researcher
26-09-1999 – 31-01-2000 Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø. Researcher
01-03-1996 – 31-05-1999 Geophysical Institute, Bergen, doctoral fellowship
10-06-1994 – 28-02-1996 Institute of Marine Research, Bergen. Researcher
Participated in 19 national and international cruises in the Arctic and Nordic Seas.
Experience in teaching and in supervising of master students.
Fields of interest and present research activities (maximum one page)
My main interests are all subjects on physical and chemical oceanography in Polar Regions and
the Nordic Seas. Main research have been on the East Greenland Current and its water mass
distribution (including waters of Pacific origin) and fresh water content, bottom water formation in
Storfjorden (Svalbard), oxygen and carbon dynamics in the Norwegian Sea, and time series
analysis of hydrographic, oxygen, and inorganic carbon data from Ocean Weather Station Mike.
All my research has been based on observations in the field. Present research activity concerns
heat fluxes towards the Arctic, as part of the POCAHONTAS project. In addition, I am involved in
two NOMA projects, one in Mozambique (Universidade Eduardo Mondlane) and one in Sudan
(Red Sea University), where the aim is to graduate MSc students in both physical and chemical
oceanography.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 70%
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 31

LaScO EVA FALCK
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Project coordinator of CarboSchool in Bergen. This involves cooperation with 3 secondary high
schools where the students take parts in one day cruises in the fjord near Bergen and write a report
on their findings. During the school year I give several lectures to the classes on climate issues,
use of data, etc.
Member of the MatNatSudanColl (Collaboration in Mathematics and Natural Sciences – Sudanese
Universities and University of Bergen) since 2005.
Doctoral students presently under supervision: 0
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Olsen, Are; Key, R.M.; Jeansson, Emil; Falck, Eva; Olafsson, J.; van Heuven, S; Skjelvan,
Ingunn; Omar, Abdirahman; Olsson, K. A.; Anderson, L. G.; Jutterström, S.; Rey, F.;
Johannessen, Truls; Bellerby, Richard; Blindheim, J.; Bullister, J. L.; Pfeil, Benjamin; Lin,
X; Kozyr, A.; Schirnick, C.; Tanhua, T; Wallace, D.W.R., 2009: Overview of the Nordic
Seas CARINA data and salinity measurements. Earth System Science Data, 1, 25-34.
Skjelvan. I., E. Falck, F. Rey, and S. Kringstad, 2008: Inorganic carbon time series of Ocean
Weather Station Mike in the Norwegian Sea. Biogeosciences, 5, 1-12.
Damm, E., Kiene, R., Schwarz, J., Falck, E., Dieckmann, G., 2008: Methane cycling in Arctic
shelf water and its relationship with phytoplankton bloom and DMSP. Marine Chemistry,
109, 45-59.
Nilsen, J. E. Ø. and E. Falck, 2006: Variations of mixed layer properties in the Norwegian Sea for
the period 1948-1999. Progress in Oceanography, 70, 58-90.
Falck, E., G. Kattner, and G. Budéus, 2005: Disappearance of Pacific Water in the northwestern
Fram Strait. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L14619, doi:10.1029/2005GL023400.
Falck, E., and L. G. Anderson, 2005: The dynamics of the carbon cycle in the surface water of the
Norwegian Sea. Marine Chemistry, 94, 43-53.
Skjelvan, I., A. Olsen, L. G. Anderson, R. G. J. Bellerby, E. Falck, Y. Kasajima, C. Kivimäe, A.
Omar, F. Rey, K. A. Olsson, T. Johannessen, and C. Heinze, 2005: A review of the inorganic
carbon cycle of the Nordic Seas and Barents Sea. In: The Nordic Seas, an integrated
perspective. Geophysical Monograph Series 158, AGU 10.1029/158GM11.
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
Water column data of carbon and carbon relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters
from 188 previously non-publicly available cruises in the Arctic, Atlantic, and Southern Ocean
have been retrieved and merged into a new database: CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic). Olsen
et al. (2009) is one of a series of papers related to the CARINA project and presents an overview
of the Nordic Seas CARINA data and an account of the quality control of salinity data from the
Nordic Seas in the CARINA database. During this project I did the quality control on all the
oxygen measurements from the Nordic Seas which will come out in a separate paper soon. The
main goal of the project was to create a uniformly formatted database of carbon relevant variables
in the ocean to be used for accurate assessments of oceanic carbon inventories and uptake rates.
The collection of data and the quality control of the data have been the main focus of this
CARINA project.
Two papers use time series from the Ocean Weather Station Mike (OWSM). In Nielsen
and Falck (2005) time series of mixed layer temperature, salinity, and oxygen for the period 1948
– 1999 are shown in addition to a time series of mixed layer depths. It was found that the different
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 32

LaScO EVA FALCK
properties of the mixed layer, except salinity, follow a mean annual cycle but with clear variations
from year to year. The vertical gradients that had developed during spring and summer were
effectively mixed out during autumn and the annual variability of the properties was confined to
the upper 300 m. The relative importance of the dynamics of the Norwegian Atlantic Current and
the atmospherically forced mixing for determining the winter mixed layer depth and depth of the
Atlantic Water remained undetermined. However, the localisation of deep mixed layers over the
topographical features rather than in accordance to the fields of atmospheric buoyancy fluxes
indicated that the general circulation was a governing factor for the common depth of Atlantic
Water.
In Skjelvan et al. (2008) a new inorganic carbon time series was presented from data since
fall 2001. The seasonal and interannual variations were described, and a multiple linear regression
method was used to determine the anthropogenic CO2 increase in this area of the Nordic Seas
during the last two decades (since the Transient Tracers in the Ocean, North Atlantic Study (TTO-
NAS) expedition in 1981). The observations showed that over the years inorganic carbon
concentrations had increased in the whole water column, and at a higher rate in the surface water
compared to the deep water. In the surface layer the inorganic carbon increase, converted to pCO2,
is larger than the observed atmospheric increase, which is in contradiction to model results. The
deep water carbon shows an annual increase of which about a tenth is due to inflow of old Arctic
water with larger amount of remineralised matter. The remaining part had an anthropogenic origin
and sources for this might be Greenland Sea surface water, Iceland Sea surface water, and/or
recirculated Atlantic Water.
In Damm et al. (2008) we report on in situ methane production and subsequent
consumption during a phytoplankton bloom in Storfjorden, situated to the southeast of the
Svalbard Archipelago in the northwestern Barents Sea. Here, because of the relatively small and
semi-enclosed study area, water exchange is restricted and the pathways of this climate-relevant
biogas can be studied in detail. The carbon isotopic ratios of methane were used to trace the in situ
production and the subsequent consumption processes, providing direct insight into the local
methane cycle in surface water. Further, we provided evidence that DMSP could be a potential
precursor of methane, via methylotrophic pathways in surface water in the polar shelf region.
Nutrients measured together with temperature and salinity from several cruises with the
German icebreaker F.S. Polarstern to the Greenland Sea and Fram Strait during the years 1984 to
2004 have been used to investigate the origin and circulation patterns of the waters leaving the
Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait. In Falck et al. (2005) nutrient and hydrographic data from 1984,
1990, 1997, and 2004 from the area north of Fram Strait showed that substantial changes had
occurred in the amount of Pacific Waters delivered to the Fram Strait and hence further to the
Atlantic Ocean. The strong signal of Pacific Water during the first three years mentioned had
completely vanished in 2004. A strong shift in the axis of the Transpolar Drift Stream toward the
Canadian Archipelago would explain why only waters from the Eurasian Basin were present north
of Fram Strait in 2004. Although the time series used did not well resolve interannual changes, we
could not find any indications for a direct relation between the presence of Pacific Water north of
the Fram Strait and the Arctic Oscillation.
In Falck and Anderson (2005) historical data of inorganic carbon, nitrate, and phosphate were used
to model the evolution of these constituents over the year in the Atlantic water of the Norwegian
Sea. Changes in nutrient concentration in the upper layer of the ocean are largely related to
biological activity, but vertical mixing with the underlying water will also have an impact. A
mixing factor was estimated and used to compute the entrainment of these constituents into the
surface water from below. After taking the mixing contribution into account, the resulting nutrient
concentration changes were attributed to biological production or decay. The results of the model
show that the change in inorganic carbon by vertical mixing and by biological activity based on
nutrient equivalents needs another sink to balance the carbon budget. Inasmuch as the peak deficit
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 33

LaScO EVA FALCK
of carbon was more than a month later than for the nutrients, the most plausible explanation was
that other nitrogen and phosphate sources than the inorganic salts were used together with
dissolved inorganic carbon during this period.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 34

ScOcean ILKER FER
Name: Ilker Fer
Born: 24.09.1973, Turkey
Nationality: Turkish (1973-2009), Norwegian (2009 and on)
Present position: Associate Professor, University of Bergen
Academic degrees:
2001 Ph.D. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
1997 M.Sc. Institute of Science and Technology, Technical Univ. of Istanbul, Turkey.
1995 Civil engineer. Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey.
Work experience:
2007 – Associate professor, Geophysical Inst., University of Bergen
2004 – Scientist, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
2002- 2007 Lecturer, Geophysical Inst., University of Bergen
2002 - 2004 Post-doctoral researcher, Geophysical Inst., University of Bergen
2001 - 2002 Scientist, Geophysical Inst., University of Bergen
1997 - 2001 Res./teaching assistant, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne.
1995 - 1997 Res./teaching assistant, Hydraulics Lab., Tech.Univ. of Istanbul, Turkey.
Fields of interest and present research activities
My expertise is in physical oceanography. My competence is built on small scale processes in shelf,
coastal and inland waters with special attention to high-latitudes. My activities comprise designing
and conducting adequate field experiments using state-of-the-art instrumentation, devising methods
for thorough processing and analysis of the data, and finally communicating the results to the
scientific community as well as to the graduate/under-graduate students. My fields of interest
include boundary layer processes, dense water overflows, turbulence and mixing, fine and
microstructure data acquisition and interpretation, seismic reflection techniques to image oceanic
finestructure, convective processes leading to dense water formation, turbulence in the under ice
boundary layer, air-ice-sea interaction, internal waves, and turbulence parameterizations.
I am a sea/ice-going oceanographer. I was fully committed in acquisition, processing and analysis
of data sets from 18 high-latitude cruises/field work (chief scientist on 9) since 2002, including 3
stays at the ice-camp Barneo near the North Pole. Presently I am the principal investigator of the
projects “Arctic Ocean Mixing”, “Internal hydraulic processes in an Arctic fjord”, “Bipolar Atlantic
Thermohaline Circulation, BIAC” (WP3), and “The Norwegian Centre for Offshore Wind Energy,
NORCOWE”(WP5.6), all funded by the Research Council of Norway. I am also involved in the
EU-projects “Developing Arctic Modelling and Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environment
Studies, DAMOCLES” and “Arctic Operational Oceanography Network in ESONET”; and the
Norwegian Research Council-funded projects “Polar Climate and Heat Transport
(POCAHONTAS)”, and “Cabled Ocean Observatory”.
Presently I am the co-leader of the research group “Coastal and Small Scale Processes” group, at
the Geophysical Institute, and the co-leader of the research group “Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere
processes” at the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 50%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including peerreview,
outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Leadership: Leader of study program-board at the Geophysical Institute (2009 and on), co-leader of
the research group “Coastal and Small Scale Processes” group, at the Geophysical Institute (2007
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 35

ScOcean ILKER FER
and on), and co-leader of the research group “Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere processes” at the Bjerknes
Centre for Climate Research (2006 and on).
Committees and membership: Member of the study-board of the Mat-Nat faculty (2009 and on),
member of the SIOS working group on geophysical processes in the Arctic (2009 and on), member
of the user group committee on designing a new ice-going research vessel (2008-2010), member of
the American Geophysical Union and the European Geophysical Union
Review work: Reviewer (typically 5 papers and 3 proposals per year) for Journal of Geophysical
Research, Geophysical Research Letters, Continental Shelf Research, Deep-Sea Research,
Limnology and Oceanography, Journal of Physical Oceanography, and for the national research
agencies of USA, UK, France and New Zealand.
Outreach: Interviewed by Schrödingers Katt (NRK1), twice by Lucas Laursen (appeared in
magazines Science and Earth), by Larry O'Hanlon (Discovery News), and by Hubro. Authored
popular science articles which appeared in Cicerone and Klima. Maintains an updated web-site
including field work overview.
Bibliometrics (Web of Science, 15.03.2010) 22 entries (this excludes 2 published peer-reviewed
articles that are not registered at ISI, 3 submitted and other 3 accepted for publication); sum of the
times cited: 187; average citations per item: 8.50; h-index: 10.
Doctoral students presently under supervision:
Knut S. Seim
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Peer-reviewed:
Holbrook, W. S., I. Fer, and R. W. Schmitt, 2009. Images of internal tides near the Norwegian
continental slope Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L00D10, doi:10.1029/ 2009GL038909.
Fer, I., 2009. Weak vertical diffusion allows maintenance of cold halocline in the central Arctic.
Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett., 2(3)-148-152.
Daae, K.L., I. Fer, and E.P. Abrahamsen, 2009. Mixing on the continental slope of the southern
Weddell Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 114, C09018, doi:10.1029/2008JC005259.
Geyer, F., I. Fer, and T. Eldevik, 2009. Dense overflow from an Arctic fjord: Mean seasonal cycle,
variability and wind influence. Cont. Shelf Res., 29(17), 2110–2121.
Sirevaag, A., and I. Fer, 2009. Early spring oceanic heat fluxes and mixing observed from drift
stations north of Svalbard. J. Phys. Ocenogr., 39(12), 3049-3069.
Fer, I., and W.S. Holbrook, 2008. Seismic reflection methods for study of the water column. In
Encylopedia of Ocean Sciences 2nd edn., Eds. J.H. Steele, K.K. Turekian, and S.A. Thorpe.
Oxford, Academic Press, 351-360.
Fer, I., and B. Ådlandsvik, 2008. Descent and mixing of the overflow plume from Storfjord in
Svalbard: An idealized numerical model study. Ocean Science, 4, 115-132.
Skogseth, R., L.H. Smedsrud, F. Nilsen, and I. Fer, 2008. Observations of hydrography and
downflow of brine-enriched shelf water in the Storfjorden polynya, Svalbard. J. Geophys.
Res., 113, C08049, doi:10.1029/2007JC004452.
Fer, I., K. Widell, 2007. Early spring turbulent mixing in an ice-covered Arctic fjord during
transition to melting. Cont. Shelf Res. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2007.04.003.
Sundfjord, A., I. Fer, Y. Kasajima, H. Svendsen, 2007. Observations of turbulent mixing and
hydrography in the Marginal Ice Zone of the Barents Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 112, C05008,
doi:10.1029/2006JC003524.
Fer, I. and A. Sundfjord, 2007. Observations of upper ocean boundary layer dynamics in the
marginal ice zone, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C04012, doi:10.1029/2005JC003428.
Widell, K., I. Fer, and P.M. Haugan, 2006. Salt release from warming sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett.,
33, L12501, doi:10.1029/ 2006GL026262.
Fer, I., 2006. Scaling turbulent dissipation in an Arctic fjord. Deep-Sea Res. II. 53, 77-95.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 36

ScOcean ILKER FER
Holbrook, W.S., and I. Fer, 2005. Ocean internal wave spectra inferred from seismic reflection
transects. Geophys. Res. Lett., L15604, doi: 10.1029/ 2005GL023733.
Skogseth, R., I. Fer, and P.M. Haugan, 2005. Dense-water production and overflow from an Arctic
coastal polynya in Storfjorden. In The Nordic Seas: An Integrated Perspective, edited by H.
Drange, et al., pp. 73-88, AGU Geophysical Monog., 158.
Other papers (including scientific reports)
Fer, I. and A. Sirevaag, 2008. Indre bølger i Polhavet? Klima, 3, 41-43.
Fer, I. and W.S. Holbrook, 2005. Seismikk avslører indre bølger i havet, Cicerone, 4, 30-31
Daae, K, L., Fer, I., 2008. "Monitoring of the Storfjorden overflow: Current measurements in 2007"
Reports in Meteorology and Oceanography, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen.
Report No. 3- 2008. ISBN 82-8116-015-2. 21 pp.
Fer, I., F. Geyer and K.L. Daae, 2008. Data report from the cruise HM2007 613 with R.V. Håkon
Mosby 10 July-4 August 2007. Reports in Meteorology and Oceanography, Geophysical
Institute, University of Bergen. Report Nr. 2-2008. ISBN 82-8116-014-4. 96 pp.
Fer, I., 2007. Current measurements at the Storfjorden sill, 2004 – 2006. Reports in Meteorology
and Oceanography, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen. Report Nr. 1-2007. ISBN 82-
8116-012-8. 26 pp.
Fer, I., 2006. Current Measurements at the Storfjorden Sill, Reports in Meteorology and
Oceanography, University of Bergen, Report No: 1-2006, 41 pp.
Fer, I., 2006. Data report from the cruise HM 2004 613 with R.V. Håkon Mosby 1-10 July 2004.
Reports in Meteorology and Oceanography, University of Bergen, Report No: 2-2006, 67 pp.
Fer, I., Ø. Skagseth, and K.A. Orvik, 2005. General and fine scale oceanographic properties on the
Norwegian Continental slope inferred from a moored CTD- and current profiler. Project
report to Norsk Hydro contract # 5279548, 32 pp.
Invited talks
Mixing of the Faroe Bank Channel Overflow. In Our Warming Planet, MOCA-09 IAPSO
Symposia, Montreal, Canada, July 20-24, 2009.
Near inertial internal waves and mixing in the Arctic Ocean DNVA-RSE Norway-Scotland Internal
Waves Symposium, Oslo 14-15 October 2008.
Seismic Oceanography: Where We Are, Where We’re Going. In ASLO/AGU Ocean Sciences
Meeting March 2-7, 2008 - Orlando, Florida, USA. (Invited Tutorial)
Mixing of the Storfjorden overflow. In QuantAS Workshop, Warnemünde, 31 Aug- 1Sept. 2006.
Baltic Sea Research Institute, Warnemünde, Germany.
Formation, export and mixing of dense water on polar shelves: Results from the Storfjorden
laboratory. In Coastal and Shelf Seas -Present Understanding and Future Challenges, Bangor,
UK,10-12 April 2006, Univ. of Wales, Bangor, UK. (Invited key note lecture)
Corroboration complementing the publication list
High-latitude oceans produce cold and heavy water which sinks and circulates equatorward,
eventually flowing over topographic constrictions and ridges. Such dense overflow plumes maintain
the deep part of the ocean circulation which in return carries heat toward the Arctic. Due to their
small-scale and the shortcomings in understanding the mechanisms by which they mix, overflows
are very poorly represented in climate models. In a series of papers, I have studied the overflow of
dense water originated from the Storfjorden polynya, in Svalbard Archipelago. The process is
related to ice formation, which releases salt and produces dense water that can contribute to the
ventilation of the Norwegian Sea. The mechanisms involved are representative of the Arctic shelves
and improve our understanding of shelf-basin interaction in the Arctic Ocean, the maintenance of
the upper stratification, and the ventilation of the Arctic Ocean. The papers I co-authored improved
our understanding of how a polynya responds to external forcing, the link between polynya and the
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 37

ScOcean ILKER FER
sill region, and entrainment and mixing processes of the bottom-attached overflow. In order to
improve the representation of overflows in numerical models, I evaluated several parameterization
schemes and tuned them for application to the Storfjorden overflow. Together with Ådlandsvik, we
performed the first 3D, high-resolution modelling study of the Storfjorden overflow, and evaluated
the performance of a commonly used turbulence closure scheme against observations including
turbulence measurements. Most recently, I led a dedicated field experiment to extend the overflow
and mixing studies to the dynamics of the Faroe-Bank Channel overflow. Our turbulence and
finestructure measurements are the first at this site and reveal counter-intuitive dynamics and
mixing of the overflow plume. We identify mechanisms which lay ground for further developments.
A second series of papers addresses mixing in ice-covered waters including both fast-ice and
drifting ice in the marginal ice zone or in the central Arctic. The focus is threefold: 1) interaction of
ocean and ice in the under-ice boundary layer, 2) the influence and fate of the warm Atlantic Water
west and north of Spitsbergen, and 3) the role of ocean mixing for Arctic Ocean. My main
collaborators in these projects have been Sirevaag, Sundfjord and Widell whom I advised through
their PhD studies. By conducting measurements under ice and in the water column, we report on
momentum, heat and salt fluxes and describe the links to external forcing. Our observations reveal
how turbulent heat forcing from below can lead to the desalination of warm and saline sea ice. In
the marginal ice zone, we investigated the role of wind-forcing, effect of ridge keels and the
buoyancy fluxes for mixing in the upper ocean and across the pycnocline. Significantly elevated
levels of turbulent dissipation were associated with ridge keels. We have put forward a revised
scaling that explained the observed vertical structure of turbulence and its suppression due to
buoyancy fluxes. The passage between Greenland and Svalbard is the main gateway of ocean heat
in to the Arctic Ocean. Heat and salt are transported northward by the West Spitsbergen Current,
which cools due to heat loss to the atmosphere, melting of sea ice and mixing with other water
masses. We show, by direct measurements from several drifting ice stations, that north of Svalbard
is home to anomalous mixing rates and differs significantly from typical Arctic shelves. We identify
the key processes for water masses modifications and emphasize the importance of boundaries,
shelf regions and tide-topography interaction for the cooling of the warm Arctic inflow. This heat
loss is important both for the regional and the Arctic circulation, heat budget and the ice cover.
During my RCN-funded Young Investigator project, I investigated vertical mixing in the Arctic
Ocean. In the central Arctic, the ice and the warm Atlantic Water layer are separated by a cold and
salinity-stratified layer called the cold halocline layer. The maintenance of this layer is of crucial
importance for the Arctic ice cover because it insulates the ice from the oceanic heat. By analyzing
high-resolution observations from a drift in the Amundsen Basin in the central Arctic Ocean, I
reported, for the first time, how the lack of vertical mixing allowed maintenance of the cold
halocline layer. Moderate mixing levels typical of mid-latitude can erode or even remove this layer.
In case of a seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean, increased levels of mixing can be anticipated as a
result of wind energy input over large areas of open water. The ice is then easily exposed to the
relatively warm Atlantic water, possibly leading to a strong positive feedback.
The last series of papers describe the application of multichannel seismic reflection methods to infer
oceanic finestructure. Together with Holbrook, I pioneered a method to quantify the internal wave
energy in the ocean using acoustic imaging by reflection seismology. Temperature and salinity
finestructure in the water column lead to horizons with significant acoustic reflectivity contrasts that
are sampled in full water depth with exceptional horizontal resolution. Horizontal wavenumber
spectra derived from digitized reflection horizons described the internal wave spectral distribution
consistent with available models and towed-measurements from oceanic sensors. In a follow-up
paper, we showed how bands of seismic reflections that cross isotherms closely agreed with the
expected internal tide characteristics. Our investigations suggest that the seismic oceanography can
be an effective tool in studies of ocean mixing by internal waves and tides.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 38

CLIMATE TORE FUREVIK
Name: Tore Furevik
Born: 09.08.1969
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Professor / Centre leader
Academic degrees
� MSc Physical Oceanography, Geophysical Institute, UiB 1995. Thesis title “Den kritiske
breidda for tidevatnet” (in Norwegian, published in JGR 1996 as ”Stability at M2 critical
latitude in the Barents Sea”), 108pp. Advisor, prof Arne Foldvik, UiB.
� PhD Physical Oceanography, Geophysical Institute, UiB 1998. Thesis title “On the Atlantic
Water Flow in the Nordic Seas: Bifurcation and Variability”, 218pp. Advisors, profs Arne
Foldvik, UiB and Knut Aargard, University of Washington, Seattle.
Work experience
� Norwegian Coastguard (13 months), Barents Sea and Antarctica, 1989-1990.
� Field work and analysis of oceanographic conditions in a west-Norwegian fjord (50%
position, 13 months), 1992-1993
� Associate professor (vicariate) at the Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, 1998-
1999
� Post doc, developing the Bergen Climate Model, shared between the Nansen Environmental
and Remote Sensing Centre and the Geophysical Institute, UiB, 1999-2001
� Associate professor in oceanography, Geophysical Institute, UiB, 2002-2004
� Adjunct position, Unifob AS (now UNI Research), 20%, 2003-2008
� Professor in oceanography, Geophysical Institute, UiB, 2005-present
� Centre leader, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, UiB, 2009-present
Teaching
� At Geophysical Institute, UiB I have been responsible for six different subjects since 1998.
They are GEOF101: Introduction to meteorology and oceanography (2002,2003);
GEOF110: Introduction to atmosphere-ocean dynamics (2003); GEOF 210: Data analysis in
Geophysics (2008); GEOF212: Climatology- climate change (2005,2006); GEOF330:
Dynamical oceanography (1999,2003,2004,2005,2006); GEOF335: Polar Oceanography
(1998,1999,2002).
� At Centre for international health, UiB I have had a 4 hours climate module in INT313:
Globalization and Health, (2008,2009).
� At the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) I have contributed to two courses, 10 hours of
lectures each time. AGF211: Air/ice/ocean interaction (2004,2005,2006,2009);
AGF214: Polar oceanography (2000,2001).
� At University of Algarve, Portugal I was responsible for a module "Climate and Ocean"
under the "Erasmus Mundus Joint Master in Water and Coastal Management” (2005). 10
hours.
Fields of interest and present research activities
My research is focussed on understanding the dynamics governing the climate of our planet. Main
work has been on the physics of the ocean, ocean-atmosphere interaction, and large-scale
atmospheric dynamics, with focus on the North Atlantic – Nordic Seas – Arctic region. Both
models and observational data have been used in various works. Realising the importance of
interactions between low and high latitudes, and the complex relationships between climate
variations in different regions, has gradually led to a more global interest. One result is an ongoing
project between Norway and China on the Southeast Asian monsoon, and similar projects are in the
pipeline for South Asia (Bangladesh and Vietnam).
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 39

CLIMATE TORE FUREVIK
A substantial fraction of my time is also used on research training. In addition to supervising 7 PhD
students (3 as main- and 4 as co-supervisor), I coordinate the Norwegian Research School in
Climate, and also a partnership program with University of Washington and Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, both involving annual summer schools and many other research-training activities.
Portion of my time dedicated to research: 30%; approximately the same time is used for the
various research-training activities.
Professional merits
� Vice director and research group leader, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (Norwegian
Centre of Excellence), 2003-present
� President of the Bergen Geophysical Society, 2002-2003; President of the Norwegian
Geophysical Society, 2008-2009
� National correspondent, International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans
(IAPSO), 2008-
� Coordinator of the Norwegian Research School in Climate Dynamics (3 mill € over 8 years),
2009-present
� Leader of six PhD assessment committees
� Evaluated proposals / been in evaluation board for National Science Foundation (US),
Swedish National Space Board, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), and Academy
of Finland
� Reviewer for Tellus, Atmosphere-Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research, Journal of
Climate, Geophysical Research Letters, and Journal of Marine Systems. Editor for
Atmosphere and Oceanic Science Letters, 2008-
� Given more than 50 popular lectures and close to 100 times in national or international
newspapers, radio and television (full list at http://folk.uib.no/ngftf/Site/Outreach.html)
� About 15 invited guest lectures / invited talks at international institutions or conferences.
More than 20 talks at international conferences.
� Leader of organising committee for one international conference (Polar Dynamicsmonitoring,
understanding and predictions, Bergen 2007, ca 200 participants) and five
international summer schools (Multidecadal variability and teleconnection dynamics, Finse,
11-22 Sep, 2006; Transferable and professional challenges in interdisciplinary global climate
research, Bergen, 1-11 Jul, 2007; Advanced Climate Dynamics Courses 2009 – The
Meridional overturning circulation, Bergen 3-12 Jun 2009; Advanced Climate Dynamics
Courses 2010 – Interactions between ice sheets and ocean, Lyngen, Troms 9-19 Jun 2010 ;
Monsoon variability, teleconnections and impacts on low and mid latitudes, Obergurgl,
Austria, 20-30 Jun 2010).
Research grants and contracts
Funding
Agency
Project Title Period Role
Norwegian Deep A comparison study of ocean currents at Ellida and 2004 Project
Water Programme
(NDP)
Ormen Lange. Grant: 80 KNOK
leader
Bergen
Transferable and professional challenges in
2007 Project
University interdisciplinary global climate research - A summer
leader
Foundation school for future European research leaders. Grant: 280
KNOK
RCN Climate of Norway and Arctic in the 21 st century – 2007- Module
NorClim. Grant 60 MNOK (www.norclim.no)
2010 leader
RCN Bipolar Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation – BIAC. 2007- Module
Grant 32 MNOK (www.bccr.no/biac/)
2010 leader
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 40

CLIMATE TORE FUREVIK
SIU Norwegian-US partnership program in Climate. Grant:
2,365 MNOK (www.bccr.no/acdc/)
RCN Norwegian research school in climate dynamics. Grant:
24 MNOK (www.resclim.no)
RCN Norwegian-Chinese East-Asia DecCen project. Grant:
7,1 MNOK (http://www.bccr.no/deccen/)
2005 - Project
leader
2009- Project
2016 leader
2009- Project
2012 leader
Supervision
Has been the main supervisor for 7 completed MSc candidates and 1 completed PhD candidate.
Doctoral students presently under supervision
Kristin Richter (main), Ole Segtnan (main), Iselin Medhaug (main), Inge Bethke (co-), Roshin
Pappukukutty Raj (co-), Andreas Born (co-), Ole Johan Aarnes (co-).
Academic publications 2005-2009
Richter, K., T. Furevik, and K. A. Orvik (2009), Effect of wintertime low-pressure systems on the
Atlantic inflow to the Nordic seas, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C09006, doi:10.1029/2009JC005392
Sandø, A.B. and Furevik, T. (2008). Relation between the wind stress curl in the North Atlantic
and the Atlantic inflow to the Nordic Seas, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C06028,
doi:10.1029/2007JC004236.
Skagseth, O., Furevik, T., Ingvaldsen, R., Loeng, H., Mork, K.A., Orvik, K.A., and Ozhigin, V.
(2008).Volume and heat transports to the Arctic Ocean via the Norwegian and Barents Seas, in
Arctic - Subarctic Ocean Fluxes (R. Dickson, J. Meincke, and P. Rhines, Eds.) Springer Verlag,
pp 25-64.
Wu, P., Haak, H., Wood, R., Jungclaus, J., and Furevik, T. (2008). Simulating the terms in the
Arctic hydrological budget, in Arctic - Subarctic Ocean Fluxes (R. Dickson, J. Meincke, and P.
Rhines, Eds.) Springer Verlag, pp 363-384.
Furevik, T., Mauritzen, C., and Ingvaldsen, R. (2007): The Flow of Atlantic Water to the Nordic
Seas and Arctic Ocean, in Arctic-Alpine Ecosystems and People in a Changing Environment
(J.B. Ørbæk, R Kallenborn, I Tombre, E Nøst Hegseth, S Falk-Petersen, A.H. Hoel, Eds.),
Springer Verlag, pp 123-146.
Bethke, I., Furevik, T., and Drange, H. (2006). Towards a more saline North Atlantic and a fresher
Arctic under global warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21712, doi:10.1029/2006GL027264.
Sorteberg, A., Furevik, T., Drange, H., and Kvamsto, N.G. (2005): Simulated sensitivity of Arctic
climate projections to natural variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32 (18), L18708
doi:10.1029/2005GL023404.
Drange, H., Dokken, T., Furevik, T., Gerdes, R., and Berger, W, editors (2005): The Nordic Seas:
An Integrated Perspective, preface, (H. Drange, T. Dokken, T. Furevik, R. Gerdes and W.
Berger, Eds.), AGU Monograph 158, American Geophys. Union, Wash. DC, vii-viii.
Drange, H., Dokken, T., Furevik, T., Gerdes, R., Berger, W., Nesje, A., Orvik, K. A., Skagseth, Ø.,
Skjelvan, I., and Østerhus, S. (2005): The Nordic Seas: AGU monograph, 1-10.
Furevik, T. and Nilsen, J.E.O. (2005): Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Variability and its
Impacts on the Nordic Seas Ocean Climate - a review, in The Nordic Seas: AGU monograph,
105-136.
Bellerbye, R.G.J., Olsen A., Furevik, T., and Anderson, L.G. (2005): Response of the surface
ocean CO2 system in the Nordic Seas to climate change, in The Nordic Seas: AGU monograph,
189-197.
Eldevik, T., Straneo, F., Sando A.B., and Furevik, T. (2005): Pathways and export of Greenland
Sea water, in The Nordic Seas: AGU monograph, 89-103.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 41

CLIMATE TORE FUREVIK
Segtnan, O.H.A., Furevik, T., and Jenkins A.D. (2010), Cross-isotherm currents in the
southwestern part of the Barents Sea: Flow field estimated indirectly from ocean temperature
observations and surface heat fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., SUBMITTED.
Medhaug, I. and T. Furevik (2010), North Atlantic 20th Century Multidecadal Variability in
Coupled Climate Models: Sea Surface Temperature and Ocean Overturning Circulation, J. of
Climate, SUBMITTED.
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
Climate modelling and climate analysis: During my Post Doc (1999-2001) I was central in
developing the fully coupled Bergen Climate Model, and have later been involved in ca 10 peer
review papers using output from this model. At present I am not involved in model developing, but
through project coordination and supervising indirectly involved in downscaling activities and data
analysis.
Large-scale air-sea interaction: Main interest has been on the mechanisms behind the observed
variability in ocean circulation and hydrography, and several works have therefore concentrated on
the effects of the mechanical (wind) and buoyancy (heat and freshwater) forcing of the ocean. Time
scales from days (surface perturbations) to decades (internal density distributions) have been
studied. Through various projects (e.g. NorClim and DecCen) I am also involved in activities
involving the atmospheric response to sea surface anomalies (temperature or sea ice), as well as
mechanisms for fully two-way coupled variability.
High-Low latitude interaction and teleconnection: Although focus has been on the North Atlantic,
Nordic Seas, and the Arctic, a global view is a prerequisite for understanding the causes for
variability in this region. I am therefore involved in several projects focusing on co-variability
between climate in different regions, most notably between the Arctic and lower latitudes
(NorClim), and between the Atlantic and East Asia (DecCen). DecCen and several new project
proposals focusing on South Asia (Bangladesh and Vietnam) also focus on monsoon variability.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 42

LaScO CV TOR GAMMELSRØD
Name: Tor Gammelsrød
Born: 15.03.1944
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Professor
Academic degrees: Cand. real
Work experience:
1963 Teacher elementary school (1/2 year)
1964 -1971 Meteorological observer (1 year)
1971-1979 Assist. Prof. Geophysical Inst. Univ. of Bergen
1980-1985 Assoc. Prof. " " "
1986-1988 Oceanographer, Fishery Res. Inst. Maputo Mozambique
1989-1991 Head of Geophysical Inst, Univ. of Bergen
1992-1993 Professor " " "
1994-1997 Scientist, IMR, NANSEN programme
1998-1999 Professor, Geophysical Inst, Univ. of Bergen
1999- 2001 Professor, UNIS
2001 - Feb- April. Professor, University of Namibia
2001- Professor, Geophysical Inst, Univ. of Bergen and adjunct prof. UNIS, Svalbard
Fields of interest and present research activities (maximum one page)
I have been involved in Polar Research for 30 years and Tropical Research for 25 years.
My Polar Research has been based on observations in the field. During the last 3 years I have been
participating in or organising 3 expeditions to the Antarctic and 7 cruises in the Arctic. The cruises
to the Antarctic has all been to the Weddell Sea, where I have been involved in measurements of
water mass characteristics, currents, direct turbulence measurements and observations near the
floating glaciers. In the Arctic cruises have been concentrated in the northern Barents Sea, the
Fram Strait and the continental slope north of Svalbard. I have been particularly involved in air-ice
–ocean measurements, tracking water masses, and heat and mass transports estimations.
In Tropical research I have a close co-operation with IMR, Bergen, its counterpart in
Mozambique (IIP) and Universiade Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique. My activities are
concentrated in the Mozambican Channel and the near-coast mangrove zone. Model studies
(Asplin et. al, 2006) revealed that the Mozambican Channel is dominated by large scale (~500km)
anti-cyclonic eddies which is drifting south through the channel. About 4 – 6 eddies are formed
per year. In 2008 I was cruise leader on a 3 weeks cruise with RV F. NANSEN in the Channel
where we used ssh measurements from satellites to spot the eddies, and then oriented the ship
across the eddies to measure water characteristics, currents, chemical components, nutrients, and
all stages of fish (Kaehler et. al., 2008). On the same cruise a current meter mooring was deployed
at 1000m depth outside Northern Mozambique. This mooring was recovered 24th of December
2009.
My present activities is financed via the NOMA project (2008 – 2013, NOK 6.8 mill)
which aim is to graduate 24 MSc students at the recent established School in Marine Sciences,
Quelimane, Central Mozambique. The data from the NANSEN cruise will provide the core data
for several of the MSc thesis. In addition we concentrate on processes within the mangrove forests.
Tidal currents in the myriad of rivers and creeks are a potential for micro power plants based on
tidal currents. A prototype is developed at the School. The cultivation of algae to produce
biodiesel has also been performed at the School as a pilot experiment. The School is also involved
in the water quality control at Aquaculture farms. Studies of fluxes of properties in the tidal
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 43

LaScO CV TOR GAMMELSRØD
dominated rivers are used for calculation of the river capacities as sewage recipients. In short, our
research in the tropics is on the applied side, although basic studies like the dynamics of the eddies
in the Channel also are included. It is underlined, however that even the eddy studies have direct
practical influence, as tuna-fish tend to concentrate near the outskirts of the anticyclones, the
eddies may transport larvae off- and onshore and therefore influence the recruitment to the
fisheries. Also the strong current associated with the eddies (~2m/s) may influence the offshore
activities as oil drilling and production. Our current meter mooring was located near a planned
drilling site.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 20%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
� The Norwegian Scientific Academy for polar Research
� I am reviewing about 4 scientific papers per year.
� Popular scientific work is usually published in ‘KLIMA’, see Gammelsrød et. al (2008) for
the description of the importance of the time series from Weather Ship Station MIKE.
� I give about one popular lecture per year, mainly for High School students and teachers.
The topics are usually related to Polar Research and Climate, but also co-operation with
Developing countries has been of interest.
� I act as the co-ordinator of University’s Scientific Cruise activities, and I am also a member
of the National Cruise Committee.
Doctoral students presently under supervision
Vidar S. Lien (2007-2010) Variability in water mass transformations, bottom water
production in the Barents Sea and linkages to the Polar Front. IMR/GFI University of Bergen
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009 (maximum two pages);
Peer review papers
Abrahamsen, E. P., S. Østerhus and T. Gammelsrød, Ice draft and current measurements from the
north-western Barents Sea, 1993-96. Polar Research 25(1), 25-37. 2006
Gammelsrød, Tor, Øyvind Leikvin, Vidar Lien, W. Paul Budgell, Harald Loeng and Wieslaw
Maslowski: Mass and Heat Transports in the NE Barents Sea; Observations and Models. J.
of Marine systems (2009), doi:10.1016/j.marsys.2008.07.010
Nicholls, Keith W., Svein Østerhus, Keith Makinson, Tor Gammelsrød, and Eberhard Fahrbach:
Ice-ocean processes over the continental shelf of the Southern Weddell Sea, Antarctica: A
review: Reviews in Geophysics 47, RG3003, doi:10.10129/2007RG000250. 2009
Darelius, E., L.H. Smedsrud, S. Østerhus, A.Foldvik and T. Gammelsrød Structure and
variability of the Filchner overflow plume. Tellus 61A, 446-464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600
0870.2009.0031.x (2009)
Popular contributions; (In Norwegian)
Gammelsrød, Tor; Østerhus, Svein. Havstrømmene spiller en nøkkelrolle i klimautviklingen.
Klima 2007;4:32-34
Gammelsrød, Tor, Ingunn Skjelvan, Svein Østerhus, Ann Kristin Østrem. Værskipet Polarfront:
Klimaforskningens flaggskip. Klima 2008;2,44-47
Reports
Asplin, L, M.Skogen, P.W Budgell, T. Gammelsrød, V. Dove, E. Andre, A:M. Hoguane
Numerical Modelling of currents and Hydrography in Mozambique Channel. Rev. Inv Pesq.
Maputo, 2006
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 44

LaScO CV TOR GAMMELSRØD
Kaehler, Sven , Tor Gammelsrød Jaclyn Hill , Jean-Francois Ternon , Pascal Cotel , Michel
Potier , Jenny Huggett, Andre Miggel, Keshnee Pillay , Bruce Dyer , Bjorn Backeberg,
Avelino Langa, Bernadino Malaune, Doris Benivary, Tamaryn Morris, Bevin O'Reilly and
Magne Olsen (2008). “Tracking eddies in the Mozambican Channel” ASCLME SURVEY
NO 4 FAO PROJECT: CCP/INT/003/NOR Cruise reports “Dr. Fridtjof Nansen” EAF-
N2008/7
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
All the peer review papers are describing activities in the Polar Regions. Deep and bottom water
formation has been the main focus. We have studied air-sea –ice interaction processes which
contribute to the formation of dense water masses. Description of dense water currents, their
dynamics and their mixing with the environments has been a main effort. To understand the global
thermohaline circulation, knowledge of the amount of bottom water produced in Polar Regions are
of utterly importance, and this has been one of our main goals in these studies.
In recent years our Polar activities ha been supported by the IPY NFR project BIAC (Bipolar
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation). I have been the co-ordinator of this project. In BIAC we have
identified two central investigation areas for deep- and bottom water production, namely the
Barents Sea in the Arctic and the Weddell Sea in the Antarctic.
In the Barents Sea warm, saline Atlantic is entering in the west. In the relative shallow
Barents Sea the whole water column is directly influenced by atmospheric forcing like wind
mixing and cooling. Ice formation and ice dynamics (Abrahamsen et. al 2006) are also modifying
the water masses. The salt ejected from the ice during freezing leads to a further increase in the
density, and the most dense water masses in the world are observed in the Barents Sea.
Most of the water masses modified within the Barents Sea flows into the Arctic Ocean between
Novaya Zemlja and Franz Josef Land, the Barents Sea exit (BSX). In Gammelsrød et al (2009) we
discuss the water masses and transports using historical data and two numerical model systems.
We found that, in contrast to earlier estimates, the Barents Sea is cooling the Arctic Ocean rather
than warming it. An array of 5 current meter moorings containing a total of 14 current meters were
deployed in the BSX in September 2007 and successfully recovered one year later. The main
object was to study the flux of dense water through the BSX and its eventual contribution to the
overflow between Greenland and Scotland sills towards the deep Atlantic. These current-meters
and all the data were unfortunately confiscated by the Russians shortly after the recovery 18
months ago and are still subject to ‘further inspections’ by some military units. The results of this
study are therefore delayed.
In the Weddell Sea we have been involved in the study of water densification processes, and
particularly the role of the immense floating Ronne – Filchner glaciers. When melting at the
bottom of the Ice Shelves occurs a super-cooled water mass called Ice Shelf Water (ISW) is
formed. Studies of interaction between the continental shelf and the sub-ice cavity are summarized
in Nicholls et. al.,(2009).
By definition ISW has a lower temperature than the surface freezing point (-1.9°C). This water
mass is believed to play a key role in bottom water formation, because the low temperature means
that it is more compressible than the environments, and it will subject to further down-slope
acceleration as it descends the continental slope. The ISW overflow has intermittently been
monitored since 1977. In Dalerius et. al., (2009) the dynamics of the ISW cascading towards the
deep ocean is discussed. The role of the canyons and ridges steering the flow downwards is
documented. Three distinct oscillation periods of 35 hours, 3 days and 6 days were observed.
Neither he role of these oscillations in the mixing of ISW with the surrounding waters to form
bottom water, nor their origin is understood.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 45

LaScO SIGBJØRN GRØNÅS
Name: Sigbjørn Grønås
Born: 4 November 1939
Nationality: Norwegian
Position: Professor Emeritus in Meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
Academic degrees:
1967 Cand.real. Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
Work experience:
1966-1968 State Meteorologist, The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, DNMI
1968-1971 Scientist, The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment. Research Area:
Local Climatology.
1971-1974 Scientist, DNMI. Research Area: Numerical Weather Prediction.
1974-1980 Senior Scientist, DNMI
1980-1984 Head of Section, Numerical Weather Prediction, DNMI from 1980.
1984-1989 Principal Scientist, Numerical Weather Prediction, DNMI from 1984.
1989-1986 Head of Research, DNMI from May 1989.
1981-1986 Visiting Scientist, The European Centre for Medium range Weather
Forecasts (ECMWF). Altogether 12 months
1990-2009 Professor in dynamical meteorology, University of Bergen
2009 Professor Emeritus, November 2009.
Grønås has until 2009 taught courses on the following subjects:
• Dynamics of the Atmosphere
• Synoptic Meteorology and Weather Forecasting
• Monitoring the Weather
• The Concept of Potential Vorticity
• Mesoscale and small-scaled Mountain Flows
Fields of interest and present research activities:
Professor Grønås has led the development of numerical weather forecasting models in Norway. He
has made fundamental contributions to the understanding and modeling of atmospheric dynamics
including mesoscale phenomena such as polar lows, arctic fronts, mesoscale cyclogenesis, strong
cyclones, and flow over mountains, coastal jets, strong lee wind, gap winds. He has also contributed
to local meteorology, but in recent years his main field of interest has been global and regional
climate. In particular he was in the leader group of the national climate project RegClim for 10
years. Precently he dedicates most of his time to outreach on the climate problem.
Portion of time dedicated to research: 0%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits
• Member of Commission of Atmospheric Sciences, World Meteorological Organization.
• Past member of the Scientific Advisory Committee at the European Centre for Medium Range
Weather Forecasts (ECMWF).
• Member of Advisory Board, Tellus A.
• Past member of the Management Group of the Norwegian project "Regional Climate
Development under global warming" (RegClim).
• Past editor of climate program NORKLIMA’s pages in the journal Klima (6 issues a year).
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 46

LaScO SIGBJØRN GRØNÅS
• Past President of the Geophysical Society of Norway.
• Past Norwegian representative in IAMAS under IUGG.
• Elected Head of Geophysical Department, University of Bergen from 1 January 1999 to 1
September 2003.
• Reviewer for IPCC and the Swedish Research Council.
Doctoral students presently under supervision
Co-supervisor of PhD-student Anna Fitch. (In addition he has supervised 2 doctoral degrees and 4
master degrees since 2004).
Academic and professional publications since 2005
Barstad I. & S. Grønås 2005. Southwesterly flows over southern Norway – mesoscale sensitivity
to large-scale wind direction and speed, Tellus, 57A, 136-152.
Barstad I. & S. Grønås 2006. Dynamical structures for southwesterly airflow over southern
Norway – The role of dissipation.Tellus, 58A, 2-18.
Grønås, S. 2005. Vilhelm Bjerknes’ vision for scientific weather prediction. In The Nordic Seas, an
integrated Perspective. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 357-366.
Popular science:
Grønås, S 2005. Den vanskelige vindkraften. Cicerone 2005 (6) s. 25-26.
Grønås, S. 2005. Hvor gode er klimamodellene? Cicerone 2005 (4) s. 28-30.
Grønås, S. 2005. Moderate endringer i vindklima. Cicerone 2005 (6) s. 28-29.
Grønås, S. 2005. Norges klima om hundre år - usikkerheter og risiko. Cicerone 2005 (4) s. 20-21.
Grønås, S. 2005. Nye anslag for global oppvarming. Cicerone 2005 (2) s. 28-29.
Grønås, S. 2005. Tropiske orkaner kan bli mer ødeleggende. Cicerone 2005 (5) s. 23-25.
Grønås, S. 2005. Vulkanutbrudd kjøler ned jorda. Cicerone 2005 (3) s. 25-28.
Grønås, S., Benestad, R. 2005. Brev til forargelse. Cicerone 2005 (4) s. 22-22.
Grønås, S., Hjøllo, S. S. 2005. Hvordan istidene startet på nordlige halvkule. Cicerone 2005 (2) s.
30-31.
Grønås, S., Kvamme, D., Teige, R. 2005. Og regnet strømmet ned på jorden. Cicerone 2005 (1) s.
24-26.
Grønås, S., Olseth, J. A. 2005. Varsling av nedbør, ras og flom. Cicerone 2005 (5) s. 30-31.
Grønås, S., Seip, H.M. 2005. Organisert motstand mot Kyoto-avtalen. Cicerone 2005 (1).
Hjøllo, S. S., Grønås, S. 2005. Store historiske temperaturvariasjoner. Cicerone 2005 (2) s. 27-28.
Grønås, S. 2006. Debatten om hockeykølla nok en gang. Cicerone 2006 (4) s. 35-37.
Grønås, S. 2006. Isen på Grønland kan smelte fortere enn antatt. Cicerone 2006 (1) s. 25-27.
Grønås, S. 2006. Knapp tid til å unngå katastrofale klimaendringer. Cicerone 2006 (5) s. 30-32.
Grønås, S. 2006. Overbevisende klimamodell. Cicerone 2006 (3) s. 28-30.
Grønås, S., Hauge, G., Samuelsen, E. M. 2006. Stormen Narve - naturlig ekstremvær. Cicerone
2006 (4) s. 32-35.
In addition a large number of chronicles on climate change in forskning.no, Bergens Tidende,
Aftenposten, Stavanger Aftenblad, Klassekampen, Vårt Land, and Dag og Tid.
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
Grønås has been on sick leave (two periods of cancer) 2006-2008. Since then he has written a
manuscript in Norwegian (450 pages) on the scientific basis for climate change and has recently
translated to Norwegian selected parts of the book “Storms of my Grandchildren” by James Hansen
(100 pages). The translation is called Knowledge of Climate Change according to James Hansen,
http://besteforeldre.framtiden.no/joomla15/images/stories/Storms.pdf.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 47

LaScO SIGBJØRN GRØNÅS
NOTE: This version of the CV has been edited by Peter M. Haugan, June 2010, based on
information from Grønås. It may be incomplete in some respects, in particular concerning popular
science publications since 2006.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 48

LaScO PETER HAUGAN
Name: Peter M. Haugan
Born: 28 July 1958
Nationality: Norwegian
Position: Professor and appointed head (director) of the Geophysical Institute, University of
Bergen (www.gfi.uib.no) since 2003, also affiliated with the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
(www.bjerknes.uib.no).
Academic degrees:
Dr. philos at University of Bergen 1999, University pedagogical training 1999, Cand. real in
applied mathematics at University of Bergen 1982.
Work experience:
2000-2003: Vice-director of the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research.
1999- Professor of physical oceanography at the Geophysical Institute
1997-1999: Associate professor of polar oceanography at the University Courses on Svalbard
(www.unis.no)
1996-1997: Senior scientist at the Geophysical Institute and adjunct senior scientist
(Norwegian "bistilling") at Institute of Marine Research (www.imr.no)
1987-1995: Senior scientist (1987-1989), research leader (1989-1993), research director and
assistant director (1993-1995) at the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing
Center (www.nersc.no).
1982-1987: Research engineer and project leader in the Numerical Modelling Dept., Reservoir
Section, Norsk Hydro Research Centre, Bergen.
Fields of interest and present research activities:
Research interests focus on high latitude ocean climate processes including physical processes that
affect carbon cycling and ocean carbon storage. Related to these there have been a range of
activities which are continuing fields of interest:
� Physical oceanographic field work in the Norwegian, Greenland and Barents Seas (a prime
focus from 1988 to 2003).
� Ocean climate modelling which was initiated at the Nansen Center in building up the
climate group there from 1990 to 1995.
� Supervision of master and PhD students since 1989.
� Teaching of university level courses in polar oceanography, air-sea interaction and
dynamical oceanography since 1996, including extensive field courses in Spitsbergen.
� Multidisciplinary research projects with biologists and geologists.
� Ocean acidification.
� Technologically advanced deep sea field work in the North Pacific and collaborative
initiatives in marine measurement technology.
� Process oriented climate research and ocean mixing studies which was built up at the
Geophysical Institute/Bjerknes Centre.
� Air-sea interaction research which underpins new cross-disciplinary initiatives in offshore
wind energy and marine renewable energy.
In connection with the appointment to head/director of the Geophysical Institute for two 4-year
periods there has been an increasing emphasis on research strategy and research planning.
Experience from international science committees and panels as well as intergovernmental marine
science coordination. Involvement in development of national and European infrastructure for
marine and polar research. Interest in theory of science and public discourse about climate
technology and climate ethics.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 49

LaScO PETER HAUGAN
Portion of time dedicated to research: 25 % up to 75% if including research strategy
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits (selected with emphasis after
2005)
� Project manager of the Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction project funded by the Norwegian
Research Council 2006-2010.
� Principal investigator in the EU funded CARBOOCEAN project 2005-2010.
� Principal investigator in the EU funded DAMOCLES project 2005-2010.
� Principal investigator (vice-director 2000-2003) in the Bjerknes Centre for Climate
Research, a Centre of Excellence funded by the Norwegian Research Council 2002-2012.
� Principal investigator in the Michelsen Centre for Resarch-based Innovation (CRI) funded
by the Norwegian Research Council and industry 2007-2015.
� Chair of the scientific committee of NORCOWE, a centre for environment friendly energy
funded by the Norwegian Research Council and industry 2009-2017.
� National delegate for Norway to the General Assembly of the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission (IOC; http://ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/,
http://www.gfi.uib.no/IOC/) from 1999 and to the Executive Council (EC) for 2005-2007,
re-elected to the EC for 2007-2009.
� Member (vice-chair with responsibility for science) of the Norwegian National Committee
for UNESCO from November 2008.
� Chair of the national Norwegian Committee for the Scientific Committee on Oceanic
Research (SCOR, http://www.jhu.edu/scor/) of the International Council for Science
(ICSU) from 2005, member from 2004.
� Elected member of the board of the University of Bergen 2009-2013.
� Chair of the University of Bergen Strategy Board on Marine Science since 2007.
� Chair of the University of Bergen Working Group on High North Research since 2009.
� Chair of the science committee of 8-institution Bergen Marine Research Cluster
(www.bergenmarine.no) from January 2008.
� Chair of the Board of the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research – University of Bergen
since 2009.
� Member of the Marine Board – European Science Foundation on behalf of the University
of Bergen since 2008.
� Member of the ESFRI Environment Thematic Working Group on behalf of Norway since
2010.
� Member of the Scientific Board of the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center
in Bergen, and of the Advisory and Coordinating Board of the Nansen-Zhu Centre in
Beijing, both from 2008.
� Member of the Advisory Board of the Centre for Ice, Climate and Ecosystems (ICE) at the
Norwegian Polar Institute from 2009.
� Member of the External Advisory Board of CliSAP (integrated Climate System Analysis
and Prediction) cluster of excellence in Hamburg, Germany, since 2009.
� Member of American Geophysical Union, European Geosciences Union, Norwegian
Geophysical Society (past chair).
� Referee for the journals Nature, J. Phys. Oceanogr., J. geoph. res., Geophysical Research
Letters, Prog. Oceanogr., Deep-Sea Research , J. Climate, Global Biogeochemical Cycles,
Pol. Res., Ann. Glaciology, Environmental Science and Technology., for research council
projects in Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, UK and USA, and expert reviewer for the
IPCC 4th Assessment Report.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 50

LaScO PETER HAUGAN
� Served as PhD thesis opponent in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and France.
� Project manager of the Current Measurements North of Svalbard (CuNoS) project funded
by the Norwegian Research Council POLRES programme 2006-2009.
� Principal investigator in the Svalbard Ice Ocean Interaction Studies (SIOS) project funded
by the Norwegian Research Council POLRES programme 2007-2009.
� Project manager of the Polar Ocean Climate Processes Project (ProClim,
http://www.gfi.uib.no/Proclim) funded from the Norwegian Research Council Polar
Climate Programme 2003-2007.
� Responsible organizer of International Summer School on Sea Ice in Longyearbyen July
2007 (www.seaice.info).
� Chair of the science committee for the open science conference on "Polar Dynamics:
Monitoring, Understanding and Prediction" in Bergen August 2007.
� Member of the Scientific Steering Committee for the UK NERC Thematic Programme on
Rapid Climate Change (www.nerc.ac.uk/funding/thematics/rcc/) 2001-2007.
� Member of the Scientific Steering Group for the Arctic and Subartic Ocean Fluxes
Programme (ASOF, http://asof.npolar.no/) from 2001-2008.
� Project manager of the Norwegian Ocean and Climate Project (NOClim,
http://www.noclim.org/) funded with 31 MNOK from the Norwegian Research Council
Climate Research Programme 2000-2006 (Phases I and II).
� Project manager of the EU funded Bjerknes Marie Curie Training Site on the role of iceocean-atmosphere
processes in high latitude climate change
(http://vilhelm.bjerknes.uib.no/mcts/) 2002-2006.
Supervsion
15 PhD students and 10 master students.
Doctoral students presently under supervision
Gisle Nondal (2006-2010, Mohn-Sverdrup Center/Geophysical Institute): Ventilation of
intermediate water and vertical fluxes of oxygen and carbon in the open Southern Ocean.
Kristin Rygg (2007-2010, Bergen Centre for Computational Science/Geophysical Institute):
Modeling of CO2 lakes on the seafloor.
Sara de la Rosa (2008-2010, Geophysical Institute): Some aspects of Arctic sea ice in the climate
system.
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2010 (only peer-reviewed):
Haugan, Peter M. 2010. Observatories for Understanding Arctic Change. In Climate Change and
Arctic Sustainable Development, UNESCO Press 2010, p. 303-308.
Orr, James C., Ken Caldeira, Victoria Fabry, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter Haugan, Patrick Lehodey,
Silvio Pantoja, Hans-Otto Pörtner, Ulf Riebesell, Tom Trull, Ed Urban, Maria Hood, Wendy
Broadgate 2009. Research Priorities for Understanding Ocean Acidification: Summary from
the Second Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World. Oceanography Magazine.
Haugan, Peter M. 2009. Communicating scientific uncertainty for decision making about CO2
storage. In NATO-ASI Series. Edited by Baveye et al.
Caldeira, Ken, David Archer, James P. Barry, Richard G.J. Bellerby, Peter G. Brewer, Long Cao,
Andrew G. Dickson, Scott C. Doney, Harry Elderfield, Victoria J. Fabry, Richard A. Feely,
Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter M. Haugan, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Atul K. Jain, Joan A.
Kleypas, Chris Langdon, James C. Orr, Andy Ridgwell, Christopher L. Sabine, Brad A.
Seibel, Yoshihisa Shirayama, Carol Turley, Andrew J. Watson, Richard E. Zeebe 2007.
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LaScO PETER HAUGAN
Comment on “Modern-age buildup of CO2 and its effects on seawater acidity and salinity”,
Vol. 34, L18608, doi:10.1029/2006GL027288, 2007 Geophysical Research Letters.
Widell, K., I. Fer, and P. M. Haugan 2006. Salt release from warming sea ice. Geophys. Res.
Lett., 33, L12501, doi:10.1029/2006GL026262.
Alendal, G., P.M. Haugan, R. Gangstø, K. Caldeira, E. Adams, P. Brewer, E. Peltzer, G. Rehder,
T. Sato and B. Chen 2006. Comment on "Fate of Rising CO2 Droplets in Seawater",
Environmental Science and Technology, 40(11), 3653-3654.
Caldeira, K., M. Akai, P. Brewer, B. Chen, P. Haugan, T. Iwama, P. Johnston, H. Kheshgi, Q. Li,
T. Ohsumi, H. Poertner, C. Sabine, Y. Shirayama, J. Thomson, 2005: Ocean storage. p. 277-
318 in: IPCC, 2005: IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. Prepared
by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Metz, B., O.
Davidson, H. C. de Coninck, M. Loos, and L. A. Meyer (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 442 pp. ISBN-13 978-0-521-86643-
9.
Peter M. Haugan, Peter G. Brewer, Edward T. Peltzer III, Peter Walz, Izuo Aya, Kenji Yamane,
Ryuji Kojima, Yasuharu Nakajima, Noriko Nakayama, Joakim Hove, Truls Johannessen,
Richard G.J. Bellerby, Guttorm Alendal 2005. Ocean abyssal carbon experiments at 0.7 and
4 km depth. In, E.S.Rubin, D.W.Keith and C.F.Gilboy (Eds.): Greenhouse Gas Control
Technologies. Volume 1: Peer-Reviewed Papers and Overviews, Elsevier ISBN: 0-080-
4481-X, 801-808.
R. Skogseth, I. Fer and P.M. Haugan 2005. Dense-Water Production and Overflow From an
Arctic Coastal Polynya in Storfjorden. In: The Nordic Seas - An Integrated Perspective.
Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union (AGU) ISBN 0-87590-423-8, 73-88.
Peter M. Haugan and Guttorm Alendal 2005. Turbulent diffusion and transport from a CO2 lake
in the deep ocean. J. geoph. res. 110, C09S14, doi:10.1029/2004JC002583.
Reidun Gangstø, Peter M. Haugan and Guttorm Alendal 2005. Parameterization of drag and
dissolution of rising CO2 drops in seawater. Geophysical Research Letters. Vol. 32, L10612,
doi:10.1029/2005GL022637, 2005
Joakim Hove and Peter M. Haugan 2005. Dynamics of a CO2-seawater interface in the deep
ocean. J. Mar. Res. May 2005, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 563-577(15).
Brewer, P.G., E.T. Peltzer, P. Walz, I. Aya, K. Yamane, R. Kojima, Y. Nakajima, N. Nakayama,
P. M. Haugan, T. Johannessen. 2005. Deep Ocean Experiments with fossil fuel carbon
dioxide: creation and sensing of a controlled plume at 4 km depth. J. Mar. Res., 63, 9-33.
R. Skogseth, P.M. Haugan and M. Jakobsson 2005. Watermass transformations in Storfjorden.
Cont. Shelf Research 25, 667-695.
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
The publication list contains items that can be broadly categorized into three different groups:
Ocean and climate process studies; Ocean carbon storage; and Research policy, ethics and
strategy:
1. Ocean and climate process studies: The two publications with Skogseth, the one with
Widell and partly the recent single-authored publication in 2010 contribute to the first
category.
The two publications with Skogseth provide a hydrographic census/seasonal transformations and
dynamical overview, respectively, of the Storfjorden system and its connections to the surrounding
oceans. This system has been used as a laboratory for ocean and sea ice climate process research
since 1997 when I was working at UNIS, Svalbard. When we started there, only a few seminal
papers primarily by German authors had been published from this area, suggesting its importance
and relevance but with limited in-depth investigations and relatively short-term observations.
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LaScO PETER HAUGAN
Through a series of projects involving several PhD students, PostDocs and scientists, and related
papers, we have now reached a stage where Storfjorden is probably the best understood polynya
system in the world and has been demonstrated to contribute significantly in quantitative terms to
ventilation of intermediate water in the Arctic. I have played a key role in initiating, setting the
direction for the research and leading the largest and earliest of these projects. The two papers give
overviews of the system, how it responds to seasonal and interannual forcing and interacts with the
surrounding oceans.
The paper led by Widell stems from another polar oceanography line of research focussing
on ice-ocean interactions away from polynyas. This paper discussed the surprising observation that
salt was released from sea ice during melting conditions while salt release is normally associated
with freezing. This finding remains controversial, but the conditions have not been much studied
by others neither before nor after this publication. The discussion points to internal sea ice
mechanisms that could explain the surprising finding. This work, similarly to those from
Storfjorden, have benefitted from exploitation of the unique field laboratory opportunities at
Svalbard, this time on the west coast of Spitsbergen.
The recent “observatory” paper maintains that future observational efforts in the Arctic should be
designed to also address and enable process studies of similar kind to the above, arguing that
improved process understanding is no less important than detection of changes by time series.
2. Ocean carbon storage: Papers with Brewer et al, Hove, Gangstø, Alendal, Caldeira, and
others fall in this category.
The papers with Brewer et al, including one where I was first-auhor, plus the paper with Hove,
stem from project collaboration with US and Japan including advanced deep sea experiments in
the North Pacific. For the first time we were able to place a flume with thruster and wavemaker at
the seafloor at 4000m depth allowing controlled experiments to study the behaviour of the
interface between liquid CO2 and seawater. Skilled engineers and experimental technology
provided by the team of Brewer et al was essential for the experiments. The analysis with Hove
enabled interpretation of some dynamical features by extending classical hydrodynamic stability
theory (a subject of my thesis in 1982!) while the paper where I am first-author combines direct
interpretation of the experiments with wider analysis. Among the results are identification of a
critical current speed above which the systems is dynamically unstable despite static stability at
such great depths, and a description of the early non-linear evolution of packets of liquid CO2 that
are expected to dissolve downstream.
The paper that I lead and which is co-authored with Alendal is a numerical study of the
deep CO2 lake scenario that was studied experimentally in the above papers. It deals primarily
with issues that extend beyond the limitations of the experimental system into larger vertical and
horizontal scales and includes interaction with background stratification. Available
parameterizations for the smallest scales are tested. This work has become a reference for later
papers which have extended the model studies to three dimensions, topography and other basic
model architectures.
The paper led by Gangstø is based on her master thesis and deals with direct numerical
simulation of rising CO2 droplets, i.e. from more shallow depths than the lake scenario. This study
matches a series of model parameterizations with the available experimental data and finds
recommended parameterizations for future studies. The paper led by Alendal also addresses the
droplet scenario and is a discussion of essential corrections to a published study by a third party.
The Caldeira et al Ocean Chapter of the IPCC Special Report on CO2 Capture and Storage
where I was a lead author was an interesting, if time-consuming exercise. It provided a balanced
overview of the direct ocean storage options including environmental impacts, costs and legal and
public barriers. This IPCC SR has been much quoted. Unfortunately other chapters and
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LaScO PETER HAUGAN
interpretations of their conclusions have not been equally balanced or based on peer review
literature. In recent years I have been much involved in public discussions of such issues. The
other Caldeira et al paper is a discussion of essential corrections to a published study by a third
party.
3. Research policy, ethics and strategy: The Caldeira et al IPCC SR (also contributing to
category 2 above), my 2009 paper on communication of scientific uncertainty, the Orr et al
paper on ocean acidification and my 2010 “observatory” paper (also contributing to
category 1 above) are mentioned here. In addition there have been many non peer
reviewed contributions and other efforts relating to these topics.
Literature in theory of science suggests a post-normal approach to issues with large uncertainties
and high decision stakes, such as climate change and controversial climate technologies. In the
cited contributions and elsewhere I have argued that a normal “science solves all” approach does
not work well. Public perception and concerns need to be an integrated component that influences
the development and execution of the science, in addition to the use of science in politics (such as
IPCC) which is not enough.
Early work on ocean carbon storage was important to make me realize already in the mid
1990s that ocean acidification could include potentially devastating consequences of CO2
emissions to the atmosphere. While the basic ocean carbon chemistry aspects could be quickly
established, difficult and demanding science questions remain on biological aspects. Thus, I have
spent a considerable effort in trying to raise these issues by co-organizing international
conferences, contributing to science policy briefs etc. The Orr et al paper stems from the Monaco
conference in 2008.
Finally, I now spend much time on developing national and European infrastructure for
research, such as deep sea observatories, a glider facility, Arctic knowlegde systems and
facilitation of offshore wind energy research.
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ChemOCean CHRISTOPH HEINZE
Name: Christoph Heinze
Born: 05 April 1958 in Köln, Germany
Nationality: German citizen
Present position:
Professor in chemical oceanography University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute
Leader of the research group “Biogeochemical Cycles“, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research,
Bergen
Academic degrees:
1999 Habilitation: Das marine Sediment als Klimazeuge und Komponente des
Klimasystems – eine Modellstudie [The marine sediment as a climate record and
component of the climate system - a model study], University of Hamburg
1990 PhD: Zur Erniedrigung des atmosphärischen Kohlendioxidgehalts durch den
Weltozean während der letzten Eiszeit [On the reduction of the atmospheric
carbon dioxide concentration by the world ocean during the last
glaciation]University of Hamburg and Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
1987 Diploma (physical oceano-graphy):Diskussion der Tiefenwassererneuerung im
Europäischen Nordmeer und im Eurasischen Becken unter Zuhilfenahme
anthropogener Spurenstoffe [Discussion of the deep water renewal in the Nordic
Seas and the Eurasian Basin by use of anthropogenic tracers], University of
Hamburg
Work experience:
2003 Group leader “Modelle und Daten“ (“Model and Data“), Max Planck Institute
for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany 2003
2001 – 2002 Senior scientist, National Environmental Research Institute (Department of
Marine Ecology), Roskilde, Denmark
1994-2000 Senior scientist Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
11/1994-4/1995 Visiting research scientist, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia
University, Palisades, New York, USA
1991-1993 Postdoctoral researcher University of Hamburg (Institute for Oceanography)
1987-1990 PhD student, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology and University of
Hamburg (Institute for Oceanography), Germany
1979-1987 Student, University of Hamburg, Germany; physical oceanography; optional
courses on meteorology, geology, mechanics and thermodynamics of fluids,
chemistry and hydrobiology
Fields of interest and present research activities:
Fields of interest
• Feedback processes between climate and biogeochemical cycles
• Understanding, interpretation, and simulation of the marine paleoclimate record
• Marine biogeochemistry and ocean circulation
• Prognostic 3-D simulations of marine biogeochemical cycles, Earth system modelling
• Quantification of the global carbon cycle
Present research activities:
Quantification of the oceanic sink for human-produced CO2 through coupled Earth system models
and ocean biogeochemical models forced by synoptic atmospheric data:
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ChemOCean CHRISTOPH HEINZE
We employ interactive carbon cycle climate models in order to determine the regional as well
global uptake of human produced CO2 with time and its impacts including ocean acidification.
These tasks are part of our project obligations in EU projects (EPOCA, COMBINE, COCOS) as
well as NFR projects (NorCLIM, Carbon Heat) and also had been addressed by EU FP6 Integrated
Project CARBOOCEAN, which we coordinated.
Calibration of ocean and land biogeochemical models through the seasonal cycle and interannual
variability: As the sensitivity of biogeochemical climate models with respect to physical as well as
biogeochemical external forcing is not well established, and as many biogeochemical processes
are not yet fully understood, we try to calibrate the models’ sensitivity with respect to observations
in order to achieve better quantitative predictions for the coming decades to centuries. This work is
supported by NFR project CarboSeason.
Simulation of the marine paleo-record through synthetic sediment cores and application to
glacial/interglacial carbon cycle changes (including the impact of related changes in pH value
and carbonate saturation): We belong to the very few groups worldwide, who have early
diagenesis sediment modules coupled to biogeochemical ocean general circulation models. A
speciality of our group is the simulation of synthetic sediment cores which can be directly
compared with the sedimentary paleo-climatic record (from sediment core analysis, weight
percentages of sediment compon-ents, stable isotopes etc.). This work is linked to EU project
EPOCA, but also other activities.
Early detection of large-scale effects of ocean acidification: We are investigating different
methods who have the potential as early warning indicators for ocean acidification on the largescale,
which is difficult to monitor from existing observing systems.
Simulations of biogeochemical cycles taking into account land-ocean coupling: We are aiming at
an improved simulation of coupled terrestrial and marine biogeochemical cycles and have initiated
work on terrestrial biosphere modelling and are in the process of including riverine matter fluxes
in our biogeochemical models. Pilot studies on this have been done.
Couplings between the carbon cycle and other biogeochemical cycles:
Here we aim at especially a better coupling of the carbon and nitrogen cycles in models.
Indication of portion of time dedicated to research: ca. 50%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Coordination of the EU FP6 Integrated Project CARBOOCEAN “Marine carbon sources and
sinks assessment", EU FP6 Integrated Project, 2005-2009, 35 contractors (50 groups from Europe,
USA, Canada, and Morocco), total budget 14.5 million EUR, http://www.carboocean.org/
Lead author for the IPCC Assessment Report no. 4, Working Group I, chapter 7, Couplings
Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry.
Member of the Scientific Steering Committee of the IGBP core project SOLAS (surface ocean
lower atmosphere study) since 2010 (appointment was confirmed in 2009).
Member of the Scientific Steering Committee of the EU FP7 project EPOCA (European
project on ocean acidification) since 2008.
Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the EU FP7 project MyOCEAN for
implementation of GMES related marine core services since 2009.
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ChemOCean CHRISTOPH HEINZE
Member of the Scientific Advisory Board of EU FP7 infrastructre project “InfraStructure
for the European Network for Earth System Modelling” (IS-ENES), since 2009.
Member of the KLIMA21 working group on natural climate variability in 2009.
Associate editor of the scientific peer-reviewed EGU journals Biogeosciences and Earth System
Dynamics.
Selected recent invited oral presentations at international conferences, workshops, and seminars:
“How much CO2 does the ocean take up?” EU press event ‘Oceans of Tomorrow: the Tara Oceans
Expedition and Star Projects in EU Marine Research’ Institut de les Ciències del Mar, Barcelona,
Spain, 1-3 October 2009.
“CARBOOCEAN - results and research perspectives on marine carbon sources and sinks”, 5th
Japan-EU Workshop on Climate Change Research, Tokyo, Japan, 6-7 July 2009.
“Perspectives for biogeochemical climate research with the Norwegian ESM”, Seminar “How to
succeed in Earth System Modelling”, CIENS, Forum, Oslo, 1 September 2008.
Doctoral students presently under supervision: Christophe Bernard defended in Sept. 2009 and
is presently post-doc (main supervisor), co-supervisor for Svetlana Milutinovic.
Selected academic and professional publications (2005-2009):
(i) Peer-reviewed journal papers:
Assmann, K.M., M. Bentsen, J. Segschneider, and C. Heinze, 2010 (was in press in 2009), An
isopycnic ocean carbon cycle model, Geoscientific Model Development, 3, 143–167,
www.geosci-model-dev.net/3/143/2010/
Tjiputra, J.F., K. Assmann, M. Bentsen, I. Bethke, O.H. Otterå, C. Sturm, and C. Heinze, 2010
(was in press in 2009), Bergen earth system model (BCM-C): Model description and
regional climate-carbon cycle feedbacks assessment, Geoscientific Model Development, 3,
123–141, www.geosci-model-dev.net/3/123/2010/.
Watson, A.J., U. Schuster, D.C.E. Bakker, N.R. Bates, A. Corbière, M. González-Dávila, T.
Friedrich, J. Hauck, C. Heinze, T. Johannessen, A. Körtzinger, N. Metzl, J. Olafsson, A.
Olsen, A. Oschlies, X.A. Padin, B. Pfeil, J. M. Santana-Casiano, T. Steinhoff, M.
Telszewski, A.F. Rios, D.W.R. Wallace, and R. Wanninkhof, 2009, Tracking the variable
North Atlantic sink for atmospheric CO2, Science, 326, 1391-1393, DOI:
10.1126/science.1177394.
Ilyina, T., R.E. Zeebe, E. Maier-Reimer, and C. Heinze, 2009, Early detection of ocean
acidification effects on marine calcification, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23, GB1008,
doi:10.1029/2008GB003278.
Heinze, C., M. Gehlen, and C. Land, 2006, On the potential of 230Th, 231Pa, and 10Be for
marine rain ratio determinations - a modeling study. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20,
GB2018, doi:10.1029/2005GB002595.
Bernard, C.Y., G.G. Laruelle, C.P. Slomp, and C. Heinze, 2010, Impact of changes in river
nutrient fluxes on the global marine silicon cycle: a model comparison, Biogeosciences, 7,
441–453.
Heinze, C., I. Kriest, and E. Maier-Reimer, 2009, Age offsets among different biogenic and
lithogenic components of sediment cores revealed by numerical modeling,
Paleoceanography, 24, PA4214, 17p., doi:10.1029/2008PA001662.
Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D.
Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S. Ramachandran, P.L. da
Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy, and X. Zhang, 2007, Couplings Between Changes in the Climate
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ChemOCean CHRISTOPH HEINZE
System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B.
Averyt, M.Tignor, and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 499-587.
Gehlen, M., L. Bopp, N. Emprin, O. Aumont, C. Heinze, and O. Ragueneau, 2006, Reconciling
surface ocean productivity, export fluxes and sediment composition in a global
biogeochemical ocean model, Biogeosciences, 3, 521–537.
Heinze, C., 2006, The long-term oceanic Si cycle and the role of opal sediment. In: The silicon
cycle - human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems. SCOPE 66. Chicago, Il 60628,
USA: Island Press 2006. ISBN 1-59726-114-9. p. 229-243.
Heinze, C. and N. Dittert, 2005, Impact of paleocirculations on the silicon redistribution in the
world ocean, Marine Geology, 214, 201-203.
Skjelvan, I., A. Olsen, L.G. Anderson, R.G.J. Bellerby, E. Falck, Y. Kasajima, C. Kivimäe, A.
Omar, F. Rey, K.A. Olsson, T. Johannessen, and C. Heinze, 2005, A Review of the
Inorganic Carbon Cycle of the Nordic Seas and Barents Sea, in: The Nordic Seas - An
integrated perspective, H. Drange, T. Dokken, T. Furevik, R. Gerdes, and W. Berger, eds.,
AGU Geophysical Monograph, 158, 157-175.
(ii) Other papers including scientific reports:
Schulze, E.-D., (co-ordinator of CarboEurope), C. Heinze (co-ordinator of CarboOcean), John
Gash, Andrea Volbers, Annette Freibauer, and Anastasios Kentarchos, 2009, Integrated
assessment of the European and North Atlantic Carbon Balance - key results, policy
implications for post 2012 and research needs -, eds., European Commission, Office for
Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, ISBN 978-92-79-07970-
2, doi:10.2777/31254, 141 pp.
CARBOOCEAN, information film (available on DVD), 54 min. duration, Director/Producer:
May-Britt Skjelvik, Initiation and overall coordination: A. Volbers and C. Heinze,
Univisjon, University of Bergen, Television Production Unit, 2009, available through the
internet: http://www.carboocean.org/upload/flowplayer/carboocean/index.html , short
version (29 min. duration) also available on DVD with German, French, and Spanish subtitles.
Heinze, C., A. Volbers and the CARBOOCEAN consortium, 2009, Important results from the EU
“Marine carbon sources and sinks assessment” CARBOOCEAN, The Parliament Magazine,
Issue 298 (COP15 issue), 30 Nov 2009, p. 64.
Hoepffner, N., M. D. Dowell, M. Edwards, M., S. Fonda-Umani, D. R. Green, B. Greenaway, B.
Hansen, C. Heinze, J.-M. Leppänen, E. Lipiatou, et al., 2006, Marine and Coastal
Dimension of Climate Change in Europe, A report to the European Water Directors, Institute
for Environment and Sustainability. Ispra, Italy: UR 22554 EN, European Commission -
Joint Research Centre 2006. 117 pp.
(iii) International conference proceddings:
Heinze, C. ,2009, Large scale response of the marine biological carbon pumps to high CO2 as
inferred from global sediment modelling, 8th International Carbon Dioxide Conference, 13-
19 September 2009, Jena, Germany abstract-CD, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry.
Corroboration complementing the publication list
Thematic content of the issues at hand and of the results brought to light
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ChemOCean CHRISTOPH HEINZE
The work carried out during the years 2005-2009 can be structured thematically into 4 major
pillars:
1. Biogeochemical model development work and applications to feedbacks: So far, climate models
have been mostly of physical nature. We added to the Bergen and Norwegian climate models an
ocean biogeochemical model based on the HAMOCC code developed at the Max Planck Institute
of Meteorology at Hamburg. This model was introduced into the physical climate model world
through coupling with the isopycnic ocean circulation model MICOM (Assmann et al., 2010, in
press in 2009). Also a model of the terrestrial biosphere was coupled to this climate model. The
emerging BCM-C model is the first Norwegian Earth system model (Tjiputra et al, 2010, in press
in 2009). The BCM-C model was used to quantify the climate carbon cycle feedback over the time
period from the beginning of the industrialisation to 2100 through an IPCC SRES business as
usual CO2 emission scenario.
2. Modelling of the marine paleoclimatic sediment record: In order to link Earth system models
with climate data from the past, we developed a technique to produce artificial sediment cores
within climate models. An early diagenesis sediment model (simulating pore water chemistry and
diffusion as well as sediment accumulation for 4 different components – CaCO3, organic C,
opal=biogenic silica, and clay) was run into full equilibrium with the water column
biogeochemistry using a coarse resolution ocean biogeochemical global model. A novel “age
simulation module” was introduced (Heinze et al., 2009), which allows for each weight fraction to
compute the age downcore. This information is needed to link the model results with data from
marine sediment core analysis.
3. Simulations of the marine silicon cycle including land-ocean coupling: Si is one of the major
elements in the Earth system. We carried out simulations with a coarse resolution biogeochemical
model which includes continental input at the top and sediment accumulation at the sea floor
including the marine Si cycle (Heinze and Dittert, 2005; Heinze, 2006). With a higher resolution
coupled physical-biogeochemical model, riverine influx to the ocean was simulated and the
reaction of the model ocean to detailed riverine matter delivery representation was tested (Bernard
et al., 2009).
4. Ocean acidification and the detection of its impact: In our biogeochemical ocean models, we
can relatively easily simulate changes of pH values and changing carbonate saturations as a
function of changes in carbon cycling. However, as there is currently only very limited knowledge
around the detailed impact of ocean acidification on marine biota, we must try to detect changes in
marine ecosystem functioning and related biogeochemical fluxes which may be observable or
become observable. We contributed to a study of Ilyiana et al. (2009) on using alkalinity trends in
the ocean as an early warning indicator of decreases in biogenic calcium carbonate production.
Alternatively, we have started to consider particle reactive radionuclides such as 230Th to
diagnose a gradual decrease on biocalcification on the large-scale in the ocean (Heinze et al.,
2006).
Scientific significance of the issues at hand and of the results brought to light:
We address for this the same 4 topical items as above:
1. Biogeochemical model development work and applications to feedbacks: The isopycnic
biogeochemical model is so far next to the isopycnic GOLD model version of GFDL (Princeton,
USA) the only biogeochemical model which runs on isopycnic surfaces. Tracer transport in the
real ocean occurs mainly on these surfaces of equal density. Carbon cycle models like our new
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ChemOCean CHRISTOPH HEINZE
MICOM-HAMOCC configuration are thus very interesting also for model intercomparisons on the
marine sink for human produced CO2. The Earth system model BCM-C already employs this new
isopycnic scheme. Our study showed that the marine positive feedback to climate change was
somewhat lower than for other ocean models. It will be very interesting to see the model in
upcoming intercomparisons of future climate scenarios for IPCC AR5 (which probably will be
carried out with NorESM and not BCM-C, while NorESM will also use MICOM-HAMOCC as
the earlier model).
2. Modelling of the marine paleoclimatic sediment record: We are now in principle able to
produce with a time varying Earth system model a simulated marine sediment record which
readily can be compared with the observational data from marine sediment core analysis. We are
able to “drill” at any place of the ocean into the model sediment and “recover” synthetic sediment
cores. In the long-term, this technique is expected to be used in a systematic combination of
sediment core observations and Earth system models through data assimilation. Detailed work on
observational data bases, as well as appropriate model spin-ups and forcings will have to be
carried out until the assimilation itself can be started. In principle, however, we have a powerful
key at hand to use the paleoclimatic record of the measuring geologists for improving and
calibrating of predictive Earth system models used for future climate scenarios.
3. Simulations of the marine silicon cycle including land-ocean coupling: The silicon cycle is so
far only simulated in very few ocean models. The end-to-end simulations carried out with the
coarse resolution model by our group are among the very few attempts to close the global marine
Si budget under various conditions. While retention of Si in freshwater reservoirs (due to damming
etc.) may have a considerable short-term influence for coastal oceans, the effect for the large scale
ocean occurs on a long time scale only (several 1000 years). However, a detailed simulation of
riverine Si delivery to the ocean showed that opal production hot spots close to the estuaries but
with impacts still over considerable portions of the open ocean adjacent to continental margins
result. The river delivery studies pave the way for a comprehensive land ocean coupling of
biogeochemical cycles, and will in near future be of significance for coupled simulations of N and
C over the land-ocean continuum.
4. Ocean acidification and the detection of its impact: The work showed that for an early detection
of changes in biogenic calcium carbonate production (a decrease of calcareous shell material due
to decreasing pH and decreasing carbonate saturation) one would have to preferably look at the
tropical Pacific (though pH changes themselves will be largest at high latitude oceans). The use of
230Th as an indicator for changes in calcium carbonate particle flux induced by ocean
acidification is a novelty. We are working further on it. It could be a promising tool, but again, will
probably most powerful in regions with high baseline calcium carbonate production.
Next to actual research work through our modelling and analysis work, we advanced the field
through project coordination (EU FP6 Integrated Project CARBOOCEAN) and authorship for the
4th IPCC assessment report. We have found that these engagements feed back positively on both
teaching and scientific work and provide us with a solid and stimulating network within the
scientific community.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 60

CLIMATE DANIELA JACOBS
Name: Daniela Jacob
Born: 20 June 1961
Nationality: German
Position: Deputy director MPI; adjunct professor GFI
Personal web page: http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/en/mitarbeiter/daniela-jacob.html
Academic degrees
1980 - 1986 Studies of Meteorology at the Technical University Darmstadt Nov
1986 Diploma thesis: Simulation der Smog-Episode im Januar 1985
1986 – 1991 Ph.D. Student at the GKSS Research Center, Geesthacht. Ph.D. supervisor: Prof. Dr.
Hartmut Graßl.
1991 Dissertation at the University of Hamburg, Department Meteorology: “Numerische
Simulation der Wolkenbildung in einer Land-Seewind- Zirkulation”
Work experience
2009-2012 Adjunct professor at Geophysical Institute, UiB
1993 Scientist, Group leader in Regional Climate modeling at MPI-Meteorology MPI
1991 - 1992 Post-Doc position at the GKSS Research Center, Geesthacht. Visiting scientist
with Dr. Terry Clark at NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research),
Boulder, Colorado, USA, division of Mesoscale and Microscale Modelling.
Working title: Simulation of snow storms with the Clark model using the twoway
nesting technique
Field of interest
• Regional climate change
• Climate modeling
• Atmosphere in Earth System science
Supervisor of diploma theses
Completed
• Philip Lorenz: Susanne Pfeifer:
• Diana Rechid: Paula Poeppel:
• Eva Mazurkewitz: Ahmed Qureshi: Jörn Alexander: Tanja Blome:
Ongoing:
• Ivy Frenger:
• Simulation von Starkniederschlägen während des Oderhochwassers 1997 mit REMO (1999)
• Validierung des regionalen Klimamodells REMO anhand eines extremen Schneefallereignisses
im Dezember 1998 über Südschweden (2001)
• Untersuchung zur Parameterisierung von Landoberflächen im regionalen Klimamodell REMO
(2001)
• Validierung der simulierten Wolkenstruktur an Hand von Beobachtungen aus der BBC
Messkampagne (Arbeitstitel, Beginn September 2002)
• Jahresgang der Landoberflächendaten – Aufbereitung für den Mosaic- Ansatz (Arbeitstitel,
Beginn September 2002)
• Sensitivity Study of Different Land Use Changes in the Elbe River Basin
• Rückkoppelungseffekte der Vegetation auf das Klima der Barrentssee- Region im regionalen
Modell REMO
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 61

CLIMATE DANIELA JACOBS
• Simulationen zum Klima der Barents-See-Region: Heutiges Klima und mögliche
Klimaänderungen durch eine abgeschwächte THC im Nordatlantik
• Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der Landnutzungsänderung/ Landoberflächenänderung in
Westafrika auf das Klima mit Hilfe des Regionalen Klimamodells REMO
Supervisor of dissertations
Completed
• Andreas Roesch: Assessment of the Land Surface Scheme in Climate Models with Focus on
Surface Albedo and Snow Cover. (1999, ETH Zürich)
• Renate Hagedorn: Ein gekoppeltes Atmosphären-Ozean-Modell für das Ostsee-Einzugsgebiet.
(2000, University of Kiel)Susanne Bauer: Atmosphären-Chemiemodellierung mit dem Modell
GESIMA. (2001, University of Hamburg)
• Tido Semmler: Der Wasser- und Energiehaushalt der arktischen Atmosphäre (2002, University
of Hamburg)
• Susanne Pfeifer: Modelling cold cloud processes with the regional climate model REMO (2006,
University of Hamburg)
• Carolyn Narayan: IMPRS-Stipendiatin, Atmosphärischer CO2-Transport (2006, University of
Hamburg)
• Sven Kotlarski: A subgrid glacier parameterization for use in regional climate modelling (2007,
University of Hamburg)
• Philip Lorenz: Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Mesoskala auf die globale Zirkulation unter
Verwendung der Klimamodelle „REMO“ und „ECHAM“. (working title)
• Katharina Bülow: Die Variabilität der Niederschlagsereignisse im Elbe und Rheineinzugsgebiet
(working title)
• Diana Rechid: Entwicklung eines dynamischen Vegetationsmodell für REMO (working title)
• Holger Göttel: The non-hydrostatic REMO (working title) Eva Starke: Climate change and
water management (working title) Claas Teichmann: Climate and Air Pollution Modelling in
South America (working title) Kevin Sieck: Seasonal to decadal forecasting (working title)
• Swantje Preuschmann: Analyse über den Einfluss der Landnutzung in regionaler und lokaler
Größenordnung auf das Klimasignal im regionalen Klimamodell REMO anhand eines
Vergleiches zur Landnutzung im Descision- Support-System DANUBIA. (working title)
• Alberto Elizalde: A coupled regional climate model for the Mediterranean Sea (working title)
• Borbola Galos: The role of forest in regional climate models (working title)
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits
Memberships: American Geophysical Union, Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft, European
Geophysical Union
Committees
• Since 1994 Scientific leader of model development and application of the regional climate
model REMO
• 1997 - 2000 Coordination Committee Member of CLIMPACT (Regional Climate Modelling
and Integrated Global Change Impact Studies in the European Arctic) - an European Science
Foundation Network
• Since 1999 Recognition by the Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft as Consultant
Meteorologist for the area wind energy
• 2000 - 2005 Associate Editor of the Magazine Environmental Fluid Mechanics in the publisher
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 62

CLIMATE DANIELA JACOBS
Kluwer. Editor-in-Chief: Benoit Cushman-Roisin 2001 - 2005 Chair of the BALTEX Working
Group of Water and Energy Cycles 2002 - 2005 DEKLIM-speaker for the area Baltic Sea
• 2002 - 2003 Member of the Scientific Steering Committee of ProMed, Project Mediterranean
2003 - 2006 Project management COSMOS
• Since 2004 Deputy Director of the Department „Atmosphere in the Earth System“ at MPI-M
• Since 2004 Member of the ENSEMBLES Management Board Since 2005 Baltex Science
Steering Group Member (BSSG)
• Since 2006 Scientific Advisory Board Member Wegener Center for Climate and Global
Change, University of Graz, Austria
• Since 2006 Member of the IOW Scientific Advisory Board, Baltic Sea Research Institute,
Warnemünde
• Since 2006 Member of the Expert Group on Offshore Meteorology, POW WOW (Prediction of
Wind, Waves and Offshore Wakes, Instituto NAcional de Engenharia, Tecnologica e Inovacao,
Lisboa)
• Since 2006 Scientific Director of COSMOS
• Since Apr 2007 Member of the Int. Science Advisory Council of the Netherlands National
Research Programme Climate changes Spatial Planning
• Since July 2007 Expert Reviewer for the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
of Canada (NSERC)
• Since Oct 2007 Member of the UN Expert Group on Climate Change and Water WWAP
• Since Oct 2007 Review Panel Member of the European Research Council (ERC)
• Since 1997 Coordination Committee Member of CLIMPACT (Regional Climate Modelling and
Integrated Global Change Impact Studies in the European Arctic)
• -a European Science Foundation Network 2001 Organisation of a national REMO workshop in
Hamburg
• 2002 External examiner in the Licentiate seminar at the University of Göteburg 2003 Reviewer
for the Israel Science Foundation 2004 Review for proposals of National Science Foundation
(NSF) 2006 Reviewer for the Dutch Technology Foundation
• 2006 Reviewer for Canadian Foundation of Climate and Atmospheric Science 2006 Review for
proposals of the European Science Foundation
• 2007 External reviewer for Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
(NSERC)
• 2007 US State Department/ Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Workshop on Risky Climate:
Disaster Preparedness and Foreign Policy in the 21st Century
Outreach_ Since 1996 Several interviews for newspapers, magazines, the radio and TV
Reviews for
ACSYS (Arctic Climate System Study) book • Annales Geophysicae • Atmospheric Environment
• Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics • Boreal Environment research • Climatic Change • Climate
Dynamics • Climate Research • Contribution to Atmospheric Physics • Global and Planetary hange
• Geophysical Research Letters • IPCC WG1 Third Assessment report • IPCC WG1 Fourth
Assessment report • Journal of Atmospheric Science • Journal of Biogeography • Journal of
Climate • Journal of Geophysical Research • Journal of Hydrology • Journal of Hydrometeorology
• Meteorologische Zeitschrift • Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics • Monthly Weather Review
* Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences • Nordic Hydrology • On-line Journal Ocean
Science • Physics and Chemistry of the Earth • Quarterly Journal • Regional Environmental
Change • Tellus • Theoretical and Applied Climatology
Publications 2005-2009
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CLIMATE DANIELA JACOBS
Publications 2005-2009
Aldrian, E., D. Sein, D. Jacob, R. Podzun and L. Dümenil Gates (2005): Modelling ofIndonesian
rainfall with a Coupled Regional Model. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 25, pp 1-17
Arpe, K., Hagemann, S., Jacob, D. Roeckner, E. (2005): The realism of the ECHAM5 models to
simulate the hydrological cycle in the Artic and NorthEuropean area, Nordic Hydrology, Vol
36, pp 349-367
Hagemann S., Jacob D. (2005): European Discharge under Climate Change Conditions Simulated
by a Multimodel Ensemble, in : J.Coté (Ed.) Research Activities in Atmospheric and
Oceanic Modelling WGNE BlueBook 2005, WMO, Geneva, pp 7-12
Jacob, D., Goettel H., Jungclaus. J., Muskulus, M., Podzun, R. Marotzke, J (2005): Slow down of
the thermohaline circulation causes enhanced maritime cli- mate influence and snow cover
over Europe, Geophysical Research Letters, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32,
L21711,doi:10.1029/2005GL023286, 2005 (AGU Highlight)
Kotlarski, S., Block A., Böhm, U., Jacob D., Keuler, K., Knoche, R., Rechid, D., Walter, A.
(2005): Regional Climate Model Simulations as Input for Hy- drological Applications:
Evaluation of Uncertainties. Advances in Geosciences, Vol. 5, pp119-125.
Lorenz, Ph., Jacob D. (2005): Influence of regional scale information on the global circulation: A
two-way nesting climate simulation, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32, L18706,
DOI:10.1029/2005GL0233512005GL023351
Muskulus M., Jacob D. (2005). Tracking cyclones in regional model data: the future of
Mediterranean storms. Advances in Geosciences Vol. 2, pp 13-19.Available from:
http://direct.sref.org/1680-7359/adgeo/2005-2-13
Rinke, A., Dethloff K, Cassano J., Christensen J.H., Curry J.A., Haugen J.-E., Jacob D., Jones C.,
Koltzow M., Lynch A.H., Pfeifer S., Serreze M.C., Shaw M.J., Tjernstroem M., Wyser K.,
Zagar M. (2005): Ensemble Performance in ARCMIP1 Experiments: Spatial Patterns and
Height Profiles. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 26, DOI 10.1007/s00382-005-0095-3
Semmler, T., Jacob D., Schlünzen K.H. and Podzun R. (2005): The water and energy budget of the
Arctic atmosphere. Journal of Climate,Vol. 18, No.13, pp 2515-2530.
Rechid D., Jacob D. (2006): Influence of monthly varying vegetation on the simulated cli- mate in
Europe. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 15, pp 99-116.
Rinke, A., Dethloff K., Cassano J., Christensen J.H., Curry J.A., Du P., Girard E., Haugen J.-E.,
Jacob D., Jones C., Koltzow M., Laprise R., Lynch A.H., Pfeifer S., Serreze M.C., Shaw
M.J., Tjernström M., Wyser K., Za- gar M. (2006): Evaluation of an ensemble of Arctic
regional cli- mate models: Spatiotemporal fields during the SHEBA year, Climate
Dynamics, Vol. 26. pp 459-472, DOI 10.1007/s00382-005-0095-3
Walter A., Keuler K., Jacob D., Block A., Kotlarski S., Mueller-Westermeier G. and Ahrens W.
(2006): A High Resolution Reference Data Set of Ger- man Wind Velocity 1951 - 2001 for
Regional Climate Model Eval-uation. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 15, No.6, pp
585-596.
Wyser K., Jones C.G., Du P., Girard E., Willen U., Cassano J., Christensen J.H., Curry J.A.,
Dethloff K., Haugen J.-E., Jacob D., Koltzow M., Laprise R., Lynch A., Pfeifer S., Rinke A.,
Serreze M., Shaw M.J., Tjermström M. and Zangar M. (2007): An Evaluation of Arctic
Cloud and Ra- diation processes during the SHEBA year: Simulation results from 8 Arctic
Regional Climate Models, Climate Dynamics, Vol. 30, pp203-223. DOI
10.1007/s00382-007-0286-12007
Déqué M.. Jones R.G., Wild M., Giorgi F., Christensen J.H., Hassell D.C., Vidale P.L., Rockel B.,
Jacob D., Kjellström E., de Castro M., Kucharski F., and van den Hurk B. (2005): Global
high resolution versus Limited Area Model scenarios over Europe: results from the
PRUDENCE project, Climate Dynamics, Vol. 25, pp 653-670.
DOI10.1007/s00382-005-0052-1
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 64

CLIMATE DANIELA JACOBS
Déqué M., Rowell D.P., Lüthi D., Giorgi F., Christensen J.H., Rockel B., Jacob D., Kjell- ström
E., de Castro M. and van den Hurk B. (2007): An intercom- parison of regional climate
simulations for Europe: assessing un- certainties in model projections. Climatic Change,
Vol. 81. DOI10.1007/s10584-006-9228-x.
Galos B., Lorenz P., Jacob D. (2007): Will dry events occur more often in Hungary in the future?
Enviromental Research Letter, Vol. 2, 034006, DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/2/3/034006
Gaertner M. A.; Jacob D.; Gil V.; Dominguez M.; Padorno E.; Sanchez E.; Castro M. (2007),
Tropical cyclones over the Mediterranean Sea in climate change simulations. Geophysical
Research Letter, DOI10.1029/2007GL029977, (AGU Highlight)
Hagemann S., Jacob D. (2007): Gradient in the climate change signal of European dis- charge
predicted by a multi-model ensemble, Climatic Change,Vol. 81, pp 309-327. DOI
10.1007/s10584-006-9225-0
Jacob D., Bärring L., Christensen O.-B., Christensen J-H., de Castro M., Deque M., Giorgi F.,
Hagemann St., Hirschi M., Jones R., Kjellström E., Lenderink G., Rockel B., Sanchez
Sanchez E., Schär Ch., Seneviratne S., Somot S., van Ulden A., van den Hurk B., (2007): An
inter-comparison of regional climate models for Europe:Design of the experiments and
model performance. Climatic Change, Vol. 81, Supplement 1, pp 31-52
Kjellström E., Bärring L., Jacob D., Jones R., Lenderink G and Schär C. (2007): Model- ling daily
temperature extremes: Recent climate and future changes over Europe. Climatic Change,
Vol. 81. DOI 10.1007/s10584-006-9220-5.
Benko T., Teichmann C., Mizsey, Jacob D. (2007): Regional Effects and Efficiency of Flue Gas
Desulphurization in the Carpathian Basin, AtmosphericEnvironment,, Vol. 41, Issue 38, pp
8500-8510.
Hennemuth B., Weiss A., Boesenberg J., Jacob D., Linne H., Peters G. and Pfeifer S. (2008):
Quality assessment of water cycle parameters in REMO by radar-lidar synergy, Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 8, pp287-308
Rechid D., Raddatz J.T. & Jacob D. (2008): Parameterization of snow-free land surface al- bedo as
a function of vegetation phenology based on MODIS data and applied in climate modelling.,
Theoretical and Applied Clima-tology, Vol. 95, Issue 3, DOI 10.1007/s00704-008-0003-y
Rechid D., Hagemann S., Jacob D. (2008): Sensitivity of climate models to seasonal variability of
snow-free land surface albedo, Theoretical and Ap-plied Climatology, DOI
10.1007/s00704-007-0371-8
Roy, S., G. Beig, and D. Jacob (2008): Seasonal distribution of ozone and its precursors over the
tropical Indian region using regional chemistry-transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 113,
D21307,doi:10.1029/2007JD009712.
Silvestri G., Vera C., Jacob D., Pfeifer S., Teichmann C. (2007): A high-resolution 43- year
atmospheric hindcast for South America generated with the MPI regional model, Climate
Dynamics, DOI 10.1007/s00382-008-0423-5
Wolf A., Blyth E., Harding R., Jacob D., Keup-Thiel E., Göttel H., Callaghan T. (2008):
Sensitivity of an ecosystem model to hydrology and temperature. Climatic Change, Vol. 87,
No. 1-2. pp 75-89
Göttel H., Alexander J., Keup-Thiel E., Rechid D., Hagemann S., Blome T., Wolf A., Jac- ob D.
(2008): Influence of changed vegetation fields on regional climate simulations in the Barents
Sea Region. Climatic Change (BALANCE Special Issues), Vol. 87, No. 1-2. pp 35-50
Feldmann H., Früh B., Schädler G., Panitz H.J, Keuler K., Jacob D. (2008), Lorenz P.: Evaluation
of Regional Climate Model Precipitation Climatology for South-western Germany:,
Meteorologische Zeitung, Vol. 17,No. 4, 455-465
Hagemann S., Jacob D. Roeckner E., Göttel H., Lorenz P. (2008), Improved regional scale
processes reflected in projected hydrological changes over large European catchments
Climate Dynamics, Climate Dynamics, Vol.32, pp 767-781, DOI
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 65

CLIMATE DANIELA JACOBS
10.1007/s00382-008-0403-9
K.Wyser, C.G.Jones, P.Du, E. Girard, U.Willén, J.Cassano, J.H.Christensen, J.A.Curry,
K.Dethloff, J.-E. Haugen, D.Jacob, M. Køltzow, R.Laprise, A.- Lynch, S.Pfeifer, A.Rinke,
M.Serreze, M.J.Shaw, M.Tjernström and M. Zagar (2008): An Evaluation of Arctic Cloud
and Radiation processes during the SHEBA year: Simulation results from 8 Arctic Regional
Climate Models. Climate Dynamics, 30, 203-223. DOI200910.1007/s00382-007-0286-1
Paeth H., Born K, Girmes R., Podzun R, Jacob D.(2009): Regional Climate change in Tropical and
Northern Africa due to Greenhouse Forcing and LandUse Change, Journal of Climate, Vol.
22, pp 114-132
Van den Hurk, B., Jacob D. (2009): The Art of Predicting Climate Variability and Change, in
Climate change and adaptation in the water sector, edited by F. Ludwig, P.Kabat, H. van
Schaik and M. van der Valk, 9-22, Earths-can, ISBN 978-1-84407-652-9
Jacob D. Van den Hurk, B. (2009):Climate Change Scenarios at Global and Local Scales, in
Climate change and adaptation in the water sector, edited by F. Ludwig, P.Kabat, H. van
Schaik and M. van der Valk, 23-34, Earth-scan, ISBN 978-1-84407-652-9
Jacob D. (2009): ‘Regional Climate Models: Linking Global Climate Change to Local Im- pacts’
in the Springer Encyclopaedia of Complexity and SystemsScience, 7591-7602
Jacob D., Kotova, L., Lorenz P., Moseley Ch. and S. Pfeifer (2009): Regional climate modelling
activities in relation to the CLAVIER project, Quarterly Journal of the Hungarian
Meteorological Service, Vol. 112, No. 3–4, July–December 2008, pp. 141–153
Tomassini, L., and D. Jacob (2009): Spatial analysis of trends in extreme precipitation events in
high-resolution climate model results and observations for Germany, J.Geophys. Res.,
114, D12113doi:10.1029/2008JD010652.
Langlais C., Barnier; B., Molines J-M, Fraunié P., Jacob D. and Kotlarski S. (2009): Evaluation of
a dynamically downscaled atmospheric reanalysis in the prospect of forcing long term
simulations of the ocean circulation in the Gulf of Lions. Ocean Modelling 30 (2009) 270–
286
Sajad F., Hagemann St. and Jacob D (2009): Impact of irrigation on the South Asian Sum- mer
Monsoon, Geoph. Res. Letters doi:10.1029/2009GL040625
Larsén X. G., Mann J., Berg J., Göttel H., Jacob D. (2009): Wind Climate from the Re- gional
Climate Model REMO. Wind Energy, DOI10.1002/we.337
Menéndez C.G., de Castro, M., Boulanger, J.-P., D’Onofrio, A., Sanchez, E., Sörensson, A. A.,
Blazquez, J., Elizalde, A., Jacob, D., Le Treut, H., Li, Z.X., Núñez, M. N., Pessacg, N.,
Pfeiffer, S., Rojas, M., Rolla, A., Samuelsson, P., Solman, S.A., Teichmann, C. (2009):
Downscaling extreme month-long anomalies in Southern South America, Cli-matic Change
DOI 10.1007/s10584-009-9739-3
Bennartz R., Lorenz P., Jacob D. (2009): Validation of the BALTIMOS coupled climate model
using the Advanced Scanning Microwave Radiometer (AMSR-E), Theoretical and Applied
Climatology, DOI
10.1007/s00704-009-0178-x
Krahe P., Nilson E., Carambia M., Maurer Th., Tomassini L., Bülow K., Jacob D., Moser H.
(2009): Wirkungsabschätzung von Unsicherheiten der Klimamo- delleirung in
Abflussprojektionen- Auswertung eines Multimodell-Ensembles im Rheingebiet . HW 53,
H.5
Kotlarski S., F. Paul, D. Jacob (2009): Forcing a distributed glacier mass balance model with the
regional climate model REMO. Part 1: Climate model eval-uation, Journal of Climate, doi:
10.1175/2009JCLI2711.1
Radvánszky B. and D. Jacob (2009): The Changing Annual Distribution of Rainfall in the
Drainage Area of the River Tisza during the Second Half of the 21stCentury. Zeitschrift
für Geomorphologie, Vol 53, Nr. 2, 171-­‐195(25)
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 66

ScOcean ALASTAIR JENKINS
Name: Alastair David Jenkins
Born: 1953 July 8 (Dundee UK)
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Senior Scientist at GFI until 2009-12-31. From 2010-01-01 at UNI-Bjerknes
Centre
Academic degrees:
1977: Ph.D., University of Aberdeen, Scotland. Dissertation: "Noctilucent clouds: structure and
dynamics".
1975: M.Sc., University of Aberdeen, in upper atmosphere physics
1974: B.A. (First Class Honours), University of Cambridge, in Natural Sciences (Physics -
theoretical option).
Work experience:
2010 - Senior Scientist, UniResearch-BCCS/Bjerknessenteret
2002-2009: Senior Scientist Unifob/Bjerknessentert and Geophysicsl Institute, University of
Bergen
1999-2002: Research Scientist, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Bergen
1993-1999: Senior Scientist, Nansen Centre for Environmental and Remote Sensing (NERSC),
Bergen
1987-1992: Research Scientist, IBM Bergen Scientific Centre
1982-1987: Research Scientist, Continental Shelf Institute, Trondheim
1979-1982: Post-doctoral research associate, Dept of Offshore Engineering, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh
1978-1979: Support Meteorologist, Imcos Marine Ltd, Aberdeen, UK
1970, 1973: Programmer, CIC Ltd, Pentonville Rd, London
Fields of interest and present research activities
Atmosphere-ocean interaction:
Scientific coordinator and research scientist in the strategic project on atmosphere–ocean
interaction at the Geophysical Institute (2006–2010), funded by the Research Council of Norway
(NFR). Work involves coupled theoretical and modelling studies of the atmospheric boundary
layer coupled to near-surface hydrodynamics and the surface wave field, and supervision of a
doctoral student on a project which studies the heat flux and energy balance in the Nordic seas, the
Barents Sea in particular. Also conducting studies (including analysis of satellite radar remote
sensing data) of the interaction of the marine and atmospheric boundary layer and air-sea-ice
interface. Have collaborated with the French Naval Hydrographic Service on developing coupled
models for the interaction of the atmosphere, ocean, and surface waves.
Ocean waves:
Remote sensing:
Co-investigator for ESA AO project ‘Quantitative studies of mesoscale upper ocean and
atmospheric boundary layer processes with the integrated use of ERS-1/2 SAR and other satellite
sensors’.
Principal Investigator for the NFR project ‘SAR Analysis and Modelling for Ocean Monitoring’.
Wind power applications:
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 67

ScOcean ALASTAIR JENKINS
From summer 2009, conducting studies on the interface between the atmospheric boundary layer,
wind waves, and fine-scale hydrodynamics within the Norwegian Centre for Offshore Wind
Energy (NORCOWE), contributing to work packages on wind and ocean conditions, wind farm
optimisation, and instrumentation. Specific topics of study include integration of numerical wave
and atmospheric boundary models, and evaluating the performance of boundary-layer observations
from moving measurement platforms.
Extreme value analysis:
Statistical analysis of extreme waves, wave duration statistics, analysis of extreme wave crests,
and evaluation of models for nonlinear wave–wave interaction.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 100%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
• Member of COST/European Science Foundation Working Group 735 on air–sea gas flux, 2007
to date.
• 2004 June and 2008 Oct: Visiting Scientist at the Baltic Sea Research Institute, Warnemnde.
• 1999 Nov: Visiting Scientist at the Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Nizhny Novgorod.
• 1989 Sept–Nov: Visiting Scientist at the Ocean Technology Group, The University of Sydney,
Australia.
• Lecture course on marine physics at the Research Institute of Aquaculture No. 3, Nha Trang,
Vietnam, July 2005.
• Guest lectures at the University of Bergen (Geophysical Institute, Mathematical Institute),
LSCE CEA/CNRS (Gif-sur-Yvette), IFREMER (Brest), the University of Tokyo, the Memorial
University of Newfoundland, the University of Miami, the U.S. Institute of Naval
Oceanography, the University of Hamburg, the Baltic Sea Research Institute, Warnemnde, the
Russian State Hydrometeorological Institute, and the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory.
Membership in professional societies
Norwegian Geophysical Society, Bergen Geophysical Society, Norwegian Physical Society,
American Geophysical Union, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE),
Royal Economic Society, and the International Society of Ecological Economics.
Review of grant proposals and manuscripts for scientific journals
Reviewed grant proposals for the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the National Science
Foundation, the UK Natural Environment Research Council, the Israel Science Foundation, and
the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences.
Has reviewed manuscripts for the following publications: Journal of Physical Oceanography,
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Deep-Sea Research, Entropy, Continental Shelf Research, Journal of
Marine Systems, Journal of Geophysical Research–Oceans, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering,
Ocean Modelling, Radio Science, The Global Atmosphere and Ocean System, Annales
Geophysicae, International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, Lebanese Science Journal,
Environmental Fluid Mechanics, ISOPE conference proceedings, and Proceedings of the Rogue
Waves Symposium 2000.
External Examiner for dr.scient. defence at the University of Oslo (Geophysical Institute,
Mathematical Institute), and the University of Bergen.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 68

ScOcean ALASTAIR JENKINS
External Examiner for undergraduate, master’s and diploma courses at the Norwegian Technical
University (Institute of Mathematics and Statistics) and the University of Bergen (Geophysical
Institute), and the University of Sydney (Ocean Technology).
Doctoral students presently under supervision
Currently supervising four doctoral students, in the following topics: (i) atmosphere–ocean
interaction in the Nordic Seas; (ii) numerical atmosphere modelling and model coupling; (iii)
extreme wave statistics; (iv) turbulence modelling.
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
[1] Fabrice Ardhuin, Alastair D. Jenkins, and Konstadinos A. Belibassakis. Commentary on ‘The
Three-Dimensional Current and Surface Wave Equations’ by George Mellor. Journal of Physical
Oceanography, 38:1340-1350, 2008
[2] Alastair D. Jenkins. The interaction of ocean surface processes, waves, and turbulence in the
adjacent boundary layers. In: Transport at the Air–Sea Interface. Springer Verlag, 2007, pp. 145-
158.
[3] Alastair D. Jenkins. Interaction of waves, surface currents, and turbulence: the application of
surface-following coordinate systems. Journal of Ocean University of China, 6:319-331, 2007.
[4] C. Tang, W. Perrie, A. D. Jenkins, B. M. DeTracey, Y. Hu, B. Toulany, and P. C. Smith.
Observation and modelling of surface currents on the Grand Banks — A study of the wave effects
on surface currents. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans, doi:10.1029/2006JC004028, 2007.
[5] Alastair D. Jenkins and John A. T. Bye. Some aspects of the work of V. W. Ekman. Polar
Record, 42:15–22, 2006.
[6] J. A. T. Bye and A. D. Jenkins. Drag coefficient reduction at very high wind speeds. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 111, doi:10.1029/2005JC003114, 2006.
[7] Benoit Cushman-Roisin and Alastair D. Jenkins. On a non-local parameterisation for shear
turbulence and the uniqueness of its solutions. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 118:69–82, 2006.
[8] L. H. Smedsrud, P. Budgell, A. D. Jenkins, and B. Ådlandsvik. Fine-scale sea-ice modelling of
the Storfjorden polynya, Svalbard. Annals of Glaciology, 44:73-79, 2006.
[9] F. Ardhuin and A. D. Jenkins. On the interaction of surface waves and upper ocean turbulence.
Journal of Physical Oceanography, 36:551–557, 2005.
[10] F. Ardhuin and A. D. Jenkins. On the effect of wind and turbulence on ocean swell. In
Proceedings of The Fifteenth (2005) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference,
Seoul, Korea, June 19-24, 2005, volume 3, pages 429–434. The International Society of Offshore
and Polar Engineers, 2005.
[11] Alastair D. Jenkins and Brian Ward. A simple model for the short-time evolution of nearsurface
current and temperature profiles. Deep-Sea Research II, 52:1202–1214, 2005,
doi:10.1016/j-dsr2.2005.03.005.
[12] Alastair D. Jenkins and Brian Ward. Reply to: Comment on the paper: A simple model for the
short-time evolution of near-surface current and temperature profiles. Deep-Sea Research II,
52:1218–1219, 2005. doi:10.1016/j-dsr2.2005.03.003.
[13] Fabrice Ardhuin, Alastair Jenkins, Danièle Hauser, Ad Reniers, and Bertrand Chapron.
Waves and operational oceanography. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union,
86(4):37–40, 2005.
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ScOcean ALASTAIR JENKINS
Alastair D. Jenkins. Forskningsveiledning ved Geofysisk institutt, universitetet i Bergen [research
supervision at the Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen]. Term Paper, course ‘Research
Supervision at Master’s and Ph.D. Level’, 2005.
Popular science
[14] A. D. Jenkins. Monsterblger: myte eller virkelighet? En utfordring til sjfarende og
matematikere. Lecture, Fagleg-pedagogisk dag, Bergen, 2007-02-02.
[15] L. H. Smedsrud, P. Budgell, A. D. Jenkins, and B. Ådlandsvik. Detaljerte modellresultater av
sjøisen ved Svalbard. Cicerone, No. 6, pp. 30-31, 2006.
Corroboration complementing the publication list
It is necessary for a proper understanding of the global atmosphere-ocean heat balance, and the
spatial distribution and time evolution of greenhouse gases, to understand quantitatively and on a
fundamental level the phenomena which influence air-sea fluxes of mass, momentum, and energy.
In particular, it is necessary to consider as a whole the air-sea interface and the boundary layers on
both sides of it, and formulate in a self-consistent way the dynamics, and other physical and
biogeochemical processess, so that continuity is maintained in the system description as one
moves through the lower atmosphere down into the ocean. The works [1]-[13] investigate various
aspects of the problem, dealing with various different physical processes, and [14]-[15] present
them to general audiences.
Ref. [3] reviews how one may model the fluid flow above and below the air-sea interface, using
surface-following coordinate systems in order to address phenomena which depend upon the
conditions close to the sea surface. The effects of surface waves are considered in Refs. 1-4, 9-10
and 13. Ref. 14 presents aspects of extreme waves at sea to a public audience.
Ref. [2] considers how to determine air-sea fluxes of momentum, heat, and mass from instruments
mounted on moving measurement platforms, where the presence of wave-induced motions may
otherwise introduce a bias in averaged observations. Ref. 0[6] presents a model for the air-sea flux
of momentum under conditions of high wind speed and vigorous whitecapping, and refs. 11-12
discuss a simple model for the near-surface ocean current and heat content.
Ref. [4] applies a coupled surface wave - ocean hydrodynamic and turbulence model system in
order to evaluated methods for estimating the sea-surface drift, for example of oil spills or of
floating objects, which may be applied to such activities as pollution control and ocean search and
rescue operations. Ref. [7] considers the mathematical solution of a specific turbulence model.
Ref. [8] considers the impact of wind and air-sea heat flux in Arctic conditions on freezing and the
development of sea ice cover, and Ref. 15 presents these sea-ice processes to a public audience.
Ref. [5] presents historical aspects of the coupled atmosphere-ocean system by reviewing the
pioneering work of V.W. Ekman, who presented a pioneering theoretical study of the wind-driven
ocean circulation, which he followed up by highly original deep-ocean current measurements.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 70

ScOcean JOHNNY A. JOHANNESSEN
Name: Johnny A. Johannessen
Born: 9 December 1953
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Vice Director; Prof II at the Geophysical Institute
Academic degrees:
1997: Dr. Philos., University of Bergen, Norway
1979: Cand. Real., Physical Oceanography, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway.
1977: Cand. Mag., Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway.
Work experience:
� 2010: Vice director Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center
� 2008-present. Research Director Mohn-Sverdrup Center at Nansen Environmental and
Remote Sensing Center (NERSC), Bergen, Norway.
� 1999-2007: Research Director in Ocean Remote Sensing Section, Nansen Environmental
and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC), Bergen, Norway.
� 2000: Appointed Professor 2 in Satellite Oceanography, Geophysical Institute, University
of Bergen, Norway.
� 1994-1999: Head of Ocean and Sea Ice Unit, Earth Sciences Division, European Space
Agency (ESA) ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands.
� 1992-1994: Research Director, Marine Monitoring and Remote Sensing Unit, Nansen
Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC), Bergen, Norway.
� 1987-1991: Senior Scientist, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC),
Bergen, Norway.
� 1988-1989: Visiting Scientist at Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Mi., US for 6 months from September 1988 to February1989.
� 1983-1986: Research Scientist, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway.
� 1981-1982: Research assistant to Arctic Chair hold by O.M. Johannessen at Naval
Postgraduate School, Monterey, Cal., US from August 1981 to July 1982.
� 1979-1981: Research Assistant, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen.
Fields of interest and present research activities
Johannessen has 30 years experience in satellite remote sensing in oceanography and sea ice
research. In particular, he has focused on the use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to advance the
understanding of mesoscale processes along the marginal ice zone and associated with open ocean
fronts and eddies. In the last 10 years he has also been involved in development and
implementation of operational oceanography both at national and international level. Johannessen
has authored/co-authored more than 150 scientific and technical publications, reports and book
articles of which 58 papers are published in International Review Journals and 20 are published in
peer review book articles.
Johannessen has coordinated several national and international research projects on satellite
retrieval methods and operational oceanography. He has participated in 15 international field
campaigns and has been chief scientist on 10 of these cruises, predominantly in the Arctic
Marginal Ice Zones and in the Norwegian Coastal Current.
During his working period in ESA-ESTEC from 1994 to 2000 he was involved with the outlining
and development of the Science and Research Elements of ESA’s Living Planet Programme. In
particular, he coordinated the scientific activities and their interfaces to the technical development
associated with the Gravity Field and Steady State Ocean Circulation Explorer Mission launched
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ScOcean JOHNNY A. JOHANNESSEN
in March 2009 and the Topography Mission, the precursor to the CRYOSAT mission which is
planned for launch on 8 April 2010.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 70%
� Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
� Chairman of the ESA Science and Advisory Committee.
� Member of the MyOcean Board
� Member of the Ocean Observing Panel for Climate (OOPC) under the Global Climate
Observing System (GCOS).
� Member of EuroGOOS science advisory working group.
� Member of JCOMM Management Committee.
� Member of ERICON-AB Science Advisory Panel.
� Member of GOCE Mission Advisory Group under ESA.
� Member of TerraSAR Science Advisory Group under ESA.
� Member of EUMETSAT Advisory Expert Group for Ocean Topography and Ocean
Imaging Satellite Missions.
� Member of Editorial Board of Journal of Operational Oceanography, published by The
Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology, London, UK.
� Member of GlobeWave Steering Committee.
� Visiting Professor at Ocean University of China, Qingdao, from 2006 to 2009.
� Award received in appreciation and recognition of the outstanding contribution to the
success and achievements of the MOST/ESA Dragon Programme 2004 to 2007.
Doctoral students presently under supervision
� Bjørn Backeberg, PhD, Modelling the mesoscale variability in the greater Agulhas Current
System using a Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model, Univ. of Cape Town, SA.
� Svetlana Milutinovic, PhD, Satellite-derived estimates of marine primary productivity in
the North Atlantic, Univ. of Bergen, Norway.
� Morten W. Hansen, PhD, Backscatter and Doppler signals of surface current and sea ice in
SAR images, Univ. of Bergen, Norway.
Selected professional publications 2005-2009;
Kudryavtsev, V., D.Akimov, J.A. Johannessen and B. Chapron, On Radar Imaging of Current
Features: Part 1: Model and Comparison with Observations. Journal of Geophysical
Research, Vol. 110, C07016, 2005.
Johannessen, J.A., V.Kudryavtsev, D.Akimov, T. Eldevik, N. Winther, and B. Chapron, On
Radar Imaging of Current Features; Part 2: Mesoscale Eddy and Current Front detection.
Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, C07017, 2005.
LeTraon, P, L. Phalippou, D. Cotton, J. A. Johannessen, G. Ruffini, P. Bahurel, M. Bell, B.
Chapron, N. Pinardi, I. Robinson, L. Santoleri, D. Stammer, M. R. Drinkwater, and H.
Rebhan, Roadmap for a GMES Operational Oceanography Mission, ESA Bulletin, vol. 124,
November 2005.
Winther, N. G., and J. A. Johannessen (2006), North Sea circulation: Atlantic inflow and its
destination, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C12018, doi:10.1029/2005JC003310.
Johannessen, J.A., P.-Y. Le Traon, I. Robinson, K. Nittis, M. J. Bell, N. Pinardi, and P. Bahurel,
2006, Marine Environment and Security for the European Area (MERSEA) - Towards
operational oceanography, American Meteorological Society, BAMS, pp. 1081-1090.
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ScOcean JOHNNY A. JOHANNESSEN
Siegismund, Frank, Johnny A. Johannessen, Helge Drange, Kjell Arne Mork, Alexander
Korablev, Steric height variability in the Nordic Seas, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.
112, C12010, doi:10.1029/2007/JC004221, 2007.
Backeberg, B., J.A. Johannessen, L. Bertino, C.J. Reason, (2008), The greater Agulhas Current
system: An integrated study of its mesoscale variability, Journal of Operational
Oceanography, volume 1, No. 1, February 2008.
Johannessen, J.A., B. Chapron, F. Collard, V. Kudryavtsev, A. Mouche, D. Akimov, and K.-F.
Dagestad (2008), Direct ocean surface velocity measurements from Space: Improved
quantitative interpretation of Envisat ASAR observations, Geophysical Research Letter, 28
November, 2008.
Milutinović, S., M. J. Behrenfeld, J. A. Johannessen, and T. Johannessen (2009), Sensitivity of
remote sensing–derived phytoplankton productivity to mixed layer depth: Lessons from the
carbon-based productivity model, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB4005,
doi:10.1029/2008GB003431.
Backeberg, B.C., L. Bertino, J.A. Johannessen (2009) Evaluating two numerical advection
schemes in HYCOM for eddy-resolving modeling of the Agulhas Current. Ocean Science,
vol.5. pp. 173-190, 2009. ISSN: 1812-0784. Publisher: Copernicus.
Berger, Michael, Einar-Arne Herland, Josef Aschbacher, Stephen Briggs, Johnny A. Johannessen,
Roman Hanssen, Jose Moreno, D. Hauglustaine, New possibilities for Science : ESA’s
operational Sentinel missions, ESA Bulletin, 140, 2009 please make separate lists for peerreviewed
journal papers, other papers (including scientific reports) and for international
conference proceedings.
Selected other papers (2005-2009):
Bahurel Pierre, Frédéric Adragna, Mike J. Bell, Fabienne Jacq, Johnny A. Johannessen, Pierre-
Yves Le Traon, Nadia Pinardi, Jun She: Ocean monitoring and forecasting core services, the
European MyOcean example. OceanObs09, Venice Italy, 21-25 Sept. 2009. Publisher:
European Space Agency.
B. CHAPRON, A. BINGHAM, F. COLLARD, C. DONLON, J. JOHANNESSEN, J.-F. PIOLLE,
N. REUL, Some Examples of Ocean Remote Sensing Data Integration, OceanObs09, Venice
Italy, 21-25 Sept. 2009. Publisher: European Space Agency.
Johannessen, J.A., B. Hackett, E. Svendsen, H. Søiland, L.P. Røed, N. Winther, J. Albretsen, D.
Danielsen, L.H. Pettersson, M. Skogen, L. Bertino: Chapter 11: Operational oceanography –
challenges and potential. In The Norwegian Coastal Current – oceanography and climate.
Edited by R. Sætre. Tapir academic press, Trondheim, Norway, ISBN: 987-82-519-2184-8,
2007.
Forsberg R., H. Skourup, O. B. Andersen, P. Knudsen, S. W. Laxon, A. Ridout, J. A.
Johannessen, F. Siegismund, H. Drange, C. C. Tscherning, D. Arabelos, A Braun, and V.
Renganathan, Combination of Spaceborne, Airborne and In-Situ Gravity Measurements in
Support of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Mapping, Danish National Space Centre, Technical
report No. 7, 2007.
LaCasce, J.H., L. P. Røed, L. Bertino and B. Ådlandsvik with contributions from J. Albretsen, W.
P. Budgell, H. Engedahl, C. Hansen, J. A. Johannessen and E. Svendsen: CONMAN
Technical Report No. 2: Analysis of model results, Norwegian Meteorological Institute,
Report no. 5/2007 Oceanography, ISSN: 1503-8025, Oslo, May 18, 2007.
Johannessen, J.A. GOCE-Improving the understanding of high latitude ocean circulation,
NordicSpace, Volume 15, No.3, 2007.
Hackett, B., J. Albretsen, L.P. Røed, J.A. Johannessen and E. Svendsen: The MONCOZE Pilot
Ocean Monitoring System (POMS); A Tool for Marine Environmental Monitoring. In
European Operational Oceanography: Present and Future, Proceedings of the Fourth
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 73

ScOcean JOHNNY A. JOHANNESSEN
International Conference on EuroGOOS. Edited by H. Dahlin, N.C. Flemming, P. Marchand,
S.E. Petersson. Published by EuroGOOS Office and European Commission, Research
Directorate- General. 2006.
Johannessen, J.A., B. Hackett, E. Svendsen, H. Søiland, L. P. Røed, N. Winther, J. Albretsen, D.
Danielssen, L.H. Pettersson, M. Skogen, and L. Bertino: Monitoring the Norwegian Coastal
Zone Environment – The MONCOZE Approach. In European Operational Oceanography:
Present and Future, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on EuroGOOS.
Edited by H. Dahlin, N.C. Flemming, P. Marchand, S.E. Petersson. Published by EuroGOOS
Office and European Commission, Research Directorate-General. 2006.
Johannessen, J.A., P.Y. Le Traon, I. Robinson, K. Nittis, M. Bell, N. Pinardi, P. Bahurel, B.
Furevik: Marine Environment and Security for the European Area: lessons learned form
MERSA Stand-1. In European Operational Oceanography: Present and Future, Proceedings
of the Fourth International Conference on EuroGOOS. Edited by H. Dahlin, N.C. Flemming,
P. Marchand, S.E. Petersson. Published by EuroGOOS Office and European Commission,
Research Directorate-General. 2006.
Johannessen, J.A., L.H. Pettersson, T. Eldevik, D. Durand, G. Evensen, N. Winther and Ø.
Breivik: Coastal Physical and Biochemical Processes. chapter 6, pp.179-196, in Remote
Sensing of the Marine Environment (ed. J. Gower), Manual of Remote Sensing, Third
Edition, Volume 6, Published by American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing, 2006, Maryland, USA, 338 pp.
Johannessen, J.A., F. Siegismund, H. Drange, L. Bertino, P. Knudsen, R. Forsberg, O.B.
Andersen, A.L. Vest, R. Hipkin, A. Hunegnaw, D. Solheim, O. Omang, M.-H. Rio, F.
Hernandez, K. Haines, J.-P. Drecourt, R. Bingham: GOCINA products of relevance for
GOCE validation and calibration, Proceedings of Workshop - GOCINA: improving
modelling of ocean transport and climate prediction in the North atlantic region using GOCE
gravimetry, April 13-15, 2005, Cahiers du Centre European de Geodynamique et de
Seimologie, Volume 25, Luxembourg 2006.
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
The peer review papers listed in the professional publication list covers three key aspects of
research:
- research and development in support to operational oceanography;
- detection of mesoscale features in radar satellite images
- importance of satellite remote sensing for integrated ocean observations.
Advances in operational oceanography are forming a major part of my present research and
development activities. It is also shaping my future research direction with emphasize on satellite
remote sensing. In particular there are significant needs to gather better understanding of: (i)
mesoscale variability, frontal zone dynamics and eddy generations and (ii) effects of small-scale
variations in meteorological forcing and its consequence for air-sea interaction. These processes
typically occur at spatial resolutions from order 100 m to several kilometres. The imaging by
synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a major contribution to this research field. The sensor is weather
and light independent and manifest a variety of mesoscale and sub-mesoscale surface features
through wind-wave-current interactions. However, full quantitative interpretation of these signals
are still lacking before the SAR observations can be fully applied in operational oceanography.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 74

ChemOcean TRULS JOHANNESSEN
Name: Truls Johannessen
Born: 8 October 1957, Bergen, Norway.
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position:
Professor in chemical oceanography and research leader for chemical oceanography, University of
Bergen, Geophysical Institute
Researcher 1 at the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research,
Bergen
Academic degrees:
Dr. Scient Stable Isotopes as Climate Indicators in Ocean and Lake Sediments, University of
Bergen, 1992
Work experience:
Sabbatical: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) and National Ocean
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Miami US. 06.2004-06.2005
Full Professor , Geophysical Institute, UiB, 2000-
Associate Professor, Geophysical Institute, UiB, 1996-2000
Postdoctoral researcher, Centre for Environment and resources, 1992-1995
Responsible for building up a group in chemical oceanography University of Bergen 1992 -
PhD student, Geological Institute, UiB, 1987-1992
Student, University of Bergen, Norway, 1979-1987
Fields of interest and present research activities:
� Thermohaline Circulation of the world oceans with emphasis on ocean mixing
� Explore the natural variability in the climate system and the impact for fluxes of climate
gases
� Study the natural variability and anthropogenic effects on the climate and the environment
� Biogeochemistry role in global climate change studies
� Global carbon cycle and biogeochemistry in present, past and future oceans
� Paleocalibration of proxy data and interpretations of past inter-ocean circulation, carbon
cycling and heat transport.
� Nitrogen cycle in present and past environments in the ocean and in African lakes.
� Use open ocean experiments to test scientific hypothesis on ocean climate and inorganic
carbon cycling on short and longer time sales
� Changes in sources and sinks of carbon and ocean acidification
International Committees
Chair of SOLAS/IMBER carbon group 2007-2009
Co-Chair of the SOLAS/IMBER carbon group 2005-2007
Member of the IOCCP-committee 2005-2008
Chair of the SOLAS implementation group on carbon 2003-2008
IGBP-SCOR-WCRP-CACCP: SOLAS SSC 2000-2008
National Committees
Chair of the Norwegian SOLAS 2000-
Contact person for Norway in the international SOLAS-project 2000-2007
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ChemOcean TRULS JOHANNESSEN
Most important projects and roles
3 projects within the Commission of European Communities, MAST program; the European
Subpolar Ocean Programme (ESOP) 1 and 2: 1993-01-01 to 1995-12-31 and 1996-01-01 to 1999-
02-28, respectively and Instrumentation for Marine Carbon Dioxide from Remote Platforms
(IMCORP). Two funded EU projects, Carbon Variability Studies by Ships of Opportunity,
CAVASSOO and Tracer and Circulation in the Nordic Seas Region (TRACTOR), co-ordinator. PI
in the EU-CARBOOCEAN project. In 2002, involved generating the BCCR as a centre of
excellence (2002-2012). Presently the most important EU-project is CARBOOCEAN, a five years
project, 2005-2009. Act as national focal point for the EU-project ICOS, 2009 and on.
Doctoral students presently under supervision: Presently involved in advising 5 dr. students and
2 master students.
Review: Reviewer for a number of scientific journals, EU-projects, and participated in committees
and been opponent for dr. degrees, master thesis etc.
Field work: Been chief scientist on cruises and responsible for a major expedition to the Nordic
Seas starting 28.05.2009-10.08.2009. Main goal ocean physics, carbon uptake and cycling,
ecosystem and ocean acidification.
Professors at UiB have normally 50% of their time for science, including advising dr. and master
students and generating projects.
List of selected publication
Kivimæe C., Bellerby R.G.J., Fransson A., Reigstad M and Johannessen T. A carbon budget for
the Barents Sea submitted to Deep-Sea Research I
Omar, Abdirahman; Olsen, Are; Johannessen, Truls; Hoppema, M.; Thomas, H.; Borges, AV.
Spatiotemporal variations of fCO2 in the North Sea. Ocean Science 2010 (6) s. 77-89.
Bellerby R. G. J. , Schulz K. G. , Riebesell U. , Neill C. , Nondal G. , Heegaard E. , Johannessen
T. , and Brown K. R., 2008. Marine ecosystem community carbon and nutrient uptake
stoichiometry under varying ocean acidification during the PeECE III experiment
Biogeosciences, 5, 1517-1527.
Chierici, M., A. Olsen, T. Johannessen, J. Triñanes, and R. Wanninkhof. Algorithms to estimate
the carbon dioxide uptake in the northern North Atlantic using ship-observations, satellite
and ocean analysis data, Deep-Sea Research II, 56, 630-639. 2009.
Jeansson, E., Olsson, K.A., Messias, M.-J., Kasajima, Y., Johannessen, T., 2009a, Evidence of
Greenland Sea water in the Iceland Basin, Evidence of Greenland Sea water in the Iceland
Basin. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L09605, doi:10.1029/2009GL037988.
Kasajima, Yoshie; Johannessen, Truls. Role of cabbeling in water densification in the Greenland
Basin. Ocean Science 2009, 5.(3), 247-257.
Nondal G., Bellerby R.G.J., Olsen A., Johannessen T. and Olafsson J., 2009. The surface CO2
system in the northern North Atlantic: an assessment of the optimal variable combination for
Voluntary Observing Ships. Limnology and oceanography: methods. 9, 109-118.
Milutinovic, S., M.J. Behrenfeld, J.A. Johannessen and T. Johannessen, Sensitivity of remote
sensing–derived phytoplankton productivity to mixed layer depth: Lessons from the carbonbased
productivity model, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, VOL. 23, GB4005,
doi:10.1029/2008GB003431, 2009.
Olsen, A., R. M. Key, E. Jeansson, E. Falck, J. Olafsson, S. van Heuven, I. Skjelvan, A. M. Omar,
K. A. Olsson, L. G. Anderson, S. Jutterström, F. Rey, T. Johannessen, R. G. J. Bellerby, J.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 76

ChemOcean TRULS JOHANNESSEN
Blindheim, J. L. Bullister, B. Pfeil, X. Lin, A. Kozyr, C. Schirnick, T. Tanhua and D. W.
R.Wallace. Overview of the Nordic Seas CARINA data and salinity measurements, Earth
System Science Data, 1, 25-34, 2009.
Pierrot, D., C. Neill, K. Sullivan, R. Castle, R. Wanninkhof, H. Lüger, T. Johannessen, A. Olsen,
R. Feely, and C. E. Cosca. Recommendations for Autonomous Underway pCO2 Measuring
Systems and Data Reduction Routines, Deep-Sea Research II, 56, 512-522. 2009.
Takahashi, T., S. C. Sutherland, R. Waninnkhof, C. Sweeney, R. A. Feely, D. W. Chipman, B.
Hales, G. Friederich, F. Chavez, C. Sabine, A. Watson, D. C. E. Bakker, U. Schuster, N.
Metzl, H. Yoshikawa-Inoue, M. Ishii, T. Midorikawa, Y. Nojiri, A. Körtzinger, T. Steinhoff,
M. Hoppema, J. Olafsson, T. S. Arnarson, B. Tilbrook, T. Johannessen, A. Olsen, R.
Bellerby, C. S. Wong, B. Delille, N. R. Bates, and H. J. W. de Baar. Climatological mean
and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2 and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans.
Deep-Sea Research II, 56, 554-577. 2008.
Telszewski, Maciej; Chazottes, Aymeric; Schuster, Ute; Watson, Andrew J.; Moulin, Cyril;
Bakker, Dorothee C.E.; González-Dávila, Melchor; Johannessen, Truls; Körtzinger, Arne;
Lüger, Heike; Olsen, Are; Omar, Abdirahman; Padin, Xose Antonio; Ríos, Aida Fernández;
Steinhoff, Tobias; Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena; Wallace, Douglas W.R.; Wanninkhof,
Richard. Estimating the monthly pCO2 distribution in the North Atlantic using a selforganizing
neural network. Biogeosciences 2009 ;Volum 6.(8) s. 1405-1421.
Watson, A. J., U. Schuster, D. C. E. Bakker, N. R. Bates, A. Corbiere, M. González-Dávila, T.
Friedrich, C. Heinze, T. Johannessen, A. Körtzinger, N. Metzl, J. Olafsson, A. Olsen, A.
Oschlies, X. A. Padin, B. Pfeil, J. M. Santana-Casiano, T. Steinhoff, M. Telszewski, A. F.
Rios, D. W. R. Wallace, and R. Wanninkhof. A network to accurately estimate the North
Atlantic sink for CO2, Science, 326, 1391-1393.
2008
Bellerby R. G. J. , Schulz K. G. , Riebesell U. , Neill C. , Nondal G. , Heegaard E. , Johannessen
T. , and Brown K. R., 2008. Marine ecosystem community carbon and nutrient uptake
stoichiometry under varying ocean acidification during the PeECE III experiment
Biogeosciences, 5, 1517-1527.
Lueger, H., R. Wanninkhof, A. Olsen, J. Trinanes, T. Johannessen, D. Wallace, and A.
Koertzinger, 2008: The CO2 air-sea flux in the North Atlantic estimated from satellite data
and ARGO profiling float data. NOAA Technical Memorandum, OAR AOML-96, 28 pp.
Messias, M.-J., Watson, A.J., Johannessen, T., Oliver, K.I.C., Olsson, K.A., Fogelqvist, E.,
Olafsson, J., Bacon, S., Balle, J., Bergman, N., Budéus, G., Danielsen, M., Gascard, J.-C.,
Jeansson, E., Olafsdottir, S.R., Simonsen, K., Tanhua, T., Van Scoy, K., Ledwell, J. R.,
2008, The Greenland Sea Tracer Experiment 1996-2002: horizontal mixing and transport of
Greenland Sea Intermediate Water. Progress in Oceanography, 78, 85-105.
Olsen, A., K. R. Brown, M. Chierici, T. Johannessen, and C. Neill. Sea-surface CO2 fugacity in
the subpolar North Atlantic, Biogeosciences, 5, 535-547, 2008.
2007
Omar, Abdirahman; Johannessen, Truls; Olsen, Are; Kaltin, Staffan; Rey, Francisco.
Seasonal and interannual variability of the air-seaCO(2) flux in the Atlantic sector of the
Barents Sea. Marine Chemistry 2007 ;Volum 104.(3-4) s. 203-213.
2006
Kasajima, Y., Johannessen, T., Olsson, K. A., Messias, M-J., Jeansson, E., Bellerby, R., Skjelvan,
I., 2006, A submesoscale coherent eddy in the Greenland Sea in 2003. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 111, C07013, doi:10.1029/2005JC003130.
Olsen, A., A. M. Omar, R. G. J. Bellerby, T. Johannessen, U. Ninnemann, K. R. Brown, K. A
Olsson, J. Olafsson, G. Nondal, C. Kivimäe, S. Kringstad, C. Neill, and S. Olafsdottir.
Magnitude and Origin of the Anthropogenic CO2 increase and 13C Suess effect in the
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 77

ChemOcean TRULS JOHANNESSEN
Nordic Seas Since 1981, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20, GB3027, doi:
10.1029/2005GB002669, 2006.
2005
Olsen, A., R. Wanninkhof, J. A. Triñanes, and T. Johannessen. The effect of wind speed products
and wind speed - gas exchange relationships on interannual variability of the air-sea CO2
gas transfer velocity, Tellus, 57B, 95-106, 2005.
Olsson, K.A., Jeansson, E., Anderson, L.G., Hansen, B., Eldevik, T., Kristiansen, R., Messias, M.-
J., Johannessen, T., Watson, A.J., 2005a, Intermediate water from the Greenland Sea in the
Faroe Bank Channel: spreading of released sulphur hexafluoride. Deep Sea Research I, 52,
279-294.
Skjelvan, I., A. Olsen, L.G. Anderson, R.G.J. Bellerby, E. Falck, Y. Kasajima, C. Kivimäe, A.
Omar, F.Rey, A. Olsson , T. Johannessen, C. Heinze (2005). A review of the
biogeochemistry of the Nordic Seas and Barents Sea - with focus on the inorganic carbon
cycle. In Helge Drange et al. (editors) “The Nordic Seas: An integrated Perspective
oceanography, climatology, and modelling”. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC,
pp.157 – 175.
Other activities (2005-2009):
Oral presentations at scientific meeting or by invitation about 30, co-author on about 90 and on
about 50 posters.
Corroboration complementing the publication list
Quantification of the anthropogenic uptake of CO2 globally with particular emphasis on the North
Atlantic Ocean and Nordic Sea.
Large variability in ocean uptake of carbon has been identified in the North Atlantic based upon
data produced in different EU projects starting from 1995 and on and based upon VOS-lines,
Science 2009. The annual to interannual variability in the North Atlantic sink and as earlier
publication show, the rate of change of CO2 seems to be greater in the ocean relative to the
atmosphere, clearly put our understanding of the North Atlantic Sink on challenge. A clear aim
and motivation is when a comprehensive dataset covering more ground in the NA to understand
the underlaying causes for the observed changes. The data so far can indicate that more long
termed processes like the North Atlantic Oscillations are involved in determine the efficiency of
CO2 uptake as well. To prove this our VOS network for CO2 observation in the North Atlantic,
developed from 1995 and that today and is now in a reliable mode of operation, needs to be
continued. The surprising variability in the annual uptake rate of CO2 found in this area clearly
state a need of better understanding of this complex ocean carbon sink system. We could not
predict this based upon the present state of knowledge clearly stating how important it is still to
produce high quality ocean data and in this case data on an seasonal to annual bases completely
where lacking.
Technical challenge
The general aim is to further automate an ocean carbon observation through modern technologies
like cable base systems near shore and in shallow oceans, mooring, floats gliders etc. The
challenge is to produce robust and reliable sensors measuring the proper variables to describe the
carbon system.
Design experiments for biogeochemical feedbacks in the high CO2 world.
Experiments simulating the future ocean changes and its impact on ecosystems become more and
more important. Ocean acidification is an additional concern caused by the same process
responsible for causing climate change, the increasing atmospheric CO2 content caused by human
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 78

ChemOcean TRULS JOHANNESSEN
activities. The real challenge is to understand how the complex interaction of future changes in
temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH, {CO32-} etc. can change ecosystems that are important for
stabilizing atmospheric CO2 content and fisheries.
Experiments of ocean circulation focusing on the Northern limb of the North Atlantic Ocean.
In 1996 a work intensive and important experiment of the deep water producing area the
Greenland Sea started in summer 1996. Scientific gaols obtained like identifying the strength and
duration of major vertical and horizontal processes based on the spread of the tracer SF6. From the
point release we new the time and place of injection of the tracer and could for this reason more
accurately calculate the amount of mixing, the strength of mixing and the advection rate to
adjacent basins through the choke points. The data provide a good test base for general circulation
models. At the end of the experiment SF6 was clearly also identified in the North Atlantic Ocean
south of the Greenland-Scotland ridge system. A number of paper including published in Nature
and other well recognized journals came out of this experiment, one of the latest synthesis papers
came out in 2008.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 79

ScOcean YOSHIE KASAJIMA
Name: Yoshie Kasajima
Born: 03.01.1970
Nationality: Japanese
Present position:Post Doc
Academic degrees:
� M.Sc. in physical oceanography, Tokyo University of Fisheries, March 1996
� Dr. Scient in physical oceanography, University of Tromsø, Dec. 2001
Work experience:
2007 Aug.- present Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Post Doc, iAOOS
Norway project
2007 May Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Researcher, Assistant
for student expedition
2006 Sep. – 2007 Jan. Bjerknes centre for Climate Research, Researcher,
CARBOOCEAN project
2002 Feb. - 2005 Dec. Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Researcher, TRACTOR,
ProClim projects
2001 May – 2001 Dec. Norwegian Polar Institute and Bjerknes Centre for Climate,
Research, Research assistant
2001 Apr. Norwegian Polar Institute, Research assistant
1997 Aug. – 2000 May Norwegian Polar Institute, Research assistant, VEINS project
Fields of interest and present research activities (maximum one page)
I started my scientific career with the topic of the wave energy enhancement due to variable
topography, and since then I have been interested in the energy transport in the ocean, especially
the mixing effects on the global context. My scientific tasks change dependent on the project
objectives, though I have been working on vorticity dynamics and thermodynamic mixing
processes in the Nordic Seas. I am currently working on the monitoring the Atlantic Water inflow
to the Norwegian Sea and studying the dynamics at the Atlantic Water front in the southern
Norwegian Sea from the hydrographic and velocity observations.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 100 %
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
None
Doctoral students presently under supervision: 0
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Peer-reviewed journal papers :
Kasajima, Y., Olsson, A., Johannessen, T., Messias, M-J., Jeansson, E.,Bellerby, R. and Skjelvan,
I. The submesoscale coherent eddy in the Greenland Sea in 2003. Journal of Geophysical
Research C07013 doi10.1029/2005 JC003130. (2006)
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 80

ScOcean YOSHIE KASAJIMA
Sunfjord, A., Fer, I., Kasajima, Y., Svendsen, H. Observations of turbulent mixing and
hydrography in the marginal ice zone of the Barents Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research,
C05008 doi10.1029/2006JC003524. (2007)
Jeansson, E., Olsson, K. Anders, Messias, M.-J., Kasajima Y., Johannessen, T. Evidence of
Greenland Sea water in the Iceland Basin, VOL. 36, L09605, doi:10.1029/2009GL037988.
(2009)
Kasajima, Y. and Johannessen, T. Role of cabbeling in water densification in the Greenland
Basin. Ocean Science 5, 247-257. (2009)
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
Submesoscale coherent vortices (SCVs) draw attention as a significant contributor to deep
convection in the Greenland Sea, though its formation/destruction was not understood. A chemical
tracer (SF6) was released in the central Greenland Sea in 1996 in order to study the ocean
circulation in the Nordic Seas, since then, SF6 sampling was continued and used to identify the
origin of water masses. Kasajima et al. (2006) utilised SF6 to determine the source water end
members of the SCV observed in 2003 and concluded that the SCV was formed at the periphery of
the Greenland Basin rather than in the central Greenland Sea. SCVs observed previous years
seemed to be stationary, however, the one observed in 2003 migrates significantly indicating that
SCVs plays an important role to water transport from the basin edge to the central part.
Jeanson et al. (2009) is a succession of the ocean circulation study using SF6. The water of the
Greenland Sea origin was found in the south-east of Iceland, and the transient time from the
central Greenland Sea to the south-east of Iceland was estimated approximately 4 years.
Mixing rate is one of the important key factors for the ocean global circulation. Sundfjord et al.
(2007) examined mixing mechanisms at the marginal ice zone in the northern Barents Sea.
External forcing such as wind and tides increases vertical shear, and thus increases turbulent
mixing. On the other hand, double diffusive mixing dominates over turbulent mixing when
external forcing was weak. Another mixing mechanism, cabbeling, in the central Greenland Sea
was studied by Kasajima and Johannessen (2009). Mixing of different water masses produces a
water denser than source waters due to the seawater’s non-linear property. Even though the
production of denser water by cabbeling was subtle, cabbeling plays a significant role in water
modification in the Greenland basin.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 81

CLIMATE NILS GUNNAR KVAMSTØ
Name: Nils Gunnar Kvamstø
Born: 31.01.1964
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Professor
Academic degrees
� 1993, Dr.Scient, Geophysical Institute (GFI), University of Bergen (UoB). Thesis: Some
aspects on cloud formation and related processes in numerical weather prediction models.
Advisor: Elmer Raustein and Hilding Sundqvist
� 1989, Cand Scient., GFI, UoB. Thesis An investigation of diagnostic relations between
stratiform cloud cover and other meteorological parameters in numerical weather
prediction models. Advisor: Hilding Sundqvist
� 1986, Cand. Mag., in Applied Mathematics, UoB.
Work experience
� October 2006 Professor in Meteorology, GFI, UoB
� August 2003 Deputy-head of dept. at GFI, UoB. I have been acting head of dept. in the
periods: August 2005 – July 2006 and October 2009 – April 2010.
� January 2002 Adjunct professor at Uni (Bjerknes Uni) (secondary affiliation). Main tasks:
to head various research groups and member of the leader forum
� June 1999: Associate professor in Meteorology, GFI, UoB
� October 1993 Scientist, GFI, UoB from October
� January – October 1993: Research Consultant, the European Centre for Medium range
Weather Forecasts (ECMWF).
Teaching
Since 1999 I have lectured the following courses at GFI: GEOF110 - Introduction to Atmosphere-
Ocean Dynamics, GEOF120 – Meteorology, GEOF212 - Physical Climatology, GEOF310 -
Turbulence in the Atmospheric and Ocean Boundary Layer, GEOF320 - Dynamics of the
Atmosphere I, GEOF323 - Local Meteorology, GEOF324 - The General Circulation of the
Atmosphere
Fields of interest and present research activities
My main scientific interests are in climate dynamics and dynamical meteorology. My work in
these fields has mostly been connected with numerical modelling and can be categorized in the
following topics:
� Climate modelling and -analysis
� Large-scale stratosphere troposphere interaction and air-sea-ice interaction
� The hydrological cycle and water vapour feedback
Portion of time dedicated to research: about 30%
Professional merits
� Honorary professor at College of Engineering, Mathematics & Physical Sciences,
University of Exeter
� One of three initiative takers for the establishment of the Bjerknes Collaboration for
Climate Research, Bergen (1999)
� Contributed to the development of the Bergen Climate Model, one of four European global
climate models that provided full climate scenario integrations for the IPCC Fourth
Assessment Report (2007)
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 82

CLIMATE NILS GUNNAR KVAMSTØ
� Board member of: The National Geoscience Committee, The Norwegian Climate Centre,
The Bjerknes Centre (these memberships are tied to the positions as head of Geophysical
Institute).
� Education board, Faculty of Mathematics and natural Sciences, Univ. of Bergen.
� Several PhD assessment committees and assessment committees for applicants to scientific
positions
� Education programme sensor for Dept. of Geosciences, University of Oslo.
� Review duties journals: Tellus A, Climate Change
� Review duties proposals: Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and
National Science Foundation, USA
� About 15 invited lectures at national institutions, international summer schools, EGU
General Assembly, AGU Fall meeting, University of Reading and University of Alaska,
Fairbanks
� About 20 presentations at international conferences and workshops
� 13 project/technical reports, 8 popularized articles and chronicles, 5 interviews for TV and
radio.
Research grants and contracts
Funding
Agency
Project Title Period Role
RCN Seasonal forecast of the North Atlantic and Arctic 2002 - 2005 Project
Oscillations with troposphere-stratosphere models
leader
RCN Marine Climate and Ecosystems in the Seasonal 2003 - 2006 Principal
Ice Zone (MACESIZ)
Investigator
RCN Improved Parameterisation of Microphysical and
Optical Properties of Clouds in Global Climate
Models (CIRAD)
2003 - 2006 Partner
RCN COMPAS 2005 - Project
leader
RCN NORCLIM 2007 - Principal
Investigator
RCN DecCen 2009 - Principal
Investigator
Supervision
Main supervisor for 13 MSc candidates and 6 PhD candidates
Doctoral students presently under supervision:
Gunn Elisabeth Olsen (main supervisor), Svetlana Sorokina (co-supervisor), Ellen Viste (cosupervisor),
Rooholla Azad (co-supervisor), Iselin Medhaug (co-supervisor)
Academic publications 2005-2009
Orsolini, Y. J., Kindem, I.T and N.G. Kvamstø, On the potential impact of the stratosphere upon
seasonal dynamical hindcasts of the North Atlantic Oscillation: a pilot study, Clim. Dyn.,
doi: 10.1007/s00382-009-0705-6, 2009
Orsolini, Y. J., and N. G. Kvamsto (2009), Role of Eurasian snow cover in wintertime circulation:
Decadal simulations forced with satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D19108,
doi:10.1029/2009JD012253.
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CLIMATE NILS GUNNAR KVAMSTØ
Otterå, O. H., Bentsen, M., Bethke, I., and Kvamstø, N. G.: Simulated pre-industrial climate in
Bergen Climate Model (version 2): model description and large-scale circulation features,
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 2, 507-549, 2009.
Orsolini, Y.J., N. G. Kvamstø, I. T. Kindem, M. Honda and H. Nakamura (2008). Influence of the
Aleutian-Icelandic low seesaw and ENSO onto the stratosphere in ensemble winter
hindcasts. J. Met. Soc. Japan. 86, 817-825
Mesquita, M.D.S., N.G. Kvamstø, A. Sorteberg and D. Atkinson (2008) Climatological Properties
of Summertime Extra-Tropical Storm Tracks in the Northern Hemisphere. Tellus, 60A,
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00305.x
Kvamstø, N.G., Y. Song, I. Seierstad, A. Sorteberg, D.B. Stephenson (2008). Clustering of
cyclones in the ARPEGE general circulation model. Tellus A 60, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-
0870.2008.00307.x
Byrkjedal Ø., I. Esau and N. G. Kvamstø (2007). Sensitivity of simulated wintertime Arctic
atmosphere to vertical resolution in the ARPEGE/IFS model. Clim. Dyn., 30(1-2), 687-701,
DOI 10.1007/s00382-007-0316-z
I. A. Seierstad, D. B. Stephenson, N. G. Kvamstø (2007). How useful are teleconnection patterns
for explaining variability in extratropical storminess? Tellus A 59 (2), 170–181.
doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00226.x
Sandvik, A., M. Biryulina, N. G. Kvamstø, J. J. Stamnes, and K. Stamnes (2007), Observed and
simulated microphysical composition of arctic clouds: Data properties and model validation,
J Geophys. Res., 112, D05205, doi:10.1029/2006JD007351.
Steinskog, D. J., D. Tjøstheim and N. G. Kvamstø (2007). A cautionary note on the use of the
Kolmogoroff – Smirnov test. Mon. Wea. Rev. 135, 1151 – 1157.
Sorteberg A. and N. G. Kvamstø (2006). The effect of internal variability on anthropogenic
climate projections, Tellus, 58A, 565–574.
Byrkjedal Ø., N. G. Kvamstø, M. Meland and E. Jansen (2006). Simulated climate response in
last glacial maximum to changed sea-ice conditions in the Nordic Seas, Clim. Dyn , 26, 473-
487, doi: 10.1007/s00382-005-0096-2.
Sorteberg A., T. Furevik, H. Drange, and N. G. Kvamstø (2005). Effects of simulated natural
variability on Arctic temperature projections. Geoph. Res. Lett, 32, L18708, doi:
10.1029/2005GL023404, 2005.
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
Climate modelling and climate analysis
In the period 1995 -2004 I was in the core group that implemented the Bergen Climate Model.
Since then I have collaborated closely with this group and take occasionally part in validating new
model versions and parametrisation schemes: (Otterå 2009; Byrkjedal et al. 2007; Sandvik et al.
2007). During the last years I have explored a climate model of intermediate complexity
(SPEEDY) and have supervised 3 MSc projects in which this model is the main tool.
In climate analysis I mostly work with (new) statistical methods for quantifying
atmospheric variability and how such methods can be used to interpret causalities and/or relate
atmospheric processes (particularly mid-latitude storm tracks) to large-scale atmospheric
modes/variability patterns. Main collaborators in addition to PhD and Msc students: David
Stephenson, Asgeir Sorteberg, Tore Furevik and Helge Drange. Papers: Kvamstø et al. (2008);
Sorteberg et al. (2007); Sorteberg and Kvamstø (2006); Mesquita et al. (2007).
The last year I have coordinated the regional climate modelling group at the Bjerknes
Centre. The main activity here is dynamical downscaling of re-analysis data and coupled global
model projections. Collaborators: Jacobs, Sorteberg, Drange, Furevik Barstad, Flatøy, Heikkilä,
Kolstad Mesquita
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 84

CLIMATE NILS GUNNAR KVAMSTØ
Large-scale air-sea interaction
Through a series of MSc and PhD projects I have been involved in exploring air-sea-ice
interaction. Much of the work here has been focused on impact of mid-latitude SST anomalies or
high-latitude sea-ice anomalies. Some of this work has been published before the reporting period
and some is in prep. The methodology that has been used is mainly construction of idealised
anomalies in the GCM’s surface boundary conditions – or – analysis of composites in re-analyses
or coupled GCM runs. The analysis of response has been focused on mid-latitude storm tracks and
large scale variability patterns. Within the same framework, we have also performed a novel study
on the effect of continental snow anomalies. Main collaborators in addition to PhD and Msc
students: Jürgen Bader, Tore Furevik David Stephenson. Papers: Orsolini and Kvamstø (2009),
Medhaug et al (in prep) Flügge et al (in prep)
The activity described in the previous section has been extended to analysis of tropospheric
response to stratospheric processes/anomalies – much within the same framework. Papers:
Orsolini et al. (2008; 2009).
The hydrological cycle and water vapour feedback
This is a new activity in our group and being in the early phase, we are currently exploring a
Lagrangian model for calculating the pathways of water vapour in the atmosphere in addition to
locating source (evaporation) and sink (condensation) regions. Main collaborators: Asgeir
Sorteberg and Phd students. In prep.: Olsen G.E. et al. Water vapour transport during cases of
extreme precipitation over Western Norway. Viste, E. et al. Water vapour transport connected to
precipitation over Ethiopia.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 85

CLIMATE GUDRUN MAGNUSDOTTIR
Name: Gudrun Magnudsdottir
Born: 1955
Nationality: Icelandic
Present position: Professor, Earth System Science, School of Physical Sciences, UC Irvine, USA.
Adjunct Professor, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway
Academic degrees
Ph.D., Colorado State University, Atmospheric Science
M.Sc., Colorado State University, Atmospheric Science
B.Sc., University of Iceland, Physics
Work experience
1992-1995 Postdoctoral Research Associate in The Department of Applied Mathematics and
Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge
1995- Professors, School of Physical Sciences, University of California Irvine
2006-2009 Professor adjunct, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
Fields of interest and present research activities
Professor Gudrun Magnusdottir is interested in atmospheric and climate dynamics. In her work she
uses observations as well as a hierarchy of numerical models to study dynamical processes in the
atmosphere, and climate variability. One focus of her research centers on investigating feedback
mechanisms influencing the unprecedented high-latitude trends in several climate variables over
recent decades. Another focus of her research centers on tropical-extratropical as well as
troposphere-stratosphere dynamical interactions. A third focus centers on the Intertropical
Convergence Zone (ITCZ), its variability on different timescales, and what controls it in the
climate system. Other areas include 1) sea ice and its climatic effects, 2) variability in the tropics
System on different time scales, 3) climate modes including the North Atlantic Oscillation/Arctic
Oscillation: Forcing mechanisms and trends in observations, and finally 4) geometrical fluid
dynamics and balanced flow.
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Professional Societies
American Meteorological Society.
Royal Meteorological Society
American Geophysical Society European Geophysical Union
Meteorologist Icelandic Meteorology Service 1983—1986
• Editor, Journal of Climate American Meteorological Society 2003—2007
• Chair, Committee on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics American Meteorological
Society 2003—2007
• Member, Committee on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics American Meteorological
Society 2001—2003
• Member, Panel on Climate and Climate Variability (Decadal Earth Sciences Study) National
Academy of the Sciences 2005—2007
• Member: Phenomena, Observations and Synthesis Panel US CLIVAR Program 2007—2010
• Member, eScience Programme Board (eVita) The Research Council of Norway 2005—2009
• Chair, Membership Committee
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 86

CLIMATE GUDRUN MAGNUSDOTTIR
• University Corporation for Atmospheric Research 2006—2007
• Link to this profile
• Last updated
• Member Representative for UC Irvine University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
Grants: NSF, NOAA, NASA
Selected publications 2005-2009
Strong, C., and G. Magnusdottir, 2010: The role of Rossby wave breaking in shaping the
equilibrium atmospheric response to North Atlantic boundary forcing Journal of Climate,
23, 1269-1276.
Bourassa, M. and other members of the High-latitude surface flux Working Group, 2009: Highlatitude
ocean and sea ice surface fluxes: Requirements and challenges for climate research.
BAMS, submitted.
Strong, C. and G. Magnusdottir, 2009: Dependence of NAO on coupling with sea ice. Climate
Dynamics, in press .
Strong, C., G. Magnusdottir and H. Stern, 2009: Observed feedback between winter sea ice and
the North Atlantic Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 22, 6021-6032.
Scharenbroich, L., G. Magnusdottir, P. Smyth, H. Stern and C.-C. Wang, 2009: A Bayesian
framework for storm tracking using a hidden state representation Monthly Weather Review,
in press.
Strong, C., and G. Magnusdottir, 2009: Modeled winter sea ice variability and the North Atlantic
Oscillation: a multi-century perspective Climate Dynamics, DOI 10.1007/s00382-009-0550-
7.
Strong, C., and G. Magnusdottir, 2009: The role of Rossby wave breaking in the Pacific Decadal
Oscillation Journal of Climate, 22, 1819--1833.
Strong, C., and G. Magnusdottir, 2008: How Rossby wave breaking over the Pacific forces the
North Atlantic Oscillation, Geophys. Research Letters, 35, L10706,
doi:10.1029/2008GL033578.
Strong, C., and G. Magnusdottir, 2008: Tropospheric Rossby wave breaking and the NAO/NAM,
J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2861--2876.
Magnusdottir, G. and C.-C. Wang, 2008: Intertropical convergence zones during the active season
in daily data, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 2425--2436.
Abatzoglou, J.T., and G. Magnusdottir, 2007: Correction to "Wave breaking along the
stratospheric polar vortex as seen in ERA-40 data", Geophys. Research Letters, 34, L11805,
doi:10.1029/2007GL030608.
Abatzoglou, J.T., and G. Magnusdottir, 2007: Wave breaking along the stratospheric polar vortex
as seen in ERA-40 data, Geophys. Research Letters, 34, L08812,
doi:10.1029/2007GL029509.
Abatzoglou, J.T., and G. Magnusdottir, 2006: Opposing effects of reflective and non-reflective
planetary wave breaking on the NAO. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 3448-3457.
Wang, C.-C., and G. Magnusdottir, 2006: The ITCZ in the Central and Eastern Pacific on
Synoptic Timescales. Mon. Wea. Rew., 132, 1405-1421.
Abatzoglou, J.T., and G. Magnusdottir, 2006: Planetary wave breaking and nonlinear reflection:
Seasonal cycle and interannual variability J. Climate, 19, 6139-6152.
Wang, C.-C., and G. Magnusdottir, 2005: ITCZ breakdown in three-dimensional flows J. Atmos.
Sci., 62,1497--1512.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 87

ScOcean SONKE MAUS
Name: Sönke Maus
Born: 11.06.1967
Nationality: German
Present position: Research Fellow
Academic degrees: Dr. Philos.
Work experience:
1996-1997 Norwegian Polar Research Institute, Institute of Marine Research Bergen DAADstipend
(Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst)
1998-1999 Institute of Marine Research Bergen, University of Svalbard (UNIS), Marie-Curie
Training and Mobility Grant, European Commission
1999-2000 University of Svalbard (UNIS). Research Fellow.
2001-2002 Geophysical Institute Bergen + Institute of Oceanography, HamburgPhase I
NOClim; freelance scientist.
2003-2004 Teacher education, Kiel, Germany.
2005-2006 Geophysical Institute (GFI), University Bergen, work on dr.-philos. Thesis2007
March Dr. Philos University Bergen
2007-2008 Geophysical Institute Bergen (GFI). Research Fellow
2009 Jan-Aug Geophysical Institute Bergen (GFI). Associate Professor
Field and technology experience
• Numerous oceanographic cruises to the North Atlantic, Nordic Seas and Barents Sea (Institute
of Oceanography Hamburg, Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Geophysical Institute Bergen,
University Courses on Svalbard)
• 2 complete winters (1999-2000) Arctic field work on Svalbard including, ship cruises, ice floe
field work, student courses
• Sea ice studies Ny Ålesund, Svalbard (Spring 2007 + 2009).
• Synchrotron sea ice imaging, Pauler-Scherrer Institute Villigen, Switzerland (2007+2009)
University teaching and education
• Field Assistant Air Sea Ice Interaction, AGF 211/311, UNIS, Svalbard, 1999/2000
• Lecturer Physical oceanography of fjords, GEOF 337, GFI (UiB), 1997
• Lecturer Field course oceanography, GEOF 332, GFI (UiB), 2009
• Lecturer Air-sea-ice interaction I, AGF 212, GFI (UNIS), 2010
• Frequent lectures in GFI Kolloquia, seminars and Bergen Geofysisk Forening (BGF)
• IPY 'Classroom on Ice': Drifting ice floe north of Svalbard, student and scholar supervision,
2008 and 2009
Supervised master thesis:
• Cecilia Bennet An analysis of passive microwave data in Storfjorden compared to thin ice /
polynya modelling, University Courses on Svalbard, 2000
• Juliane Büttner Studying sea ice permeability with synchrotron-based microtomog-raphy, GFI
(UiB), ongoing
Fields of interest and present research activities
• Diploma: physical oceanography, meteorology, geophysics and physics
• Phd: Ice physics/chemistry, glaciology, mechanics and material science, hydrodynamics
• Ongoing oceanography: Watermass transformations Nordic Seas
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ScOcean SONKE MAUS
• Ongoing Ice-ocean interaction: Air-ice-sea interaction, polynya studies, sea ice dynamics and
remote sensing
• Ongoing sea ice physics: Sea ice microstructure and physical properties, sea ice chemistry
• Ongoing technology: Synchrotron-based sea ice imaging techniques
• Ongoing programming and visualisation: Fortran, Latex, Matlab, Paraview
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 50%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
None
Doctoral students presently under supervision: 2
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Publications, peer-reviewed
Maus, S., 2007. On Brine Entrapment in Sea Ice: Morphological Stability, Microstructure and
Convection. Logos, Berlin, 538 pp.
Maus, S., 2007. The planar-cellular transition during freezing of natural waters. Physics and
chemistry of Ice. Ed. W. Kuhs, Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 383-390.
Maus, S., 2007. Prediction of the cellular microstructure of sea ice by morphological stability
theory. Physics and Chemistry of Ice. Ed. W. Kuhs, Royal Society of Chemistry,
p. 371-382.
Reports and proceedings
Maus, S., January 2008. Hydro- and thermodynamics related to CO2-_uxes through the sea_oor.
Reports in Meteorology and Oceanography 1-2008, University Bergen.
Maus, S., 2009. On geophysical modelling of sea ice: microstructure and salinity. In: Leppäranta,
M. (Ed.), Report Series of Geophysics, University of Helsinki, in press.
Maus, S., Huthwelker, T., Enzmann, F., Miedaner, M. M., Stampanoni, M., Marone, F., Hutterli,
M. A., Ammann, M., Hintermüller, C., Kersten, M., 2009. Synchrotronbased X-ray
tomography: insights into sea ice microstructure. In: Leppäranta, M. (Ed.), Report Series of
Geophysics, University of Helsinki, in press.
Conference talks and posters
Maus, S., September 2005. Predictability of sea ice salinity and microstructure from crystal
growth theory, Fifth Workshop on Baltic Sea Ice Climate, Hamburg, Germany.
Maus, S., Haugan, P. M., Østerhus, S., September 2004. Estimating the equilibrium density
anomaly from observations in the shelf convection area of Storfjorden, Bjerknes Centenary
Bergen, Open Science Conference.
Maus, S., September 2006. Measurements of salinity and conductivity: principles and challenges,
Workshop on measurements of dissolved oxygen, turbidity and conductivity, Geophysical
Institute.
Maus, S., 2006. The planar-cellular transition during freezing of natural waters. 11th Int. Conf. on
Physics and Chemistry of the Ice, Bremerhaven, Germany.
Maus, S., 2006. Prediction of the cellular microstructure of sea ice by morphological stability
theory. 11th Int. Conf. on Physics and Chemistry of the Ice, Bremerhaven, Germany.
Maus, S., January 2007. Overview of sea ice processes from the micro- to the geophysical scale,
Bergen Polar Ice Group Workshop, Geophysical Institute Bergen.
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ScOcean SONKE MAUS
Huthwelker, T., Hutterli, M. A., Miedaner, M. M., Enzmann, F., Kersten, M., Stampanoni, M.,
Marone, F., Maus, S., Ammann, M., December 2007. Synchrotron-based 3D
microtomography of impurities in ice. In: Annual Report of the Laboratory for
Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 10. Paul Scherrer Institute, University
Bern, p. 18.
Hutterli, M. A., Huthwelker, T., Miedaner, M. M., Enzmann, F., Ammann, M., Schneebeli, M.,
Maus, S., Stampanoni, M., Jones, A. E., Wol_, W., 2008. A 3D x-ray micro computer
tomography perspective of sea ice, frost _owers and snow as sources of reactive halogens.
In: Geophysical Research Abstracts. Vol. 10. EGU, EGU General Assembly, pp.
EGU2008_A_04181.
Maus, S., August 2008. Geophysical modelling of sea ice, 6th Workshop on Baltic Sea Ice
Climate, Lammi, Finland.
Maus, S., Huthwelker, T., Enzmann, F., M. M, M., Stampanoni, M., Marone, F., Hutterli, M. A.,
Ammann, M., Hintermüller, C., Kersten, M., August 2008. Synchrotronbased X-ray
tomography: insights into sea ice microstructure, 6th conference on Baltic sea ice climate,
Lammi., Finland.
Maus, S., Huthwelker, T., Enzmann, F., Miedaner, M. M., Stampanoni, M., Marone, F., Hutterli,
M. A., Ammann, M., Hintermüller, C., Kersten, M., January 2009. Synchrotronbased x-ray
tomographic microscopy of sea ice, Arctic Frontiers, Tromso.
Ersdal, E., Maus, S., Haas, C., Kristo_ersen, Y., Hall, J., January 2009. A warmer Arctic Ocean:
Some observations from a hovercraft, Arctic Frontiers, Tromso.
Maus, S. January 2010. Sea ice chemistry issues in the focus of climate change, Arctic Frontiers,
Tromso.
Lectures, seminars and scholary outreach
Maus, S., May 2005. The 'Great Salinity Anomaly: a view from the Barents Sea', Colloqium
Geophysical Institute, University Bergen.
Maus, S., Mai 2006. Haline convection during freezing of seawater, Air-sea interaction seminar,
Geophysical Institute Bergen.
Maus, S., Mai 2006. Ice forms and formation: photographs and physical interpretations,
Colloquium Geophysical Institute.
Maus, S., March 2007. The role of sea ice in climate models, Dr-Philos Lecture, Geophysical
Institute Bergen, Norway.
Maus, S., March 2007. History of sea ice salinity and crystal structure, Dr-Philos Lecture,
Geophysical Institute Bergen, Norway.
Maus, S., June 2007. Isblomster: Flowers of ice, Bergen Geophysical Foreningen (BGF) evening
lecture.
Maus, S., April 2008. Keep cool: sea ice imaging at a synchrotron, Colloqium, Geophysical
Institute.
Maus, S., April 2009. Klima Osean Is, fram-museum Oslo, ' Klasserom på isen' (Classroom on ice)
Lecture.
Corroboration complementing the publication list
Having obtained my oceanography diploma at the university of Hamburg in 1995, I movedto
Bergen/Norway in 1996, as a DAAD-exchange stipend holder at the Institute of MarineResearch
(IMR), where I worked with hydrographic data from the Barents and Norwegian Seas. A Marie-
Curie Stipend from the European Commission allowed me to deepen my studies on high latitude
water mass transformations from 1998 to 1999. The second half of this period I spent at the
University Courses on Svalbard (UNIS) and performed a lot of field work regarding dense water
formation in Storfjorden. My stay on Svalbard from February 1999 to July 2000 gave me the
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ScOcean SONKE MAUS
possibility to improve my understanding of problems of atmosphere-ice- ocean interaction, in
particular sea ice growth and structure evolution, guided by own observations and experiments just
a few hundred meters from my office.
Having returned to Germany by the end of 2000 it was difficult to get funding to finish my
studies. I still worked on a freelance basis during 2001-2002 at the Institute of Oceanography,
Hamburg, and the Geophysical Institute, Norway, to get published some results. As funding turned
out to be insufficient I decided to go for a teacher education in Germany in the year of 2003.
However, I could hardly drop research completely, and in August 2004 I visited the Bjerknes
Centenary Meeting in Bergen to present 4 posters. During this conference I decided to return to
research and came back to Bergen in March 2005, with a working place at the Geophysical
Institute of the University. One and a half year later, in September 2006, I delivered a thesis on a
topic into which my interest had grown since my studies of air-ice ocean interaction on Svalbard:
the microstructure of sea ice. It proposed a novel approach to predict brine entrapment in sea ice
by joined modelling of crystal growth and convection processes. For its formulation I integrated a
large body of literature and ideas from fields of glaciology, crystal growth, material sciences, ice
physics, thermodynamics and chemistry of brine solutions, hydrodynamics and boundary layer
theory. This study of sea ice from different perspectives and disciplines has, in my opinion,
strongly improved my understanding of physical models in general, and the capability to evaluate
them critically.
Since 2007 I have continued working on unresolved problems of sea ice physics and
hydrodynamics, and concentrated on building up collaboration with physicists and biochemists.
Central to our work was to combine new methods of careful sea ice field sampling with high
technology approaches to image sea ice using synchrotron radiation, to obtain observations of its
microstructure, thermo- and hydrodynamics that are important for oceanographers, biologists and
atmospheric and remote sensing scientists. The initiation project 'Towards understanding of the sea
ice microstructure' was funded by the Meltzer foundation of the University Bergen, while the
Norwegian Science council supports further work by funding the project 'Synchrotron-based X-ray
studies of sea ice' during 2008-2009. Networking with biogeochemists and synchrotron scientists
was initiated by funding from the University Bergen 'Synchrotron-based X-ray studies of ice in the
environment', and has recently resulted in an interdisciplinary _eld study 'Synchrotron-based X-ray
studies of sea ice and biogeochemistry' which I have been leading as the principal investigator.
Besides the fundamental studies of microstructure of sea ice I have been focusing on problems
how to incorporate the micro-scale physics into larger scale models of ice-atmosphereocean
interaction, and on parametrisations of mesoscale sea ice geophysics in oceanic and atmospheric
boundary layers. An important future objective is to develop extensions for perennial ice problems
and simplify the parametrisations for consistent use in climate models.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 91

METEO FINN GUNNAR NIELSEN
Name: Finn Gunnar Nielsen
Born: 12 January 1951
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Chief researcher, Field development technology, StatoilHydro; Prof. II
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
Academic degrees
1973 MSc (Siv.ing), Norwegian Institute of Technology, Faculty of Marine Technology
1980 Dr.ing, Norwegian Institute of Technology, Dept. of Marine Hydrodynamics. Thesis
dissertation: "Hydrodynamic Problems Related to Oil Barriers for Offshore
Application"
Work experience:
1975-1976 Research Eng. at the Ship Model Tank, Norwegian Ship Research Institute (Now
MARINTEK), Trondheim
1978-1981 Research Eng., later Senior Research Eng. and Head of R&D group "Floating Marine
Structures" at the Ship and Ocean Laboratory, MARINTEK
1988 - Adjunct professor at Department of Marine Hydrodynamics. Special field: Marine
cooperations, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
1981-1992 Senior Eng., Later Staff Eng. and Department manager at Dept. of Marine
Technology at Exploration and Production Research Centre, Norsk Hydro, Bergen
1992-2007 Chief Eng. at Dept of Marine Technology at Exploration and Production Research
Centre, Norsk Hydro, Bergen
2006- Vice President, Oil and Energy Research Centre, Field Development, Norsk Hydro,
Bergen
2007- Chief researcher, Field development technology, StatoilHydro
2009 Professor II, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
Scholarships and scientific visits
1976-1978 Dr. ing. scholarship awarded by the Shipping Industry's Foundation for Research and
Education
1985 Visiting Research Engineer, Dept of Ocean Engineering, MIT
1995-96 Visiting Professor, Department of Ocean Engineering, MIT
Teaching (1988- )
� Development and lecturing the MSc course "Marine operations
� Development of lecture notes "Marine operations"
� Supervising thesis work
Member of censor committees for evaluation of the Dr.ing/PhD thesis as follows:
1982-2009 NTNU (28 candidates)
1995-1996 MIT (2 candidates)
Fields of interest and present research activities
• Development of theoretical tools as well as analysis of offshore installations and systems
(mooring lines, platform motions in waves, deep water pipelines, floating wind turbines, etc)
• Development offshore wind energy technology
• Education and capacity building in offshore wind technology cooperation with academia.
• Full scale and model scale instrumentation and measurements
• Development of computer codes
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METEO FINN GUNNAR NIELSEN
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 30%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Member of "Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences". Elected 2002.
Member of the following national and international professional committees:
o Member of the board of “Norwegian Hydrodynamic Laboratories” (Later MARINTEK)
(1978 - 81)
o OMAE discipline committee (1988 - 93).
o Norsok N003 Committee (“Action and Action effects” 1997 -98)
o ISSC Load committee (1997 - 2000) and (2000 - 2003).
o Heading and member of Steering committees of several R&D projects (Joint industry
projects as well as NFR projects).
o Norsk Hydro, E&P, Bergen “Equal opportunity" committee (1987 -92)
o Norsk Hydro, E&P “Professional career committee” (1991 - 92)
o Norsk Hydro, E&P R&D board (1992 - 93)
o International Scientific Council of BGO First Wave tank, Oceanide, La Seyne /Mer Cedex,
France. (2002 - )
o DNV Global Wind energy committee (2004-)
o ISSC specialist committee v.4. Ocean wave and wind energy utilization. Chairman 2003-
2006 and 2006-2009.
o Member of Editorial board, Journal of Marine Structures (2007- )
o Member of NTVA program committee, Bergen (2005 -
o Member program committee, “Sub-sea lifting operations” (2003 – 2008)
Assignments for evaluation of the following scientific qualifications of applicants for academic
positions: Associate Professor, NTNU, 1993; Professor in Subsea Technology, NTNU,1993;
Adjunct Professor in Marine hydrodynamics, UiO, 1994; Professor in Marine Hydrodynamics,
NTNU, 1995; Professor in Marine Cybernetics, NTNU,1998; Professor in Marine Hydrodynamics,
NTNU, 2000; Professor in Marine Hydrodynamics, NTNU, 2007; Professor in Marine
Hydrodynamics, NTNU, 2009.
Awards
• OMAE 1990 Outstanding paper award: Thuestad, T.C. and Nielsen, F.G.: "Submarine
Impact with the Oseberg Jacket". Ninth International Conf. on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic
Engineering Conference, Houston Feb., 1990. Also in Journal of Offshore Mech. and Arctic
Eng., Vol. 114/1 Feb., 1992.
• DOT 2001 Best paper award: Thuestad,T.C., Nielsen, F.G., Furnes, G. and Henriksson,
A.: "Development and Technological Challenges for a Deepwater Gas Field in Harsh
Environment on the North Atlantic Margin", 13th Annual DEEP OFFSHORE
TECHNOLOGY Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Oct. 17-19, 2001.
• EWEC 2006 Best Poster Award: Nielsen, F.G, Hanson, T.D. and Skaare, B.: “Integrated
dynamic analysis of floating offshore wind turbines” European Wind Energy Conference &
Exhibition, Athens, Greece, 28 February – 2 March 2006.
Patents/pending patents
� ”Use of windrudder to achieve directional stability of moored vessel”, 1996.
� ”Submerged pipeline for transport of fluids as e.g. oil and / or gas”, 1999.
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METEO FINN GUNNAR NIELSEN
� ” Wind turbine for use offshore”, 27.08.2003
� ” Floating wind turbine installation”, 06.06.2005.
� ” Damping of wind turbine tower oscillations”. 01.11.2005
� Arrangement for towing of offshore wind turbines in an inclined position (2008)
Doctoral students presently under supervision:
Selected academic publications and lectures 2005-2009
Herfjord, K., Nielsen, F.G. and Meisingset, H.C.:” CFD approach to dynamics of long and
slender bodies exposed to ocean current”, EURODYN 2005, Paris. In EURODYN 2005,
C.Soize & G.I. Schueller (eds) Millpress, Rotterdam, 2005.
Søreide, T. Ilstad, T., Paulsen, G. and Nielsen, F.G.: “Design implementation of multi-span VIV
tests”. EURODYN 2005, Paris. In EURODYN 2005, C.Soize & G.I. Schueller (eds)
Millpress, Rotterdam, 2005.
Nielsen, F.G. and Søreide, T.: “Dynamic response of pipeline in long free spans or multi-spans”.
EURODYN 2005, Paris. In EURODYN 2005, C.Soize & G.I. Schueller (eds) Millpress,
Rotterdam, 2005.
Nielsen, F.G, Hanson, T.D. and Skaare, B.: “Integrated dynamic analysis of floating offshore wind
turbines” European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition, Athens, Greece, 28 February –
2 March 2006.
Nielsen, F.G., Hanson, T., and Skaare, B. “Integrated Dynamic Analysis of Floating Offshore
Wind Turbines”, OMAE 2006, Hamburg, Germany, June 2006.
Sandvik, P. Chr. , Solaas, F. and Nielsen, F.G.: “ Hydrodynamic Forces on Ventilated Structures”.
The sixteenth (2006) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE
2006, San Francisco, USA, 28 May – 2 June 2006.
Nielsen, F.G, Andersen, M., Argyriadis, K., Butterfield, S., Fonseca, N., Kuroiwa, T., Le
Boulluec, M., Liao, S-J., Turnock, S.R., Waegter, J. Ocean wind and wave energy
utilization, Report from Specialist committee V.4 to the 2006 ISSC, 16 th ISSC, Vol 1,
Southhampton, Aug. 2006.
Skaare,B. Hanson, T.D. and Nielsen, F.G. “Importance of control strategies on fatigue life of
floating wind turbines”. Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Offshore
Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2007. June 10-15, 2007, San Diego, California,
USA
Skaare, B., Hansen, A.M., Hanson, T.D., Larsen, T. J., Nielsen, F.G., Thomsen, K., Yttervik, R.
”Dynamics of Floating Wind Turbines Utilising Integrated Hydro- and Aerodynamic
Analysis”, EWEC 2007, Milano, Italy, May 2007.
Marthinsen, T., Nielsen, F.G., Søreide, T., Fyrileiv, O. Mørk, K., Lie, H. “Breaking Pipeline
Frontiers on Uneven Seabed – the Ormen lange Experience Deep Offshore Technology”,
DOT2007, Stavanger, 2007.
Lectures
1. ”Free spanning pipelines and VIV. Examples from Ormen Lange”. Workshop on Future
Marine Structures, CeCOS, NTNU June 2005.
2. “Challenges related to offshore wind power systems”. CeSOS Seminar “Challenges for
Wave Energy Technology” In tribute to Professor Emeritus Johannes Falnes on his 75 th
anniversary, Trondheim 14th and 15th Dec. 2006.
3. ”Wind energy – A new offshore activity? ”. Marintekniske dager , Trondheim, Oct. 2007.
4. ”How to estimate hydrodynamic coefficients applicable for lifting from the sea bed”. Subsea
lifting operations, Stavanger, 27-28.11.2007
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METEO FINN GUNNAR NIELSEN
5. ”Development of floating offshore wind turbines based upon StatoilHydros’s offshore oil
and gas experience”. European Offshore Wind Conference & Exhibition, Berlin; Germany,
4-6 Dec. 2007.
6. ”Offshore windpower – can we learn from the offshore oil and gas industry?” Windforce 08
Direction offshore, Bremerhaven, Germany. 30 June – 2 July 2008.
7. “ Marine Renewables – StatoilHydro Engament and some Challenges”. CeSOS Board
Seminar, 15 Oct. 2008.
8. “Offshore wind energy in Norway. Utilizing experience from the offshore oil and gas
industry and some preliminary comparisons with Japan.” NTNU Japan Seminar, Trondheim
14 Nov. 2008.
9. “Offshore renewable energy. New challenges in marine engineering” III int. Conf. on
computational methods in marine engineering, Trondheim 15- 17June 2009.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 95

ScOcean FRANK NILSEN
Name: Frank Nilsen
Born: 25th April 1971
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Associate Professor, Physical Oceanography (UNIS), Assoc. Prof II GFI, UiB
Academic degrees: PhD in physical oceanography
Work experience:
• Supply teacher at the junior secondary school ‘Ny Krohnborg skole’, 1992.
• Teaching Assistant in geophysics, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, 1994-1996.
• Data analysis and processing of ADCP data along the Svinøy section, Geophysical Institute,
University of Bergen, 1996.
• Guest lecture and field instructor at UNIS in the course “Air-Sea-Ice Interaction” (AGF 211,
UNIS), 1998 and 2000.
• Time series analysis of current meter moorings along the Svinøy section. Resulted in a Hydro
report “Oceanographic analysis – Svinøy”, Norsk Hydro, 2000.
• Assistant Professor in Oceanography at UNIS, Jan-Jun 2001.
• Committee member of the UNIS board, 2003-2005.
• Presently hired as Associate Professor in Physical Oceanography at UNIS, July 2001-.
• Associate Professor II in Physical Oceanography at Geophysical Institute, University of
Bergen, July 2005 – .
Fields of interest and present research activities:
Main field of interest is polar oceanography linked to air-ice-ocean interaction processes. Present
research activities are strongly linked to the three main projects I am involved in; IAOOS-Norway
(Integrated Arctic Ocean Observing System), Bipolar Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation (BIAC)
and Svalbard Ice-Ocean Studies (SIOS). The combination of these project activities lead to a
deeper understanding of water mass transformations in the Arctic Ocean under the influence of a
sea ice cap, and hence, a cold atmosphere.
Cooling of the Atlantic Water entering the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait is one of my main
research interests. Process studies of topographic vorticity waves and eddies along the West
Spitsbergen slope gives knowledge and a better understanding of the exchange mechanisms
between the deep ocean and shelf areas. The exchange of water masses between the slope and
shelf act as a heat loss for the northward flowing warm and saline Atlantic Water, and these
processes are monitored by current meter moorings in the West Spitsbergen Current.
By using the north-western Barents Sea and Storfjorden as a laboratory, sea ice dynamics and
polynya processes are studied through fieldwork campaigns and analytical- and numerical
modelling. Based on case studies, general models for ice production in latent heat polynyas, and
corresponding dense water formation through brine release, are developed in order to better
understand thermohaline circulation processes, a process of relevance to global climate.
In order to better understand thermodynamics of sea ice and how sea ice influence the oceanic
surface boundary layers, small scale processes and turbulent fluctuations are studied through field
campaigns on fast ice in fjord systems on Svalbard and ice floes in the Barents Sea, Greenland Sea
and the Eurasian Basin part of the Arctic Ocean.
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ScOcean FRANK NILSEN
My fieldwork experience in Arctic conditions and in the Nordic Seas includes chief scientist tasks
on research vessels and snowmobile operations on ice covered fjords, using both traditional and
modern electronic instrumentation.
Approximately 30% of my time is dedicated to research and 70% is dedicated to teaching,
supervising and administration.
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Academic committees and position of trust:
• President of Geosupen (http://www.gfi.uib.no/aktiviteter/geosupen.html ), 1997.
• PhD representative in the Research and Education board at the Geophysical Institute,
University of Bergen, 1997 and 1999.
• Committee member of the Institute board at the Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen,
1997 and 1999.
• Committee member of the UNIS board, 2003-2005.
• Committee member of the Fram Lab (www.fram.nw.ru) evaluation board 2008- .
Organizing Committees – International meetings:
• Terrain-following ocean modelling seminar – TOMS/ROMS, UNIS, Longyearbyen, Norway,
16-20 September 2002.
• International Conference on Climate Change Research in the Arctic – Future Challenges,
UNIS, Longyearbyen, Norway, 25-27 July 2003
http://www.bjerknes.uib.no/publications/Svalbard.pdf.
• International Sea-Ice Summer School – A Project of the International Polar Year (IPY), UNIS,
Svalbard, 2-13 July 2007, http://www.seaice.info.
Scholarships and Project funding:
• Principal investigator in the RCN funded project “Atmosphere/Ice/Ocean Interaction Studies
(AIO)” (151447/720).
• Collaborating scientist and responsible for the field work in Svalbard (WP2) in the RCN funded
project “Polar Ocean Climate Processes (ProClim)” (155923/700).
• Investigator and UNIS responsible in the EU funded project “Developing Arctic Modelling and
Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies, DAMOCLES”, (EU, 018509).
• Project leader and Principal investigator in the RCN funded project “Svalbard Ice-Ocean
Studies (SIOS)” (178915/S30).
• Principal investigator in the RCN (Demo 2000) and Statoil funded project “ICESONAR -
Monitoring sea ice thickness from a subsea multibeam sonar” (179384).
• IAOOS-Norway (Integrated Arctic Ocean Observing System) – Closing the loop: PI on the
WSC-Coastal studies and responsible for the field operations in the eastern Fram Strait.
(176096/S30).
• Bipolar Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation (BIAC): PI and leader of WT2: Sea Ice freezing and
HSSW formation. (176082/S30).
• Prodex CRYOSAT Sea Ice: Co-PI in this ESA funded project (2008-2011).
• AWAKE : Arctic Climate and Environment of the Nordic Seas and the Svalbard - Greenland
Area, Co-PI and leader of WP4. funded by the Polish-Norwegian Research Fund (2009-2011).
Referee for:
• Geophysical Research Letters and Deep-Sea Research, Part I.
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ScOcean FRANK NILSEN
Publication in popular science journals:
• Nilsen, F and Skogseth, R. (2004), Havets rolle i et oppvarmet Arktis, in Norwegian,
Svalbardposten, nr.50, 17. desember, 22-23.
• Nilsen, F. (2007), Jakten på det varme vannet, in Norwegian, Svalbardposten, nr.37, 21.
September, 20-21.
• Nilsen, F. and Gammelsrød, G. (2008), Hvorfor var det lite is i Isfjorden vinteren 2008?, in
Norwegian, Svalbardposten, nr. 22, 6. juni.
• Gammelsrød, T. and Nilsen, F. (2008): Tung bunnstrøm oppdaget sør for Storfjorden på
Svalbard, in Norwegian, http://www.ipy.no/artikler/2008/1211797106.68, 26. mai.
Interviews (outreach):
• ’Havstrøm på avveie’, in Norwegian, Svalbardposten, October 2002.
• ’Havstrømmer i endring’, Svalbardposten, November 2003.
• ’Du vet ikke hva du får på kroken’, Natur & Miljø Bulletin NR.20, December 2003.
• ‘Arctic mussels make comeback’, New Scientist, www.newscientist.com, December 12 2005.
• ‘Warming Arctic Sees Return of Blue Mussels After 1000 Years’, National Geographic,
news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/12/1221_051221_mussels.html, December 21 2005.
• Edissen Bya, S. (2006), ’Vil revolusjonere klimaforskningen’, in Norwegian, BTmagasinet,
April 8 2006
• Naturens verden, NRK P1, 15. april 2007, Tove Fugelsnes intervjuer Frank Nilsen om is og
sjøforhold rundt Svalbard.
• Schrödingers Katt, NRK1 25. oktober 2007, “Golfstrømmen har skiftet kurs”. Journalist Njord
Røv
• NRK Tekst-tv Hovedoppslag 25. oktober 2007, “Golfstrømmen har endret kurs”
• Forskning.no 6., november 2007, ”Vind forklarer isfrie fjorder”, i samarbeid med Eva Therese
Jenssen, Informasjonskonsulent UNIS.
• Aftenposten 6. november 2007, ”Tatt av nordavinden”, Journalist Kirsti Østvang.
• Aftenposten 7. januar 2008 (førstesideoppslag), “Nytt klima ikke årsak til isfrie fjorder”,
Journalist Ole Magnus Rapp.
Invited talks:
• The Svalbard Seminar, Longyearbyen, Norway, February 2003.
• Prime Minister’s Visit to Japan May 2003, Japan-Norway Science and Technology Seminar,
Space Science, Tokyo, Japan, May 2003.
• POMKLIM lecture series, ‘Ocean Climate around Svalbard’, Tromsø, Norway, October 7,
2004.
• Polaråret 2007-2008, ‘Polarforskning og nordområdepolitikk’, Kurs for norske journalister,
Svalbard, Spetember 3.-8., 2006.
• SAMS Seminar Series, “Svalbard Ocean Climate” Scottish Association for Marine Science,
Oban, Scotland, Februar 7, 2007.
• APL seminars, “Air-ice-sea interaction processes around Svalbard”, Polar Science Centre,
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, USA, January 9, 2009.
Supervisor Dr. Scient:
• Karolina Widell: Ice-ocean interaction and the under-ice boundary layer in an Arctic fjord,
funded by Atmosphere/Ice/Ocean Interaction Studies, Polar USA-Norge NRF prosjekt
151447/720 (UNIS-GFI). Finished June 2006.
• Anders Sirevaag: Small-scale dynamics of the under-ice boundary layer. (GFI-Bjerknes Centre
of Climate Research-UNIS) Finished January 2009.
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ScOcean FRANK NILSEN
Doctoral students presently under supervision at UNIS
In my position at UNIS, I have supervised 11 Master students and 2 PhD students, and are
currently supervising 1 Master student and 2 PhD candidates:
Sigurd Henrik Teigen: Water mass exchange studies in the Sea West of Svalbard – Interannual
variations in the oceanic heat transport towards the Arctic Ocean. (UNIS-GFI).
Tiina Kilpeläinen: Air-ice-sea interaction in the fjords of Svalbard. (UNIS-GFI).
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Peer-reviewed journal papers:
Berge, J., Johnsen, G., Nilsen, F. , Gulliksen, B, and Slagstad, D. (2005), Ocean temperature
oscillations enable reappearance of blue mussels Mytilus edulis in Svalbard after 1000 yr
absence, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 303, 167-175. (The three fist authors are in
alphabetic order and contributed equally)
Nilsen, F., Gjevik, B. and Schauer, U. (2006), Cooling of the West Spitsbergen Current: Isopycnal
diffusion by topographic vorticity waves, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C08012,
doi:10.1029/2005JC002991.
Berge, J., Johnsen, G., Nilsen, F. , Gulliksen, B, Slagstad, D., and Pampanin, D. M. (2006), The
Mytilus edulis population in Svalbard: how and why, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 309,
305-306.
Nilsen, J. E. Ø., Nilsen. F. (2007), Detecting Frontal Structures in Oceanic Station Time Series,
Deep-Sea Res. Part I, 54, 297-319.
Cottier, F., Nilsen, F., Inall, M. E., Gerland, S., Tverberg, V. and Svandsen, S. (2007), Wintertime
warming of an Arctic shelf in response to large-scale atmospheric circulation, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 34, L10607, doi:10.1029/2007GL029948.
Ślubowska, M., Rasmussen, T., Koç, N., Klitgaard-Kristensen, D., Nilsen, F. and Solheim, A.
(2007), Advection of Atlantic Water to the western and northern Svalbard shelf since 17,500
cal yr BP, Quaternary Science Reviews, 26, 463-478.
McPhee, M., Morison, J. and Nilsen, F. (2008), Revisiting heat and salt exchange at the ice-ocean
interface: Ocean flux and modeling considerations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C06014,
doi:10.1029/2007JC004383.
Nilsen, F., Cottier, F., Skogseth, R.and Mattsson, S. (2008), Fjord-shelf exchanges controlled by
ice and brine production: The interannual variation of Atlantic Water in Isfjorden, Svalbard,
Continental Shelf Research, 28, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2008.04.015, 1838-1853.
Skogseth, R., Smedsrud, L, Nilsen, F. and.Fer, I. (2008): Observations of hydrography and
downflow of brine-enricjhed shelf water in the Storfjorden Polynya, Svalbard, J. Geophys.
Res., 113, C08049, doi:10.1029/2007JC004452.
Skogseth, R., Nilsen, F. and Smedsrud, L. H. (2009), Supercooled water in an Arctic polynya:
observations and modeling, J. Glaciol, Vol. 55, No. 189, pp. 43-52.
Brandon, M., Cottier, F., Nilsen, F. (2009): Sea ice and Oceanography. In: Sea ice, 2nd edition
(Eds. D. N. Thomas & G. S. Dieckmann), pp. 79-111, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, ISBN: 978-
1-4051-8580-6
Teigen, S. H., Nilsen, F., Gjevik, B. (2010): Barotropic Instability in the West Spitsbergen
Current, J. Geophys. Res., In Press.
International conference proceedings:
Tverberg, V., Nilsen, F., Goszczko, I., Cottier, F., Svendsen, H., Gerland, G. (2008): The warm
winter temperatures of 2006 and 2007 in the Kongsfjorden Water Masses compared to
historical data, 8th Ny-Ålesund seminar, Cambridge, UK 16-17 October 2007, Proceeding in
The Polarnet Technical Report (ISSN 1592-5064), Ed. R. Azzolini, Roma.
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ScOcean FRANK NILSEN
Gerland, S., Gascard, J.-C., Ivanov, B., Nielsen, C.-P., Nilsen, F., Pavlova, O., Leu, E., Tverberg,
V. , & Barrault, S. (2008): Fast ice evolution in Kongsfjorden compared with other Svalbard
fjords, 8th Ny-Ålesund seminar,, Cambridge, U.K., 16-17 October 2007, Proceeding in The
Polarnet Technical Report (ISSN 1592-5064), Ed. R. Azzolini, Roma.
Corroboration complementing the publication list
The scientific papers by Nilsen and others published between 2005 and 2009 consider air-iceocean
interaction processes (Brandon et al., 2009) through the generation of topographic vorticity
waves (Nilsen, 2004; Nilsen & Nilsen, 2007) and corresponding exchange mechanisms between
deep basins and shallow shelf areas (Nilsen et al., 2006), interannual variation of shelf-fjord water
mass exchanges controlled by ice and brine productions in Arctic fjords (Nilsen at al., 2008), sea
ice dynamics in latent heat polynyas (Skogseth at al., 2008, Skogseth et al., 2009, Brandon et al.,
2009), and turbulent oceanic heat and salt fluxes in the under-ice ocean boundary layers (McPhee
et al., 2008). Data have been collected and analyzed from the Norwegian Sea, Fram Strait, the
Barents Sea and Storfjorden, and analytical and numerical models have been developed in order to
describe the ocean response to external forcing and the exchange mechanisms, both
thermodynamical and mechanical, between sea water and sea ice. Special focus have been on
cooling of the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) (Nilsen et al., 2006), intrusion and transformation
of warm and salt Atlantic Water (AW) in the regions around Svalbard (Cottier et al., 2007;
Slubowska et al., 2007; Nilsen et al., 2008), and the effect on the Arctic Marine Ecosystems when
AW replace the more normal Arctic Water in the region (Berge et al., 2005; Berge et al., 2006).
The dominant oceanic heat source for the Arctic Ocean is inflow of AW combined with export of
Polar Water and ice through Fram Strait. The West Spitsbergen Current has been considered as the
major pathway both for heat and volume transport to the Arctic Ocean. In Nilsen et al (2006), we
investigate the heat budget in the WSC on the basis of theoretical considerations and current meter
data across the slope at 78.83°N between September 1997 and September 1998. The dispersion
relation for topographically trapped waves along the West Spitsbergen Slope with a barotropic
along-slope velocity is calculated by use of an idealized numerical model. The eddy characteristics
of the first two modes are used to estimate the heat loss of the warm core of the WSC by isopycnal
eddy diffusion. Within the standard errors the heat flux is estimated to be O(1000) Wm-2
throughout the year except for the summer months June–July. If the 97/98 heat flux time series are
representative for the subsurface layer between 100 and 500 m depth, the heat loss is on the same
order of magnitude as the mean winter value of 1050 Wm-2 from earlier diagnostic estimates.
Hence, most of the heat loss in the WSC, before it enters the Arctic Ocean, is lost in the water
layers that are not in direct contact with the atmosphere, and the magnitude is almost three times as
large as the heat loss to the atmosphere.
Observations on the West Spitsbergen Shelf have shown that the dynamic response of the shelf to
wind forcing has a profound effect on the heat content of the water. In Cottier et al. (2007),
hydrographic and atmospheric data were analysed with respect to the relative importance of
surface heat fluxes and advective processes on ocean temperature. During the Arctic winter of
2005/06 periods of sustained along-shelf winds generated upwelling and cross-shelf exchange
causing extensive flooding of the coastal waters with warm AW from the WSC. The winter
temperature of the West Spitsbergen Shelf reverted to that typical of fall, interrupting the normal
cycle of sea ice formation in the region. Furthermore, AW from the WSC exchanges with the
seasonally ice-covered waters of the coast and fjords causing a major annual shift in hydrographic
conditions. The extent to which AW dominates the fjord systems shows significant interannual
variability. Hydrographic sections taken between 1999 and 2005 from Isfjorden and the adjacent
shelf were analyzed to identify the causes of the variability in AW occupation of the fjord system
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ScOcean FRANK NILSEN
(Nilsen et al., 2008). By treating the fjord system as a coastal polynya and running a polynya
model to quantify the salt release each winter, we concluded that the critical parameter controlling
fjord–shelf exchange was the density difference between the fjord water masses and the AW. In
Nilsen et al. (2008) we provide a full dynamical mechanism for the interaction between water
masses at the fjord entrance to rationalize the interannual variability.
In 2004, blue mussels were rediscovered in the mouth of Isfjorden at Sagaskjæret, and dating
revealed that the majority of this population settled in 2002 due to an increased AW transport in
the WSC and the favorable cross-shelf exchange conditions of that year (Berge et al., 2005, Nilsen
et al., 2008). Settlement of larvae and their growth to adult mussels at Sagaskjæret in Isfjorden was
possible through an increased autumn Sea Surface Temperature in 2002 that also was evident in
2003 (Berge et al., 2005).
Properly describing heat and salt flux at the ice/ocean interface is essential for understanding and
modeling the energy and mass balance of drifting sea ice (McPhee et al., 2008). Basal growth or
ablation depends on the ratio, R, of the interface heat exchange coefficient to that of salt, such that
as R increases so does the rate-limiting impact of salt diffusion. Observations of relatively slow
melt rates in above freezing seawater suggest that double diffusion of heat and salt from the ocean
is important during the melting process, with numeric values for R estimated to range from 35 to
70. Physical properties and turbulent fluxes of heat and salt were measured in the relatively
controlled setting of a tidally driven Svalbard fjord, Van Mijenfjorden, under growing fast ice in
late winter. Modeling results compared with measured turbulent fluxes imply that R = 1 when ice
freezes; i.e., that double-diffusive tendencies are relieved at or above the immediate interface. An
algorithm for calculating ice/ocean heat and salt flux accommodating the different processes are
presented in McPhee et al. (2008), along with recommended ranges for the interface exchange
coefficients.
In Skogseth et al. (2008) and Skogseth et al. (2009), observations of hydrography and currents in
the active Storfjorden polynya during fieldwork in April 2004 and 2006 are presented. The
polynya adds salt from its efficient ice production, usually increasing the density ~0.15 kgm-3.
Downflow of dense water from the coastal polynya to the deeper basin enclosed by the Storfjorden
sill was captured in both years. Because Storfjorden is relatively easy accessible, and because the
sea ice and ocean processes taking place there are typical for the Arctic continental shelves, it
makes a key study area for these processes and corresponding inter-annual variability. Data from
the polynya area recovered in 2008 (funded by IPY BIAC project) are currently being analyzed in
order to formulate a general polynya model to be used for the other important polynya sites on the
Arctic continental shelves.
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METEO HARALDUR OLAFSSON
Name: Haraldur Ólafsson
Born: 09.12.1965
Nationality: Icelandic
Present position: Professor in Meteorology
Academic degrees:
Dr., Université Paul Sabatier, France, 1996
Cand. Scient, Universitetet i Oslo, 1991
Work experience:
• 2008-: Part time professor, GFI, Univ. Bergen & Univ. Iceland
• 2006-2008: Professor, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
• 2002-2006: Professor University of Iceland
• 1999-2002: Associate Professor, University of Iceland
• 1996-1999: Research, development, observations and teaching, Icelandic Meteorological
Office
• 1993-1996: Resarch, Centre National de Recherche Meteorologique, Toulouse, France
• 1991-1993: Forecasting and observations, Icelandic Meteorological Office
Fields of interest and present research activities
• Mesoscale atmospheric flows, dynamics, numerical simulations and observations
• Weather forecasting, predictability and dynamics of errors
• Atmospheric boundary layer measurements
• Applications of new observational techniques for validation of numerical simulations and
for assessment of mesoscale flows
• Orographic flows
• Linking climate and weather, complex meteorological events in climate simulations
• Historical meteorology
• Severe weather
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 50% until 2008, 15% 2008-2010
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
• Prize Prudhomme, given by the French Society of Meteorology and the the French Science
Academy, 1998
• Prize for innovation, given by the University of Iceland, 2001
• A large number of talks at international conferences, including about 20 invited talks and
seminars
• Leading the research group of meteorology at the Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
(2006-present)
• Chairman of the Icelandic Meteorological Society 1998-2008
• Supervision of the setup of computational research facilities at theUniversity of Iceland,
including numerical tools for calculation of processes in the atmosphere, in the cryosphere and
in the ocean (before 2007).
• Active in the organization of meteorological observations in Iceland (1996-present)
• One of primary investigators or member of steering groups and/or organizational groups in a
large number of international research projects, including FASTEX, FASTEX-CSS,
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METEO HARALDUR OLAFSSON
THORPEX, GFDEX, GREENEX, CE, CES, FLOHOF and national projects such as SNEX,
NEVOS, REX, SKUR.
• Leader of a programme for high-resolution simulations of the atmosphere for real-time weather
forecasting (2005-present)
• Regular peer-reviews for different scientific journals
• Guest editor for Meteorologische Zeitschrift and Meteorology and Atmos. Phys.
• Interviews for a large number of programmes on radio and TV, in Iceland, Norway and in
several other European countries.
• Presentation of weather forecasts on TV in Iceland 1991-1993 and sporadically from 1997.
The forecasts include most often short, but concise information on aspects from the
atmospheric sceiences
• Founder of two companies in the field of weather in Iceland
• Formal and informal consultation on weather and climate for actors in sectors such as energy,
architecture, agriculture, risk assessment, fishing and air traffic.
• Participtation in committees for evaluation of academic candidates
• Opponent at PhD defences at several universities
• Regular teaching for forecasters at national nordic weather services (2000-2008)
• Participitation in the organization of several international conferences and a large number of
smaller workshops
Teaching and supervision:
• 1997 - present: Teaching of a variety of courses in physics and atmospheric sciences at the
University of Iceland and University of Bergen
• Supervision of 20 students at master level and 8 at PhD level (including ongoing projects)
• Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Olafsson, H; Agustsson, H. Gravity wave breaking in easterly flow over Greenland and associated
low level barrier- and reverse tip-jets.. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics,
2009 Volume: 104 Issue: 3-4 Pages: 191-197
Brynjolfsson, S; Olafsson, H. Precipitation in the Svarfadardalur region, North-Iceland.
Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 2009, Volume: 103 Issue: 1-4 Pages: 57-66
Agustsson, H; Olafsson, H . Forecasting wind gusts in complex terrain.
Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 2009, Volume: 103 Issue: 1-4 Pages: 173-185
Renfrew, I. A. , G. W. K. Moore, J. E. Kristjánsson, H. Ólafsson, S. L. Gray, G. N. Petersen,
K. Bovis, P. R. A. Brown, I. Føre, T. Haine, C. Hay, E. A. Irvine, A. Lawrence, T. Ohigashi,
S. Outten, R. S. Pickart, M. Shapiro, D. Sproson, R. Swinbank, A. Woolley, & S. Zhang.
The Greenland Flow Distortion Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., September 2008.
S. 1307-1324.
Ólafsson H. & H. Ágústsson The Freysnes downslope windstorm. Meteorologische Zeitschrift,
2007, (16), 123-130..
Ólafsson, Haraldur, Markus Furger & Burghard Brümmer.The weather and climate of Iceland.
Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2007, (16), 5-8.
Ágústsson, H. & H. Ólafsson Simulating a severe windstorm in complex terrain. Meteorologische
Zeitschrift, 2007 (16), 111-122.
Ágústsson, Hálfdán, Joan Cuxart, Antoni Mira & Haraldur Ólafsson.Observations and simulation
of katabatic flows during a heatwave in Iceland. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2007 (16), 99-
110.
Rögnvaldsson, Ólafur , Jóna Finndís Jónsdóttir & Haraldur Ólafsson.Numerical simulations of
precipitation in the complex terrain of Iceland – Comparison with glaciological and
hydrological data. Meteorlogische Zeitschrift, 2007 (16), 71-85.
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METEO HARALDUR OLAFSSON
Rögnvaldsson, Ólafur , Jian-Wen Bao & Haraldur Ólafsson.Sensitivity simulations of orographic
precipitation with MM5 and comparison with observations in Iceland during the Reykjanes
Experiment. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2007 (16), 87-98.
Skeie, R. B. , J. E. Kristjánsson, H. Ólafsson & B. Røsting Dynamical processes related to cyclone
development near Greenland, 2006. Meteorol. Zeitschrift, 2006, 15 (2), s. 147-156..
Haraldsdóttir, S. H., E. H. Jensen, L. Tracy & H. Ólafsson.Avalanches in coastal towns in Iceland,
2006. Jökull (56), s. 1-25.
Petersen, G. N. , J. E. Kristjansson & H. Ólafsson The effect of upstream wind direction on
atmospheric flow in the vicinity of a large mountain. Quarterly Journal of the Royal
Meteorological Society 131 (607): 1113-1128 Part A APR 2005
Haraldsdóttir, S. H. , H. Ólafsson, Y. Durand, G. Giraud & L. Merindol.A system for
prediction of avalanche hazard in the windy climate of Iceland. Annals of Glaciology, 38:
319-324 2004 (published 2005).
In addition a total of 64 short papers published in connection with international conferences 2005-
2009, 9 publications are submitted or in press.
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
The research has a main focus on mesoscale atmospheric flows, weather and forecasting, but with
a climatological aspect in some cases. Most of the main results include quantitative and
conceptual description of processes in the atmosphere and how they interact at different scales in
time and space. To some extent, the results aim at improving tools used for research and for
forecasting weather and climate. The conceptual contribution to the scientific community include
elements such as the “warm bora wind”, “a mountain wind forecasting diagramme”, “a gustiness
diagramme”, methods to forecast avalanche risk from numerical simulations, transient leecyclones,
the slope signal and intensity pattern of orographic precipitation and the cold føhn
winds. The application to forecasting includes assessment of turbulence aloft, connection of local
severe winds and orographic precipitation to synoptic scale features of the atmospheric flow.
The numerical tools used for the research projects are also used for weather forecasting for W-
Norway and Iceland, under the supervision of HO. These real-time simulations provide numerical
data for research.
Numerical models that can be applied to reproduce the atmospheric flows under a large variety of
conditions are a central tool for the research. To some extent the research concentrates on
improving the tools by evaluation of their performance and modification of methods of
calculation. In more cases, the aim is to describe processes in the atmosphere with the help of the
existing tools. Data is acquired through extensive collaboration with the national weather
services, international bodies and by field campaigns of variable dimensions, ranging from small
campaigns with a few automatic weather stations to large international camaigns with airborne
instruments and substantial external contribution. Smaller field experiments are mainly based on
networks of automatic weather stations, automatic raingauges and model aircrafts (SUMO). A
particular novelty in the mesoscale climatological research projects is associated with the use of
hydrological and glaciological data in combination with numerical simulations with a weather
prediction model. Current instrumentation of a 412 m high mast in the vicinity of a high
mountain in Iceland will also provide unique data for research of the atmospheric boundary layer
at high latitudes and in the vicinity of complex terrain.
In supervising students, there is strong emphasis on their integration in research projects and in all
except one of the above papers where HO is not the lead author, the lead author is a student under
HO’s supervision.
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METEO JAN ASLE OLSETH
Name: Jan Asle Olseth
Born: 10. April 1951
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Associate Professor
Academic degrees:
1990 Dr. scient, Meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen. Thesis: Utvikling
og bruk av modellar til studiar av solstrålingsklimaet. (Development and use of models
for studies of the solar radiation climate)
1977 Cand real, Meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen. Thesis:
Inversjonar i Bergensområdet, og desse sett i høve til netto strålingsbalanse og vind
1974 Cand mag, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen
Work experience:
1998– Associate Professor in meteorology at the Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
1985–98 Scientist/Senior scientist at the Climate Division at the Norwegian Meteorological
Institute
1980–85 Scientist at different projects financed by the Norwegian Research Council
1979–80 Scientific assistant at the Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
Fields of interest and present research activities:
• In charge of the Radiation Observatory at the Geophysical Institute, with measurements of
sunshine duration back to 1952 and solar radiation from 1965. These high quality radiation
data are part of an international scientific cooperation and are sent to the World Radiation Data
Center in St. Petersburg and published in the bulletins: SOLAR RADIATION AND
RADIATION BALANCE DATA (THE WORLD NETWORK). Data from the Radiation
Observatory have been an important contribution to different international projects: Two IEA-
SHCP projects (1985-1994), Two EU-projects (1995-1998 & 2001-2004), One European
COST-project (see below)
• Member of the Network of University Cooperation Tibet-Norway (NTN), which is an
education and research programme. I have recently been involved in projects regarding solar
radiation, air pollution and climatic impact on the Tibetan glaciers. The work in this network
includes:
Initiating and planning of scientific work in Tibet
Supervision (1 Phd and 3 Master students) and teaching of Tibetan students
• As a part of the PhD project “Decadal variations in surface solar radiation” I will, together
with the PhD student Kajsa Parding, study global dimming and brightening on long-term
ground based and satellite based surface solar radiation data. The effect of such decadal
variations on regional and global climate models will also be studied.
• Took initiative to and am in charge of the radiation measurements at the platform EKOFISK
in the North Sea. The measurements started in the autumn of 2007. These measurements are
among the first continuous measurements of radiation over ocean in the world. The
parameters measured are: global radiation, longwave atmospheric radiation and erythemally
weighted UV-radiation. The project is a cooperation project between the Norwegian
Meteorological institute (logistics) and the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authorities (UV-
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METEO JAN ASLE OLSETH
measurements). In a cooperation with the Meteorological institute, analyses of these data and
radiation data at the Arctic stations Jan Mayen, Bjørnøya and Hopen has started.
• Involved in planning and participation in a project dealing with measurements of different
meteorological parameters at schools in the western part of Norway. By now, more than 40
schools in the areas surrounding Bergen have got weather stations. The data will be used for
studies of local variations of weather parameters. They will also be used for verification of
results from fine-scale numerical weather prediction models. This will be done I cooperation
with my colleagues Haraldur Olafsson and Joachim Reuder.
• Involved in planning and participated in the European Cost-project COST726: Long term
changes and climatology of UV radiation over Europe. In this project, data from four
European stations were used for testing and further development of models for estimation of
UV radiation. One of the stations is the Radiation Observatory in Bergen. A further work in
this field will go on, in cooperation with my colleague Joachim Reuder.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 20%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
• In charge of the dissemination at the Geophysical Institute.
• Leader / Member of the Steering Committee (institutsrådet) of the Geophysical Institute
(Leader until 2009, now member)
• Member of the Research Programme Committee (forskerutdanningsutvalget) at the
Geophysical Institute.
• Member of the Steering Committee (fakultetsrådet) of the Faculty of Mathematics and
Natural Sciences (2007 - 2009)
• Referee activity for the journals Solar Energy, Energy, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering,
Journal of Solar Energy, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, International
Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, Theoretical and Applied
Climatology, Boreal Environment Research
• Opponent for Phd: Meena D. Lysko: Measurement and models of solar irradiance; NTNU
Trondheim, August 2006
• Member of the Nordic Ozone and UV Group
• Honoured by the International Solar Energy Society Best Paper Award prize 1995 for the
paper: "The Probability Density and Autocorrelation of Short-term Global and Beam
Irradiance", Solar Energy
Teaching and students presently under supervision:
PhD students: Kajsa Parding Decadal variations in surface solar radiation; Feb 2010-2014
Master students:
• Dejiyangzong:Measured and modelled solar radiation in Tibet; End 2010
• Amelie Henden: Measured and modelled solar radiation over ocean and at
Arctic regions; End 2011
• Linda Hagen: A comparison between ground based and satellite measured
solar radiation in Scandinavia; End 2011
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METEO JAN ASLE OLSETH
Responsible for/have given lectures in the following 9 courses at Geophysical Institute:
GEOF101, 120, 121, 220, 322, 323, 340, 344 and 345
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Peer-reviewed journal papers 2005-2009 (20 peer review publications prior to 2005):
DAGESTAD, K.F. and J.A. OLSETH, 2007, A modified algorithm for calculating the cloud
index. SOLAR ENERGY, 81, 280-289.
LINDFORS, ANDERS; KAUROLA, JUSSI; AROLA, ANTTI; KOSKELA, TAPANI;
LAKKALA, KAISA; JOSEFSSON, WEINE; OLSETH, JAN ASLE; JOHNSEN, BJØRN,
2007, A method for reconstruction of past UV radiation based on radiative transfer
modeling: Applied to four stations in northern Europe,
MEDHAUG, I., J.A. OLSETH and J. REUDER, 2009, UV radiation and skin cancer in Norway.
JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY, B: Biology 2009, Volume
96, 232-241
Scientific reports 2005-2009:
OLSETH, J. A., DAGESTAD, K. F., SCHROEDTER-HOMSCHEIDT, M.; INEICHEN, P.;
DUMORTIER, D.; ERBERTSEDER, M.; GESELL, G.; HOLZER-POPP, T.; KREBS, W.;
VAN ROY, F., 2005. Energy-Specific Solar Radiation Data from Meteosat Second
Generation (MSG): The Heliosat-3 Project, Validation Report, Deliverable D16. Oldenburg:
University of Oldenburg, 460 pp.
BETCKE, J.; KUHLEMANN, R.; HAMMER, A.; DREWS, A.; HEINEMANN, D.; WALD, L.;
CROS, S.; SCHROEDTER-HOMSCHEIDT, M.; HOLZER-POPP, T.; GESELL, G.;
ERBERTSEDER, T.; KOSMALE, M.; DAGESTAD, K. F.; OLSETH, J. A.; INEICHEN,
P.; REISE, C.; DUMORTIER, D.; VAN ROY, F.; GALLEGO, A.O.; BEYER, H.G.;
TRIEB, F.; SCHILLINGS, C.; HOYER, C.; MANNSTEIN, H.; BUGLIARO, L.;
KRONSHAGE, S., 2005. Energy-Specific Solar Radiation Data from Meteosat Second
Generation (MSG): The Heliosat-3 Project, Final Report, Deliverable D17. Oldenburg:
University of Oldenburg, 131 pp.
KOEPKE, P.; DE BACKER, H.; BAIS, A.; CURYLO, A.; EERME, K.; FEISTER, U.;
JOHNSEN, B.; JUNK, J.; KAZANTZIDIS, A.; KRZYSCIN, J., LINDFORS, A., OLSETH,
J.A., DEN OUTER, P., PRIBULLOVA, A., SLAPER, H., STAIGER, H., VERDEBOUT,
J., VUILLEUMIER, L., WEIHS, P., 2008. Modelling solar UV radiation in the past:
Comparison of algorithms and input data, Final report, COST Action 726 Earth System
Science and Environmental Management, Brussels, 94 pp
OLSETH, J. .; CLEVELAND, F.; DE LANGE T.. Radiation observations in Bergen, Norway,
2005, …, 2008 Radiation Yearbooks Nos. 41, …, 44. Bergen: Geofysisk institutt,
Universitetet i Bergen 2006, …, 2009. 78 p.
Conference papers at international conferences 2005-2009:
KOEPKE, P.; DE BACKER, H.; BAIS, A.; CURYLO, A.; EERME, K.; FEISTER, U.;
JOHNSEN, B.; JUNK, J.; KAZANTZIDIS, A.; KRZYSCIN, J., LINDFORS, A., OLSETH,
J.A., DEN OUTER, P., PRIBULLOVA, A., SLAPER, H., STAIGER, H., VERDEBOUT,
J., VUILLEUMIER, L., WEIHS, P., 2007. Modelling solar UV radiation in the past:
Comparison of algorithms and input data, SPIE Conference: Remote Sensing of Clouds and
the Atmosphere XI; 11. - 14.09.2006
KOEPKE, P.; SCHMALWIESER, A.W.; DE BACKER, H.; BAIS, A.; CURYLO, A.; EERME,
K.; FEISTER, U.; JOHNSEN, B.; JUNK, J.; KAZANTZIDIS, A., KRZYSCIN, J.,
LINDFORS, A., OLSETH, J.A., DEN OUTER, P., PRIBULLOVA, A., SLAPER, H.,
STAIGER, H., VERDEBOUT, J., VUILLEUMIER, L., WEIHS, P., 2007, Comparison of
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METEO JAN ASLE OLSETH
algorithms and input data for modelling solar ultraviolet radiation in the past, EGU 2007,
Wien, 15. - 20.04.2007.
LITYNSKA, Z.; DE BACKER, H.; KOEPKE, P.; SCMAELWIESER, A.W.; GRÖBNER, J.;
OLSETH, J. A.; COST726, 39 MEMBERS, 2007, COST 726: Long term changes and
climatology of UV radiation over Europe, EGU 2007, Wien, 15 - 20.04.2007.
LITYNSKA, Z.; DE BACKER, H.; KOEPKE, P.; SCMAELWIESER, A.W.; GRÖBNER, J.;
OLSETH, J. A.; COST726, 39 MEMBERS, 2007, COST 726: Long term changes and
climatology of UV radiation over Europe, Proceedings of the UV Conference "One century
of UV radiation research", 18-20 Sept. 2007, Davos, Switzerland, 33.
OLSETH, J. A.; MEDHAUG, ISELIN; REUDER, JOACHIM; SJØLINGSTAD, BRYNHILD
BERGE; SÆTRE, OTTAR, 2007, UV-radiation in Norway: Measurements, reconstructions,
and applications., Proceedings of the UV Conference "One century of UV radiation
research", 18-20 Sept. 2007, Davos, Switzerland, 199-200.
MEDHAUG, I.; OLSETH, J. A.; Reuder, J. Reconstruction of UV-radiation in Norway. EGU
General Assembly 2008; 13. – 18.04.2008.
Medhaug, I; Olseth, J A; Reuder, J, 2008, UV-radiation and skin cancer in Norway. The 26 th
Nordic Meteorologists' Meeting, Reykjavik, Iceland, 02. - 06.06.2008.
Olseth, J A; Medhaug, I; Reuder, J; Sjølingstad, B B; Sætre, O. Measured and modelled UV
radiation in Norway. The 26 th Nordic Meteorologists' Meeting, Reykjavik, Iceland, 02. -
06.06.2008.
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
My research is mainly focused on the study of radiation, both short-wave solar radiation and longwave
terrestrial radiation. As responsible for the Radiation Observatory at the Geophysical
Institute one important part of the work is also to produce high quality radiation data, which are
sent to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) - database at The World Radiation Data
Centre in St. Petersburg. Data from the Radiation Observatory have been a valuable contribution
to different international projects which I have participated in: Two IEA-SHCP projects (1985-
1994) and two EU-projects (1995-1998 & 2001-2004). In the most recent years I participated in
the European COST-project - Long term changes and climatology of UV radiation over Europe
(ended 2009).
In my research, radiation data, both from our Observatory and from other sites worldwide, have
been analysed. The main focus has been on development and testing of models for estimation of a
diversity of radiation data from alternative sources. In my work, the spectral, angular, temporal,
and spatial distribution of radiation has been studied. As examples, during two EU-projects the
estimation of solar radiation at the ground from satellite data was investigated. In the COSTproject
the long-term UV-radiation in Europe was investigated, on basis on measured and
modelled UV-data. In projects like these, it is important to involve PhD and Master students, to
give them an education based on ongoing scientific projects. Therefore PhD- and Master-students
under supervision have been involved in the projects and their names are found as main authors of
some publications / presentations at conferences.
As a part of the ongoing PhD project “Decadal variations in surface solar radiation”, global
dimming and brightening is to be studied on the basis on long-term ground based and satellite
based surface solar radiation data. The effect of such decadal variations on regional and global
climate models will also be studied. In this work, the high quality data from Bergen will be used,
together with other data from several other stations worldwide.
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ChemOcean ABDIRAHMAN OMAR
Name: Abdirahman M. Omar
Born: 1967 Burao, Somalia
Nationality: Norwegian citizen
Present position: Researcher II, uni Bjerknes Centre, University of Bergen
Academic degrees:
2003 Dr. Scient., Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Thesis: “Carbon dioxide in
northern high latitude oceans: anthropogenic increase and air-sea flux variability” ISBN
82-7460-012-6
1996 Cand. Scient., Physics Institute, University of Bergen, Thesis: “Dynamic system for
monitoring the vertical movements of micro-algae using laser light”
1993 Cand. Mag., Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen,
Work experience:
Sep 2006 – Jan 2010: Post Doctoral researcher, Geophysical Institute, University of
Bergen.
Nov 2003 – Sep 2006: Researcher II, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of
Bergen
May 2001 – Nov 2003: Researcher, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
Apr 1998 – April 2001: Doctoral scholarship, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
Dec 1996 – Mar 1998: Researcher, Centre for Environmental and Resource Studies,
University of Bergen
Fields of interest and present research activities
Marine carbon cycle particularly in the shelf and marginal seas (e.g. Barents Sea, North Sea, and
Red Sea). I investigate topics such as the response of the oceanic carbon sink to the increasing
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the rate of increase and horizontal transport of anthropogenic
CO2 in the ocean, and the role of sea-ice and brine formation in the oceanic uptake of atmospheric
CO2. I analyze and publish marine carbon data mainly from scientific cruises and sensors aboard
commercial ships so called Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS). I’m currently working on a study
examining how well gas transfer velocity can be constrained by observing the seasonal cycles of
oxygen and carbon simultaneously (Omar et al., 2010 in prep).
Subsea CO2 storage my research in this field is in its start and focuses on process studies and
procedure development. I’m currently working on a theoretical study aiming to describe
thermodynamic and hydrodynamic processes involved when CO2-transporting pipeline is
depressurized into seawater. Additionally, I’m participating in a project aiming to develop baseline
acquisition and monitoring procedures that can be used if large scale subsea storage of CO2
becomes a reality.
Portion of time dedicated to research: 100%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
• Member of working group 3 of the European COoperartion in the field of Scientific and
Technical research (COST), action 735.
• Norwegian representative for the IGPB core project Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere
Science (SOLAS), 2003 - present.
• Review of manuscripts for Biogeosciences, Earth System Science Data, and Journal of
Marine Systems.
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ChemOcean ABDIRAHMAN OMAR
• Participated eight scientific cruises since 1997 (Nordic Seas, Barents Sea, and North Sea)
and as a co-chief scientist in 1999, otherwise mostly as PI for the carbon chemistry.
• Co-supervised four MSc students since 2006.
Doctoral students presently under supervision: scheduled to co-supervise a PhD student from
2010, finances secured, position to be announced summer 2010.
Selected academic and professional publications:
(i) peer-reviewed journal papers
Jutterström, S., L. G. Anderson, N. R. Bates, R. Bellerby, T. Johannessen, E. P. Jones, R. M. Key,
X. Lin, A. Olsen, and A. M. Omar, Arctic Ocean data in CARINA, Earth System Science
Data, 2, 71-78, 2010.
Omar, Abdirahman; Olsen, Are; Johannessen, Truls; Hoppema, M.; Thomas, H.; Borges, AV.
Spatiotemporal variations of fCO2 in the North Sea. Ocean Science 2010 (6) s. 77-89.
Olsen, Are; Key, R.M.; Jeansson, Emil; Falck, Eva; Olafsson, J.; van Heuven, S; Skjelvan,
Ingunn; Omar, Abdirahman; Olsson, K. A.; Anderson, L. G.; Jutterström, S.; Rey, F.;
Johannessen, Truls; Bellerby, Richard; Blindheim, J.; Bullister, J. L.; Pfeil, Benjamin; Lin,
X; Kozyr, A.; Schirnick, C.; Tanhua, T; Wallace, D.W.R., Overview of the Nordic Seas
CARINA data and salinity measurements. Earth System Science Data Discussions 2009.
Omar, Abdirahman; Olsen, Are; Hoppema, M.; Thomas, H.; Borges, AV.
Spatiotemporal variations of fCO2 in the North Sea.. Ocean Science Discussions (OSD)
2009 (6) s. 1-32.
Telszewski, Maciej; Chazottes, Aymeric; Schuster, Ute; Watson, Andrew J.; Moulin, Cyril;
Bakker, Dorothee C.E.; González-Dávila, Melchor; Johannessen, Truls; Körtzinger, Arne;
Lüger, Heike; Olsen, Are; Omar, Abdirahman; Padin, Xose Antonio; Ríos, Aida
Fernández; Steinhoff, Tobias; Santana-Casiano, J. Magdalena; Wallace, Douglas W.R.;
Wanninkhof, Richard.
Estimating the monthly pCO2 distribution in the North Atlantic using a self-organizing
neural network. Biogeosciences 2009 ;Volum 6.(8) s. 1405-1421
Omar, Abdirahman; Johannessen, Truls; Olsen, Are; Kaltin, Staffan; Rey, Francisco.
Seasonal and interannual variability of the air-seaCO(2) flux in the Atlantic sector of the
Barents Sea. Marine Chemistry 2007 ;Volum 104.(3-4) s. 203-213.
Omar, A. and Are Olsen, (2006), Reconstructing the time history of the air-sea CO2
disequilibrium and its rate of change in the eastern subpolar North Atlantic, 1972–1989,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L04602, doi:10.1029/2005GL025425.
Omar, A., T. Johannessen, R. Bellerby, A. Olsen, L. Anderson, and C. Kivimàe (2005).
Sea ice and brine formation in Storfjorden: implications for the Arctic winter time air-sea CO2
flux. In Helge Drange et al. (editors) “The Nordic Seas: An integrated Perspective
oceanography, climatology, and modelling”. American Geophysical Union, Washington
DC, pp. 177 – 187.
Olsen, A., A. Omar et al., Magnitude and origin of the anthropogenic CO2 increase and 13 C suess
effect in the Nordic Seas since 1981, 2006. Global Biogeochem cyles, 20,
doi:10.1029/2005GB002669.
Skjelvan, I., A. Olsen, L.G. Anderson, R.G.J. Bellerby, E. Falck, Y. Kasajima, C. Kivimäe, A.
Omar, F.Rey, A. Olsson , T. Johannessen, C. Heinze (2005).
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ChemOcean ABDIRAHMAN OMAR
A review of the biogeochemistry of the Nordic Seas and Barents Sea - with focus on the inorganic
carbon cycle. In Helge Drange et al. (editors) “The Nordic Seas: An integrated Perspective
oceanography, climatology, and modelling”. American Geophysical Union, Washington
DC, pp.157 – 175.
(ii) Other papers (including scientific reports)
Omar, Abdirahman; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Olsen, Are.
Forsuring påvist i havene rundt Norge. Klima 2009 (6) s. 33-33.
Omar, Abdirahman., Internrapport: Rapport nr R32 (untatt offenteligheten) Theoretical discription
and empirical evaluation of a water degasser developed by Akvator AS.. : Bjerknessenteret
for Klimaforskning 2009 10 s.
Olsen, Are; Omar, Abdirahman; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Lauvset, Siv Kari; Johannessen, Truls; Neill,
Craig Chandler.
The Bjerknes Centre pCO2 observing network. Solas News 2008 (8) s. 26-27.
Skjelvan, Ingunn; Falck, Eva; Johannessen, Truls; Kringstad, Solveig Barbro; Olsen, Are; Omar,
Abdirahman; Opheim, Vegard.
What we know, what we do not know, and how we try to better understand global change. :
CarboEurope/CarboOcean 2007 42 s.
(iii) International conference proceedings
Jeansson, Emil; Olsen, Are; Eldevik, Tor; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Nilsen, Jan Even Øie; Lauvset, Siv
Kari; Omar, Abdirahman; Bellerby, Richard; Johannessen, Truls; Falck, Eva.
Transports, budget and variability of inorganic carbon in the Nordic Seas. CARBOOCEAN
Final meeting; 2009-10-05 - 2009-10-09.
Olsen, Are; Omar, Abdirahman; Jeansson, Emil; Anderson, L. G.; Bellerby, Richard.
Nordic Seas transit-time distributions and anthopogenic CO2. 8th International Carbon
Dioxide Conference; 2009-09-14.
Olsen, Are; Omar, Abdirahman; Jeansson, Emil; Anderson, Leif G.; Bellerby, Richard.
Nordic Seas Anthropogenic CO2. The IARU International Scientific Congress on Climate
Change, Copenhagen; 2009-03-10 - 2009-03-12.
Lauvset, Siv Kari; Olsen, Are; Johannessen, Truls; Neill, Craig Chandler; Borges, A.; Watson,
A.J.; Schuster, U.; Thomas, H.; Omar, Abdirahman; Steinhoff, T.; Metzl, Nicolas;
Corbiere, A.; Padin, X.A.; Körtzinger, A. Effects of changes in mixing and temperature on
carbon dioxide fugacity in the Northern North Atlantic and Norwegian Sea.
CARBOOCEAN 4th annual meeting, Dourdan, France; 2008-12-08 - 2008-12-12.
Lauvset, Siv Kari; Olsen, Are; Johannessen, Truls; Neill, Craig Chandler; Borges, A.; Watson,
A.J.; Schuster, U.; Thomas, H.; Omar, Abdirahman; Steinhoff, T.; Metzl, Nicolas;
Corbiere, A.; Padin, X.A.; Santana-Casiano, M.; González-Dávila, M.; Körtzinger, A..
Assessment of the temporal and spatial changes of surface ocean fCO2 in the Nordic Seas,
Barents Sea, and northern North Atlantic. EGU Vienna, Austria; 2008-04-13 - 2008-04-18.
Omar, Abdirahman; Are, Olsen; Truls, Johannessen; Thomas, Helmuth.
Spetio-temporal fCO2 variability in the North Sea. CARBOOCEANs Fourth annual
meeting; 2008-12-09 - 2008-12-12.
Olsen, Are; Lauvseth, Siv K.; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Omar, Abdirahman; Bellerby, Richard;
Johannessen, Truls; Jutterström, Sara; Anderson, Leif G.; Bates, Nick.
Surface Ocean CO2 Variability and Vulnerabilities: The Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas.
UNESCO/IOCCP Surface Ocean CO2 Variability and Vulnerabilities workshop; 2007-04-
11 - 2007-04-14.
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ChemOcean ABDIRAHMAN OMAR
Omar, Abdirahman; Heegaard, Einar; Olsen, Are; Johannessen, Truls; Thomas, Helmuth.
Variations of the air-sea CO2 flux in the North Sea: a new statistical method to assess the
reliability of the estimates. CARBOOCEANs third annual meeting; 2007-12-04 - 2007-12-
07.
Omar, Abdirahman; Olsen, Are; Johannessen, Truls.
Air-sea ice CO2 flux variability in marginal seas bordering Norway: Barents Sea and North
Sea. IMBER/LOICZ Coninental Margins Open Science Conference; 2007-09-17 - 2007-
09-21.
Omar, Abdirahman; Olsen, Are; Johannessen, Truls (2006), Air-sea CO2 flux variability in the
North Sea: 19 months of observations from voluntry observing ships. CARBOOCEANs
Second annual meeting, 03-09 December 2006, Gran Canaria, Spain.
Corroboration complementing the publication list
Spatiotemporal variations of partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) i.e. the thermodynamic deriving
force for air-sea CO2 exchange on the shelf and marginal seas (Barents Sea and North Sea)
The ocean takes up about 25% of the annual carbon emissions that result from fossil fuel burning
and cement manufacturing. Traditionally, shelf and marginal seas have been ignored when
considering the exchange of carbon between atmosphere and ocean, due to their small surface
area. Currently, however, these regions are receiving increased attention partly because uptake of
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) over shelf seas can be particularly effective. This is the case if
subsequent formation of subsurface water and transport to the deep ocean takes place so that the
absorbed carbon is isolated from the surface ocean-atmosphere-system for a prolonged period of
time. Both Omar et al. (2003) and Omar et al. (2007) identified the Barents Sea as a year round
strong sink for atmospheric CO2. The North Sea was also found to be an annual sink, although bit
weaker than in the Barents Sea (Omar et al, 2009). The latter two papers showed that the sink in
these two regions is governed by the interplay of spring phytoplankton bloom, the seasonal
development of sea surface temperature, and wind. Later, the up-scaling work of Borges (2005)
have incorporated information from Omar et al (2003) and suggested that shelf seas may
substantially contribute to the global ocean’s uptake of atmospheric CO2 through the “continental
shelf pump”—a term coined by Tsunogai et al., (1999), describing the mechanisms that transfer
carbon from the atmosphere via the continental shelf to the deep ocean.
In high latitude ocean regions, deep water formation takes place due to either open ocean
convection or as a result of cooling and/or sea ice production and subsequent brine-rejection over
the shelves. Omar et al. (2005) investigated the impact of the latter process on the air-sea CO2
exchange in Storfjord, Svalbard. The results suggested that ice formation is accompanied by a
strong seaward flux of atmospheric CO2. For polynya regions i.e. areas where ice forms and blows
away so that open water and/or thin ice conditions prevail throughout the winter, the flux was up
to 12 times higher. The mechanisms responsible for this amplification still remain unknown.
Nevertheless, this indicates that one of strongest continental shelf pumps is probably at work on
the largest Arctic Shelf, Barents Sea.
Since coastal seas underlie atmospheric, marine and terrestrial influences they are subject to a
particularly high degree of variability, which is reflected on the SST and biological production
and, thus, on the air-sea CO2 exchange. Conformingly, Omar et al. (2009) found that spatial,
interannual, and seasonal pCO2 variations are huge and similar in magnitude in the North Sea.
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ChemOcean ABDIRAHMAN OMAR
This is an important result which must be taken into account when trying to isolate the
anthropogenic signal in these regions.
The rate of increase and distribution of anthropogenic carbon As a result of the invasion of the
excess anthropogenic carbon, the surface ocean pCO2 increases. Omar et al. (2003) was the first
data based study to document the increase for the high latitude North Atlantic. Also Omar and
Olsen (2006) was one of two data based papers, which indicated that CO2 disequilibrium and,
thus, the CO2 uptake in the northern North Atlantic maybe diminishing – contrary to the
prevailing view at that time i.e. that the disequilibrium should increase as atmospheric CO2
increases. Later on, the issue has been the subject of many studies, but both the ocean pCO2
growth rate and what drives it are still debated.
The surface ocean pCO2 increases also in regions where the ocean is not a sink but a source for
atmospheric CO2. This was the result of a MSc study in the Red Sea (Ali, 2008), which I cosupervised.
In these regions less and less carbon is leaving the surface ocean as the atmospheric
CO2 increases so that, theoretically, the concentration of CO2 increases in surface seawater.
Since the surface ocean is in constant contact with the atmosphere it takes biggest burden of
anthropogenic carbon. In the convective Nordic Seas, however, a considerable amount of
anthropogenic carbon is found also all the way to the bottom. This was the result of a number of
studies that I co-authored/contributed to, which were lead by colleagues (CV). This result also
evidences the importance of the thermohaline circulation for the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic
CO2. The carbon taken up in the surface ocean in lower latitudes is transported in the northward
flowing warm and high salinity North Atlantic Water. As this water reaches in the Nordic Seas it is
cooled and its density increased so that it sinks to great depths. The deep water so formed become
part of the a southward flowing deep current which isolates the absorbed carbon from the
atmosphere for a long time, 100 - 1000 years.
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LaScOcean KJELL ARILD ORVIK
Name: Kjell Arild Orvik
Born: 4 December 1951
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Ass. Professor
Academic degrees: Dr. Scient, University of Bergen 1990
Work experience:
1981-1985 Research engineer, SINTEF-Norwegian Hydrodynamic, Laboratories,
Trondheim, Norway.
1985-1986 Research Associate, Statoil, University of Bergen.
1986-1987 Research Associate, NAVF, University of Bergen.
1987-1990 Dr. scient Scholar, University of Bergen
1990-1993 Postdoctoral Assistant, NAVF, University of Bergen
1994-present Associate professor in oceanography, Geophysical Institute, University of
Bergen, Norway
Fields of interest and present research activities
I have more than 20 years of experience in seagoing work, and modelling of circulation and
processes in shelf seas. I have been chief scientist and participated on more than 50 cruises,
particularly in the Nordic Seas., and been involved in large national and international project like
ProMare (Ecology study of the Barents Sea), Mare Nor (North Norwegian Coastal
Ecology),VEINS, NOClim I/II; PROClim, Damocles, iAOOS-Norway; Poleward, Statoil, Hydro.
Over the last 15 years my scientific interest has been concentrated on the Atlantic inflow to the
Norwegian Sea toward the Arctic. The foundation for this research has been the monitoring
program in the Svinøy section, commenced in 1995. During a sabbatical stay with Prop. Peter
Niiler at Scripps Institution of Oceanograpy, I was introduced to Lagrangian SVP drifters for the
study of ocean surface sirculation. SVP-drifters were then used to reveal for the first time, the
Norwegian Atlantic Current as a two-branch current through the entire Nordic Sea toward the
Fram Strait (Orvik and Niiler, 2003). Since 2001 the Svinøy monitoring program has resulted in
15 publications in peer-review journals; 6 as first author
The Norwegian Atlantic Current (NwAC) through the Norwegian Sea serves as a conduit of warm
and saline Atlantic water from the North Atlantic to the Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean. A
disruption of this transport may cause dramatic climatic-related changes, such as reduction of the
Arctic ice cover and ecological disruptions. Quantifying and understanding the variability of the
transport within and between these regions is thus important for our understanding of the climate
system in the Arctic and in light of that the impact of the AI must therefore be sought upstream.
The NwAC is a poleward extension of the Gulf Stream transporting - through the North Atlantic
Current (NAC) - warm water to eastern polar regions. The NAC enters the Norwegian Sea mainly
over the Scotland-Iceland Ridge (SIR), and after crossing the ridge it is established as the twobranch
Norwegian Atlantic Current (NwAC). The NwAC then continues as a two-branch current
through the entire Norwegian Sea toward the Arctic (Fig 1). The western branch is a jet in the
Polar Front that tends to feed the interior of the Norwegian Sea toward the Fram Strait, while the
eastern branch an about 3500 km long flow, is a nearly coherent barotropic shelf edge current
along the Norwegian shelf which tends to flow into the Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean. The Svinøy
section cuts through the entire AI just to the north of the SIR and is as such a suitable place to
undertake a comprehensive monitoring of the NwAC, as up-stream reference for the Arctic Ocean.
The SS has been run as a standard hydrographic section by the Institute of Marine Research (IMR)
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LaScOcean KJELL ARILD ORVIK
since 1955, and since 1995 with a moored array of current meters in the eastern branch of the
NwAC by the Geophysical Institute; to date resulting in a unique 15-year current time series
The SS mooring array is now established as a bench-march concerning monitoring of the NwAC
to the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean Sciences Board (AOSB) proposed
strongly that the SS array should be maintained in place. We have achieved this position in spite of
no participation and funding from actual EU/NFR programs as WOCE, MAIA, OVERVÅK,
PolarClim, and ASOF since VEINS during 1997-2000. It is a paradox that because of lack of
NFR/EU-support, this climate programme has been maintained by funding from the oil industry.
This is because the Norwegian Deepwater Programme (NDP) valued our successful data recovery
resulting in long time series
for dimensional and operational purposes, particularly for the Ormen Lange (OL) field located
about 100 km downstream from SS .Since accomplishment of the OL-field, participation in
programs as EU-Damocles, NFR: iAOOS-Norway / Poleward has made it possible to maintain
the measurements to date, as well as extending the study of the western branch . Over the last
years we have combined SeaSoar/ADCP transects and deployments of PIES and MMP in the SS.
A PIES detects the tilting interface between Atlantic water and deeper water and thus determine
the volume flux of Atlantic water in combination with density profiles These instruments have
been recovered successfully recently and further work is in progress. Our goal was to develop a
complete and sustainable, simple and robust system for monitoring the total AI to the Nordic Seas.
.Trough our participation in iAOOS, the Svinøy section (western branch) has been the
venue in a successful pioneer study using sea gliders; state-of-the-art technology,. This study is
now in progress and will presumably be published in due course .However, the programs
mentioned above are in a final state and will be terminated soon, so continuation of our unique
climate time-series in the Svinøy section again in jeopardy and will be terminated in the course of
2010 without further funding..
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 30 %
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Professional reviews:
Journal of Physical Oceanography, Deep Sea Research, Continental Shelf Research, Geophysical
Research Letters, Journal of Geophysical Research, Ocean Dynamics, Oceanologica
Memberships:
Norwegian Association of Marine Scientists
Norwegian Geophysical Society
European Geophysical Society
American Geophysical Union
Doctoral students presently under supervision
1 PhD student: Maria Andersson, Project: Poleward
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Peer-review journals
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LaScOcean KJELL ARILD ORVIK
Orvik, K. A. and Ø Skagseth (2005): Heat flux variations in the eastern Norwegian Atlantic
Current toward the Arctic from moored instruments, 1995-2005. Geophysical Research
Letters,32, L14610, doi:10.1029/2005GL023487.
Polyakov, I., A. Beszczynska, E.C. Carmack, I.A. Dmitrenko, E.Fahrbach, I. E. Frolov, R.Gerdes,
E. Hansen, J. Holfort, V. Ivanov, M.A. Johnson, M. Karcher, F. Kauker, J. Morison, K.A.
Orvik, U.Schauer, H.L. Simmons, Ø.Skagseth, V.T. Sokolov, M. Steele, L.A. Timokhov, D.
Walsh, J.E. Walsh (2005): One more step toward a warmer Arctic; Geophysical Research
Letters,32, L17605, doi:10.1029/2005GL023740.
Drange, H, T. Dokken, T. Furevik, R. Gerdes, R. Berger, K.A. Orvik, Ø. Skagseth, I. Skjelvan, S.
Østerhus (2005). The Nordic Seas: An overview of the Nordic Seas: An Integrated
Persective; AGU Monograph 158,
Nøttestad, L., O. A. Misund, W. Melle, B. K. Hoddevik Ulvestad and K. A. Orvik (2007):
Herring at the Arctic front: influence of temperature and prey on their spatio-temporal
distribution and migration. Marine Ecology. 28 (Suppl.1), 123–133
Skagseth, Ø., T. Furevik, R. Ingvaldsen, H. Loeng, K.A. Mork, K.A. Orvik and V. Ozhigin
(2008): Volume and Heat Transports to the Arctic Ocean Via the Norwegian and Barents
Seas. In R.R. Dickson, J. Meincke and P, Rhines (eds.), Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: 45
Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate. © Springer Science + Business Media
B.V.
Richter, K., T. Furevik, and K.A. Orvik (2009), Effect of wintertime low-pressure systems on the
Atlantic inflow to the Nordic seas, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C09006,
doi:10.1029/2009JC005392.
Koszalka1, I., J.H. LaCasce and K.A. Orvik (2009). Relative dispersion in the Nordic Seas.
Journal of Marine Research, 67, 411–433, 2009.
Mauritzen, C, E. Hansen, M. Andersson, B. Berx, A. Beszczynska-Möller, I. Burud, K.
Christensen, G. Dalsbø, J. Debernard, L. DeSteur, P. Dodd, S. Gerland, Ø. Godøy, B.
Hansen, S. Hudson, F. Høydalsvik, R. Ingvaldsen, P.E. Isachsen, Y. Kasajima, I. Koszalka,
K. M. Kovacs, M. Køltzow, J. LaCasce, C. M. Lee, T. Lavergne, Christian Lydersen, M.
Nicolaus, F. Nilsen, O.A. Nøst, K.A. Orvik, M. Reigstad, H. Schyberg, L. Seuthe, Ø.
Skagseth, J. Skarðhamar, R. Skogseth, A. Sperrevik, C. Svensen, H. Søiland, S.H. Teigen,
V. Tverberg, C. Wexels Riser (2009). Approaches to monitoring the state of the Arctic
Mediterranean during the International Polar Year 2007-2008 (Progress in Oceanography,
revised)
Abstracts/ proceedings.
Orvik, K.A and Ø. Skagseth (2006): The warming of the Atlantic inflow to the Norwegian Sea
toward the Arctic; 1995-2005, Eos Trans. AGU, 87(36), Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl., Abstract
OS13B-02.
Orvik, KA (2008). The eddy field of the Polar Front in the Southern Norwegian Sea from
SeaSoar-CTD and VM-ADCP observations” Ocean Science Meeting, Orlando, Florida 2-7
March, 2008.
M. Andersson, K.A. Orvik, J. H. LaCasce, C. Mauritzen, and I. Koszalka (2009): ON THE
SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF THE EDDY FIELD IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE
NORDIC SEAS. Geophysical Research Abstracts,Vol. 11, EGU2009-0, 2009, EGU General
Assembly 2009
Skagseth, Ø., A. Beszczynska-Møller, R. Ingvaldsen, H. Loeng, K.A. Orvik, and U. Schaue
(2009). Observed transport variability of Atlantic Water through the Norwegian Sea to the
Arctic based on long-term current-meter mooring arrays. Arctic Science Summit Week,
Bergen March 2009.
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LaScOcean KJELL ARILD ORVIK
Orvik, K.A. and Ø. Skagseth (2010). The variability of the temperature and velocity fields of the
Atlantic inflow to the Nordic Seas toward the Arctic; from moored measurements in the
Svinøy section 1995-2010. State of the Arctic Conference, Miami, USA.
Orvik, K.A. and Ø. Skagseth (2010) Major findings after 15-years of continuous current
measurements of the Norwegian Atlantic Current in the Svinøy section. IPY-Oslo Science
Conference
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
Major findings in the Svinøy section.
In light of Poulain et al, 1996 who revealed the two-branch NwAC in the southern Norwegian Sea,
Orvik et al., 1999, 2001 identified the eastern branch as an about 40 km wide barotropic flow over
the steep slope, and the western branch as baroclinic jet in the Polar front
Orvik and Skagseth, 2003 showed that the volume flux of the eastern branch can be determined
from a single moored current meter record, substantiating the applicability of our 15-year time
series as an index of the variability of the volume transport
Skagseth and Orvik, 2002 identified the variability on daily to weekly timescales as topographic
Rossby waves
Orvik and Skagseth (2003b) showed that the interannual variability was correlated to the wind
stress curl in the North Atlantic 15 months earlier.
Orvik and Skagseth, 2005 showed that variability of heat transport on monthly to interannual
timescales was determined by the volume transport whiles the temperature variability
contributes on longer time scales
Skagseth et al., 2004 revealed the eastern NwAC as a coherent along slope flow from Ireland to
the Barents Sea opening on 1-12 month timescales.. The striking seasonal signal – in
accordance with our 15-year time series - was strongly connected to the large scale wind field..
Poliakov et al , 2005 and Skagseth et al 2007 have demonstrated the time lag of warm water
pulses in SS propagating northward with increasing time lag to the BSO/Fram Strait and into
the Arctic.
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LaScOcean SVEIN ØSTERHUS
Name: Svein Østerhus
Born: 1 August 1953
Nationality : Norwegian
Present position: Research scientist at UNI; associate professor II at GFI
Academic degrees: Cand. Real.
Work experience:
Østerhus is educated in automobile and machine engineering, and in physical oceanography. He
has a long standing experience in fieldwork, instrument development, data analysis and
interpretation. He has gained his professional experience as a research scientist with the University
of Bergen, the University of Copenhagen, the Norwegian Polar Institute and UNI Research. He is
author and co-author of more than 50 peer reviewed articles. He has been involved in many
international projects covering the southern and northern high latitudes, notably in the Nordic
WOCE-programme, and several EU funded RTD projects. He has coordinated EU, Nordic and
national funded projects. He regularly teaching courses in polar oceanography and has supervised
master and PhD students.
Fields of interest and present research activities
Design, construct and operated high latitude fix-point observatories for monitoring of marine
climate indicators.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research (%): 10%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Committees: ICES-WGOH, CLIVAR AIP
Review: NSF, NERC, NOAA, JGR, GRL, JPO, Tellus
Doctoral students presently under supervision:
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Cunningham, Baringer, Johns, Toole, Østerhus, Fischer, Piola, McDonagh, Lozier, Send,
Kanzow, Marotzke, Rhein, Garzoli, Rintoul, Sloyan, Speich, Talley, Baehr, Meinen,
Treguier, Lherminier(2010). "The Present and Future System for Measuring the Atlantic
Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heat Transport" in Proceedings of OceanObs’09:
Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21-25
September 2009, Hall, J., Harrison D.E. & Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.
http://www.oceanobs09.net/
Holliday, Valdimarsson, Nolan, Hughes, Lavín, Østerhus, Sherwin, Trofimov (2010). "The ICES
Working Group on Oceanic Hydrography: Building on Over 100 Years of North Atlantic
Observations" in Proceedings of OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean Observations and
Information for Society (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, Hall, J., Harrison
D.E. & Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306. http://www.oceanobs09.net/
Testor, Meyers, Pattiaratchi, Bachmayer, Hayes, Pouliquen, Petit de la Villeon, Carval,
Ganachaud, Gourdeau, Mortier, Claustre, Taillandier, Lherminier, Terre, Visbeck,
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LaScOcean SVEIN ØSTERHUS
Karstensen, Krahmann, Alvarez, Rixen, Poulain, Østerhus, Tintore, Ruiz, Garau, Smeed,
Griffiths, Merckelbach, Sherwin, Schmid, Barth, Schofield, Glenn, Kohut, Perry, Eriksen,
Send, Davis, Rudnick, Sherman, Jones, Webb, Lee, Owens (2010). "Gliders as a Component
of Future Observing Systems" in Proceedings of OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean
Observations and Information for Society (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009,
Hall, J., Harrison D.E. & Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.
http://www.oceanobs09.net/
Nicholls, K. W., S. Østerhus, K. Makinson, T. Gammelsrød, and E. Fahrbach, 2009. Ice-ocean
processes over the continental shelf of the southern Weddell Sea, Antarctica: A review, Rev.
Geophys., doi:10.1029/2007RG000250.
Fox, Sundby, Achterberg, Allen, Allen, Baker, Brussaard, Buckley, Cook, Dye, Edward, Fernand,
Kershaw, Metcalfe, Østerhus, Potter, Sakshaug, Speirs, Stenevik, John, Thingstad, Wilson,
2009. Transregional linkages in the north-eastern Atlantic — an ‘end -to-end ’ ana lysis of
pelagic ecosystems. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 2009, 47, 1-76
Darelius, E., L. H. Smedsrud, S. Østerhus, A. Foldvik and T. Gammelsrød, 2009. Structure and
variability of the Filchner overflow plume. Tellus (2009), 61A, 446–464. DOI:
10.1111/j.1600-0870.2009.00391.x
Hughes, S. L., Holliday, N. P., Colbourne, E., Ozhigin, V., Valdimarsson, H., Østerhus, S., and
Wiltshire, K. 2009. Comparison of in situ time-series of temperature with gridded sea
surface temperature datasets in the North Atlantic. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66:
000–000. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp041
http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/fsp041?ijkey=cPH1tzEu30GbY0s&ke
ytype=ref
Steffen M. Olsen, Bogi Hansen, Detlef Quadfasel and Svein Østerhus, 2008. Observed and
modelled stability of overflow across the Greenland–Scotland ridge. Nature,
doi:10.1038/nature07302
Nicholls. K. W., E. P. Abrahamsen, K. J. Heywood, K. Stansfield and S. Østerhus, 2008. Highlatitude
oceanography using the Autosub autonomous underwater vehicle. Limnol.
Oceanogr., 2309-2320, http://aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_53/issue_5_part_2/2309.
Østerhus S., T. Sherwin, D. Quadfasel and B. Hansen, 2008. The overflow flux east of Iceland:
variability, origins, forcing and fate. In: Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes Defining the Role of
the Northern Seas in Climate Dickson, Robert R.; Meincke, Jens; Rhines, Peter (Eds.) 2008,
X, 738 p. 304 illus., 220 in color., Hardcover ISBN: 978-1-4020-6773-0
Holfort J., E. Hansen, S. Østerhus, S. Dye, S. Jónsson, J. Meincke, J. Mortensen and M. Meredith,
2008. Freshwater fluxes east of Greenland. In: Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes Defining the
Role of the Northern Seas in Climate Dickson, Robert R.; Meincke, Jens; Rhines, Peter
(Eds.) 2008, X, 738 p. 304 illus., 220 in color., Hardcover ISBN: 978-1-4020-6773-0
Hansen B., S. Østerhus, W.R. Turrell, S. Jónsson, H. Valdimarsson, H. Hátún, S. M. Olsen, 2008.
The inflow of Atlantic water, heat, and salt to the Nordic Seas across the Greenland-Scotland
Ridge. In: Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate
Dickson, Robert R.; Meincke, Jens; Rhines, Peter (Eds.) 2008, X, 738 p. 304 illus., 220 in
color., Hardcover ISBN: 978-1-4020-6773-0
Holliday, N. P., S. L. Hughes, S. Bacon, A. Beszczynska-Möller, B. Hansen, A. Lavín, H. Loeng,
K. A. Mork, S. Østerhus, T. Sherwin, and W. Walczowski, 2008. Reversal of the 1960s to
1990s freshening trend in the northeast North Atlantic and Nordic Seas, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
35, L03614, doi:10.1029/2007GL032675
Toby J. Sherwin, Sarah L. Hughes, William R. Turrell, Bogi Hansen, Svein Østerhus, 2007.
Wind-driven monthly variations in transport and the flow field in the Faroe-Shetland
Channel. Polar Research (OnlineEarly Articles). doi: 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2007.00036.x
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 119

LaScOcean SVEIN ØSTERHUS
Hansen B., and S. Østerhus, 2007. Faroe Bank Channel overflow 1995-2005, Progress in
Oceanography, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.09.004
Dickson B. & S. Østerhus, 2007. One Hundred years in the Norwegian Sea. Norsk geografisk
Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, Vol. 61, 56-75,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00291950701409256
Geyer, F.; Østerhus, S.; Hansen, B.; Quadfasel, D., 2006. Observations of highly regular
oscillations in the overflow plume downstream of the Faroe Bank. Channel J. Geophys. Res.,
Vol. 111, No. C12, C12020
Makinson Keith., Michael Schröder and Svein Østerhus, 2006. Effect of critical latitude and
seasonal stratification on tidal current profiles along Ronne Ice Front, Antarctica. J.
Geophys. Res., Vol. 111, C03022, doi:10.1029/2005JC003062,2006
Abrahamsen E. P., S. Østerhus & T. Gammelsrød, 2006. Ice draft and current measurements from
the north-western Barents Sea, 1993–96. Polar Research 25(1), 25-37.
Blindheim, Johan; Østerhus, Svein, 2005. The Nordic Seas, Main Oceanographic Features. In:
The Nordic Seas - An Integrated Perspective. Washington, DC: American Geophysical
Union (AGU) 2005. ISBN 0-87590-423-8. s. 11-38
Drange, Helge; Dokken, Trond Martin; Furevik, Tore; Gerdes, R; Berger, Wolfgang; Nesje, Atle;
Orvik, Kjell Arild; Skagseth, Øystein; Skjelvan, Ingunn; Østerhus, Svein. The Nordic Seas:
An overview. In: The Nordic Seas - An Integrated Perspective. Washington, DC: American
Geophysical Union (AGU) 2005. ISBN 0-87590-423-8. s. 1-10
Knutsen, Ø., H. Svendsen, S. Østerhus, T. Rossby and B. Hansen, 2005. Direct measurements of
the mean flow and eddy kinetic energy structure of the upper ocean circulation in the NE
Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14604, doi:10.1029/2005GL023615, 2005.
Østerhus, S., W. R. Turrell, S. Jónsson, and B. Hansen, 2005. Measured volume, heat, and salt
fluxes from the Atlantic to the Arctic Mediterranean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L07603,
doi:10.1029/2004GL022188.
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ChemOcean CV EMANUELE REGGIANI
Name: Emanuele Roberto Reggiani
Born: 1 September 1973
Nationality: Italian
Present position: Postdoctoral researcher
Academic Degrees
2005 Doctor of Research, Metrology: science and technique of measurements, Turin Polytechnic
University.
Thesis: “Valutazione di accuratezza di un campione atomico di frequenza a fontana di atomi di
cesio” (“Accuracy evaluation of a cesium fountain atomic frequency standard).
Advisor: prof. Andrea De Marchi.
2001 Electronic Engineer, Turin Polytechnic University
Thesis: “Il campione atomico di frequenza a fontana di cesio: caratterizzazione della sorgente
di atomi freddi” (“The cesium fountain atomic frequency standard: characterization of the cold
atom source”).
Advisor: prof. Andrea De Marchi.
Work Experience
Positions
• April 2009- present. Postdoctoral Fellow, UiB, Geophysical Institute.
Development of a sensor platform in autonomous instrumentation for unattended in-situ
investigation of carbon dioxide system's related quantities in sea water by means of
spectrophotometric methods. (Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research , Chemical Oceanography
group).
• 2007. Research Engineer, Turin Polytechnic University, Department of Physics.
Development of silicon microcantilever-based sensing platform for molecular
detection: frequency detection improvement for realtime monitoring and enhancing of dynamic
microbalance method in liquid and integration of static deflection sensing method for
molecular interaction monitoring.
• 2006 – 2007. Research Engineer, National Institute for Nucelar Physics, LNL – Padova (IT)
Development and evaluation of an optical interferometry-based system with Nd:YAG laser
and high finesse Fabry-Perot cavity for thermal noise measurements of mechanical oscillators
for gravitational wave detection.
• 2001 – 2005 . Research Assistant, Turin Polytechnic University.
Development of an atomic frequency standard, based upon atom laser cooling techniques;
study and design of experiments aimed to the evaluation of systematic shifts.
Fields of interest and present research activities
Detection and evaluation of physical and chemical quantities require a technological effort to
study and try to enhance the interaction between the probing mechanism and the natural
phenomena being investigated. The whole system should then undertake a metrological study with
several refining steps depending on the accuracy we’re interested in.
My background is based on a challenging metrological research experience aimed to develop and
characterize systems requiring high level accuracy, to have a deep insight to theoretical models,
find out the systematic shifts and design experiments suited for their evaluation.
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ChemOcean CV EMANUELE REGGIANI
Frequency metrology has been the main field I’ve been dealing with the early years as research
engineer, both in fundamental metrology (atomic definition of the second, spectral noise
characterization of high finesse resonant cavity for gravitational wave antennas) and applied
metrology (sensing and real time detection of the response of micro mechanical balances during
protein absorption).
Laser systems, optoelectronics and optical fibres have been widely employed through out my
activity: in order to match the requirements of the metrological system, from time to time, finding
technical solution has required engineering steps that helped me to better understanding the
various applications.
Carbon dioxide system in sea water is one of the core topics being investigated at BCCR in
Bergen. My current activity supporting the chemical oceanography group is developing
autonomous instrumentation to get access to the CO2 system in sea water, possibly by the
detection of two of the four quantities that fully describe it: total alkalinity, total inorganic carbon
dissolved, fugacity and pH. Among these, pH is the one that allows a direct measurement by
means of indicator/spectrophotometric methods.
The development of a spectrophotometry based instrument capable to get to a resolution
approaching 10 -3 pH units has begun.
This requires a thorough investigation of uncertainty sources coming from light source, the flow
cell and environmental conditions, the indicator used.
The instrument should be capable of running unattended and perform reliable analysis in situ, in
order to be effectively employed in a research campaign offshore.
The project aims, as a further step of development, to build a new setup, limited in size,
submersible, with a high sampling rate and integrating the measurement of another one of the four
quantities that describe the CO2 system. This could be a valuable tool for researchers to perform
experiments to better verify models used to describe the marine water environment.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 122

METEO JOACHIM REUDER
Name: Joachim Reuder
Born: 10.06.1964
Nationality: German
Present position: Associate Professor in Experimental Meteorology
Academic degrees:
• Dr. rer. nat., Technical University Cottbus, Germany, 1999
• Diploma in meteorology, University of Munich, Germany, 1991
Work experience:
• September 2009 – present: Scientific advisor (20% position) at CMR Instrumentation;
Bergen Norway
• March 2005 – present: Associate Professor in Experimental Meteorology, Geophysical
Institute, University of Bergen, Norway
• November 2000 – February 2005: Assistant Professor, Research Group for Atmospheric
Radiation and Remote Sensing, Meteorological Institute, University of Munich, Germany
• May/June 2000: Visiting Scientist, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics (LFA), University
Mayor San Andres (UMSA), La Paz, Bolivia
• November 1999-October 2000: Postdoctoral Research Associate, Research Group for
Atmospheric Radiation and Remote Sensing, Meteorological Institute, University of
Munich, Germany
• May-October 1999: Postdoctoral Research Scientist, German Radiation Protection Agency
(Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz), Neuherberg, Germany
• January 1998-April 1999: Research Scientist, Research Group for Atmospheric Radiation
and Remote Sensing, Meteorological Institute, University of Munich, Germany
• January-October 1993: Part time employment as media forecast meteorologist, Meteo
Consult Wetter und Klimaberatung GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
• October 1991-December 1997: Research Scientist, Research Group for Atmospheric
Chemistry and Surface Exchange Processes, Meteorological Institute, University of
Munich, Germany
Fields of interest and present research activities
• Boundary layer meteorology and atmospheric turbulence
• Air-sea-ice interaction and turbulent exchange processes
• Marine boundary layers and its importance on offshore wind energy
• Atmospheric boundary layer measurements
• Validation of fine scale numerical simulations
• Development and use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for boundary layer research
• Solar UV radiation and its photo-biological and photo-chemical effects
• Flow in complex terrain
• Orographic effects on precipitation
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 20%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
• Member of the Steering Committee (institutsrådet) of the Geophysical Institute (autumn 2005
– summer 2009)
• Member of the Research Programme Committee (forskerutdanningsutvalget) at the Faculty for
Mathematics and Natural Sciences (January 2007-present)
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METEO JOACHIM REUDER
• Leader of the Research Programme Committee (forskerutdanningsutvalget) at the Geophysical
Institute (June 2007-present)
• Member of the Sudan Committee; Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences (summer
2006-present)
• Member of the American Meteorological Society, the German Meteorological Society and the
European Geophysical Union
• Regular peer-reviews (ca. 10 per year) for different scientific journals
• Leader of Work Package 5 “Common Themes” in the Center for Environmentally-friendly
Energy Research (CEER) NORCOWE (Norwegian Center for Offshore Wind Energy); 2009-
2016
• Project manager of the joint national infrastructure program for offshore wind energy in
cooperation of the CEERs NORCOWE and NOWITECH; start in 2009
• Chair of the European COST Action ES0802 “Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in atmospheric
research”; 2008-2012
• Leader of the Expert Working group “Unmanned aerial systems” in the European Research
Infrastructure Project EUFAR (European Fleet for Airborne Research); 2009-
Doctoral students presently under supervision:
• Stephanie Mayer: Development and use of a Remotely Piloted Vehicle for atmospheric
boundary layer studies (2006-2010)
• Marius Jonassen: Combining fine-scale simulations and high-resolution UAV measurements: A
new strategy for atmospheric boundary layer research (2009-2013)
• Martin Flügge: Characterization of the marine atmospheric boundary layer for offshore wind
energy applications (2010-2013)
• Olav Krogsæter: The wind field in the marine boundary layer - Test and improvement of
parameterization schemes with application to offshore wind power (2010-2012)
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009 (14 peer review publications
prior to 2005)
Reuder, J., P. Brisset, M. Jonassen, M. Müller, and S. Mayer, The Small Unmanned
Meteorological Observer SUMO: A new tool for atmospheric boundary layer research,
Meteorol. Z., 18, 2, 141-147, 2009
Medhaug, I., J.A. Olseyh, and J. Reuder, UV radiation and skin cancer in Norway, J. Photochem.
Photobiol.: B Biology, 96, 232-241.
Reuder, J., P. Brisset, M. Jonassen, M. Müller, and S. Mayer, SUMO: A Small Unmanned
Meteorological Observer, Earth Env. Sci., 1, doi:10.1088/1755-1307/1/1/012014, 10p.,
2008.
Reuder, J., G.-O. Fagerlid, I. Barstad, and A. Sandvik, The Stord Precipitation Experiment
(STOPEX): An overview over phase I, Adv. Geosci., 10, 17-23, 2007.
Reuder, J., F. Grezzi, E. Palenque, R. Torrez, M. Andrade, and F. Zaratti, Investigations on the
effect of high surface albedo on erythemally effective UV irradiance: Results of a campaign
at the Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B., 87, 1-8, 2007.
Schween, J. H., J. Kuettner, D. Reinert, J. Reuder, and V. Wirth, Defintion of “banner clouds”
based on time lapse movies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2047-2055, 2007.
Reuder, J., and J. Egger, Diurnal circulation of the Bolivian Altiplano: Observations in a valley
and at a pass, Tellus A, 58, 254-262, 2006.
Pfeifer, M., P. Koepke, and J. Reuder, Effects of altitude and aerosols on UV radiation, J.
Geophys. Res. , DOI 10.1029/2005JD006444, 2006.
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METEO JOACHIM REUDER
Wagner, F, and J. Reuder, Cloud frequency with respect to remote sensing applications: Example
of Bavaria, Southern Germany, Int. J. Remote Sens., 26, 21, 4733-4745, 2005.
Egger, J., L. Blacutt, F. Ghezzi, R. Heinrich, P. Kolb, S. Lämmlein, M. Leeb, S. Meyer, E.
Palenque, J. Reuder, W. Schäper, J. Schween, R. Torrez, and F. Zaratti, Diurnal circulation
of the Bolivian Altiplano. Part I: Observations, Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 4, 911-924, 2005.
Reuder, J., and P. Koepke, Reconstruction of UV radiation over Southern Germany for the past
decades, Meteorol. Z., 14, 2, 237-246, 2005.
Oppenrieder, A., P. Hoeppe, P. Koepke, and J. Reuder, Long term measurements of the UV
irradiance of inclined surfaces and visualization of UV exposure of the human body,
Meteorol. Z., 14, 2, 285-290, 2005.
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
A main part of my research activities is dedicated to various aspects of atmospheric boundary
layer (ABL) research. The recent research activities are mainly focussed on experimental
investigations of the stable polar boundary layer (SPBL) and very recently on the marine boundary
layer (MBL), including wave–atmosphere interaction and its relevance for offshore wind energy
deployments.
One important aspect of the investigations on the polar boundary layer is dedicated to surface layer
inversions, which are typically not appropriately covered by the numerical models and which
constitutes one of the major error sources in numerical simulations in polar regions, limiting the
practical value and quality of weather forecasts and climate prediction in this areas. The
meteorology group at GFI has during the last years taken an internationally leading position in the
development and performance of new measurement strategies based on unmanned aerial systems
(UAS). In particular has the development of the SUMO (Small Unmanned Meteorological
Observer) system, a miniaturized autonomous model aircraft operating as “recoverable
radiosonde”, distinctly improved the capability of collecting 4D ABL data sets with unique
temporal and spatial resolution. The SUMO system has been successfully operated in more than
10 national and international measurement campaigns, several of those in the harsh polar
environment of late wintertime Spitzbergen at temperatures partially below -30 deg C. The
obtained data sets currently under evaluation are one key component for an improvement of our
physical understanding of the stable polar boundary layer and the related exchange processes, the
validation of corresponding numerical simulations, and the future improvement of the underlying
surface- and boundary layer parameterization schemes in the numerical models.
The investigations of the MBL are performed in the framework of NORCOWE, the Norwegian
Center for Offshore Wind Energy, where GFI and myself play a central role in leading one of the 5
work packages, “Common Themes”, covering education, safety, environmental impact and
measurement infrastructure for the center. I am also project manager of the related national
Norwegian offshore wind energy infrastructure project (in cooperation with NOWITECH and
CEDREN, two of the other Norwegian Centers for Environmentally-Friendly Energy Research,
that aims on the development of new measurement strategies for the provision of appropriate data
sets relevant for offshore wind turbine deployments. The structure and stability of the MBL, in
particular with respect to average wind speed and the turbulence characteristics are of outermost
importance for such installations. They determine the actual wind power production and have to be
addressed under the aspect of tolerable structural loads and the potential of structural damage and
fatigue to the turbines. Corresponding measurements in the relevant height interval between 40
and 200 m are sparse and for real offshore deep-sea conditions practically non-existent.
Together with my colleague Haraldur Olafsson I am promoting and realizing the observational
project MABLA (Monitoring of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer in the Arctic), dedicated to an
improved long-term observation of the Arctic BPL. The polar regions are key players in global
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METEO JOACHIM REUDER
climate and model projections of anthropogenic climate change indicate a high sensitivity in the
Arctic, i.e. the polar regions are expected to respond stronger and faster to climate change than
most other regions of the world. However, the global general circulation models (GCM) in use for
the predictions, show their largest uncertainties at high latitudes. Up to now sophisticated
measurements in the AABL have usually been confined to short-term field campaigns. Future
progress towards revised AABL parameterization schemes however requires a long-term routine
monitoring. This is the only way to cover the wide range of meteorological and surface conditions
in arctic regions and to provide reliable data sets for further development and validation of AABL
parameterization schemes. The project MABLA that aims in the establishment of a network of
advanced ABL observatories in the Arctic has started with the ongoing instrumentation of a 412 m
high broadcasting mast on Northwest Iceland. The project is under further development by a joint
application with the ALOMAR Observatory on Andenes to upgrade the existing 140 m tower at
Saura as full boundary layer observatory.
My research activities related to solar UV radiation and orographic flow and precipitation in the
last years have mainly been confined to the the supervision of master and phd projects. Results
published and worthwile mentioning here are e.g. the derivation of a 50-year reconstructed
regional UV climatology for photobiological and medical (skin cancer) impact research or the
compilation of high resolution precipitation data sets from rain gauges deployed in complex
terrain.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 126

ChemOcean CAROLINE ROELANDT
Name: Caroline Roelandt
Born: 4 February 1965
Nationality: Belgian
Present position: Postdoctoral researcher
Academic Degrees
1983 – 1989: Master: Grade d’Ingénieur Agronome, Université Libre de Bruxelles
1991 – 1992: Master: Licence spéciale en Géophysique externe, Université Libre de Bruxelles
1993 – 1998: Ph.D. thesis, Université Catholique de Louvain
Thesis: “Global continental biosphere modelling: carbon cycle and albedo”. Thesis committee:
Prof. A. Berger (supervisor, UCL), Prof. I.C. Prentice (Bristol University), Prof. G. Schayes
(UCL), Prof. E. Lambin (UCL), Prof. J.-P. van Ypersele de Strihou (UCL), Prof. P. Defrance
(UCL), Dr. N. de Noblet-Ducoudré (LSCE).
Work Experience
2009 – present: Post-doctoral fellow at the Chemical Oceanography group, Geophysical Institute,
University of Bergen, Norway.
2006 – 2009: Post-doctoral fellow at the Laboratoire des Mécanismes et Transferts en Géologie,
Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (France).
2001 – 2005: Research associate at the Geography department of the Université Catholique de
Louvain (Belgium).
1998 – 2001: Post-doctoral fellow at Lund University (Sweden) and at the Max Planck Institute
for Biogeochemistry (Germany).
1993 – 1998: Ph. D. Université Catholique de Louvain (Belgium).
Fields of interest and present research activities
Much of my current and past research focuses on the biophysical and biochemical role of
terrestrial vegetation in the climate system. Interdisciplinary research is an important aspect of my
work, and communication with scientists from a range of backgrounds is a cornerstone of my
experience. Through my education, work experience and ongoing collaborations, I have a strong
experience in building land surface and biogeochemical models and I have developed a truly
interdisciplinary profile. My scientific activities are centred on the development and application of
models to solve problems in Earth system science, from biology, chemistry, physics, geology and
geography.
My work at the Geophysical Institute focuses on the coupling of ocean and terrestrial
carbon cycle components within the framework of the emerging Norwegian Earth system model
NorESM, under the auspices of NORKLIMA. The goal of the project is to further develop and test
carbon cycle models with respect to observations and to contribute to improve future climate
scenarios.
The first months of my post-doctoral position were dedicated to: the definition and the
acquisition of the tools needed to test the global land model. Efforts were also dedicated to
develop new contacts in the land modelling community, as well in Norway as in Europe and the
United States.
Doctoral students presently under supervision
• Thesis committee of doctoral student Emilie Beaulieu (Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse,
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ChemOcean CAROLINE ROELANDT
France), 2007—present)
Selected academic and professional publications
(i) Peer-reviewed
Submitted
• Beaulieu, E., Goddéris, Y., Labat, D., Roelandt, C., Oliva, P., Guerrero, B.. “ Impact of
atmospheric CO2 levels on continental silicate weathering”. G-cube.
Published
• van Wesemael, B., Lettens, S., Roelandt, C., Van Orshoven, J. (2005). “Modelling the
evolution of regional carbon stocks in Belgian cropland soils”. Canadian Journal of Soil
Science, 85 (4): 511-521 Sp. Iss. SI 2005.
• Roelandt, C., van Wesemael, B., Rounsevell, M. (2005). “Estimating annual N2O
emissions from agricultural soils in temperate climates”. Global Change Biology , 11 (10):
1701-1711.
• Roelandt, C., Dendoncker, N., Perrin, D., Rounsevell, M., van Wesemael, B. (2007).
“Projecting future N2O emissions from agricultural soils in Belgium”. Global Change
Biology , 13 (1): 18-27.
• Dendoncker, N., van Wesemael, Smith, P., Lettens, S., Roelandt, C, Rounsevell, M.
(2008).”Assessing scale effects on modeled soil organic carbon contents as a result of land
use change in Belgium”. Soil Use and Management, 24(1), 8 -18.
• Goddéris, Y., Roelandt, C., Schott, J., Pierret, M.-C., François, L., (2009). “Towards an
Integrated Model of Weathering, Climate, and Biospheric processes”. Thermodynamics
and kinetics of water-rock interaction, 70, 411-434.
• Roelandt, C., Godderis, Y., Bonnet, M.-P., Sontag, F.. « Coupled modelling of biospheric
and chemical weathering processes at the continental scale». Global Biogeochemical
Cycles, in press.
(ii) Other
• van Wesemael, B., Roelandt, C., Rounsevell, M.A., Lettens, S., Van Orshoven, J. , Perrin, D.,
Laitat, E.. “Modelling Ecosystem TrAce Gas Emissions project (METAGE): Final report”.
Research funded by the Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs.
Brussels. 2005.
(iii) International conference proceedings
• Roelandt, C.. “The ALBIOC Model”. Aspen Center for Physics Summer 2005 Workshops:
“Novel Approaches to Climate”. Organizers: D. Cox, J. Harte, G. Falkovich and B.
Marston. Aspen, Colorado, June 13 - July 3, 2005.
• Roelandt, C., Godderis, Y., Bonnet, MP., Seyler, F., 2006. « Modelling transfer of
elements from the continent to the ocean at the large watershed scale in a tropical
environment». Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70 (18): A537-A537 Suppl. S..
• Roelandt, C., Godderis, Y., Bonnet, MP., Seyler, F., 2007. « Modelling transfer of
elements from the continent to the ocean at the large watershed scale in a tropical
environment». ». Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71(15), A847-A847, Suppl. S, AUG
2007.
• Roelandt, C., Godderis, Y., Bonnet, MP., Seyler, F.. AGU Fall Meeting 2007,
poster : « Modelling transfer of elements from the continent to the ocean at the large
watershed scale in a tropical environment», 10-14 December 2007, San Francisco, USA.
• Roelandt, C., Godderis, Y., Bonnet, MP., Seyler, F., 2008. « Integrated modelling of
biological and weathering processes at the continental scale». ». Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 72(12), A802-A802, Suppl. 1, JUL 2008.
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ChemOcean CAROLINE ROELANDT
Corroboration complementing the publication list
The link between vegetation properties and greenhouses gas emissions other than CO2 was the
centre of my research on the emissions of N2O from agricultural soils under temperate climate.
Two empirical models were developed for croplands and grasslands respectively. These models
allow the spatial and temporal variation in environmental conditions to be taken into account when
performing national inventories of direct N2O emissions.
With these models we showed that spring temperature and summer precipitation explain
35% of the variance in annual N2O emissions from croplands and that nitrogen-fertilisation rate
and winter temperature explain 48% of the variance in annual N2O emissions from grasslands. The
statistical analysis was based on multi-linear regression. A principal components analysis was used
to detect potential predictors of N2O emissions.
During my last post-doctoral position, my work focussed on vegetation impacts on the
chemical weathering of rocks under tropical climate. A coupled model of biospheric and
weathering processes was developed to estimate the transfer of elements to the ocean originating
from tropical watersheds. The B-WITCH model (Goddéris et al., 2009; Roelandt et al., in press) is
the result of the coupling of LPJ – dynamic global vegetation model (Sitch et al, 2003) -with the
WITCH model (Goddéris et al., 2006) that estimates dissolution/precipitation of minerals in the
soil environment from kinetic laboratory laws.
The role of land plants on weathering rates has been also explored. We demonstrated
through sensitivity tests that the major impact of land plants on weathering occurs through their
control on the soil hydrology rather than through enhancing the below ground CO2 levels.
Removing the vegetation cover of the Orinoco watershed results in an increase of the export of
dissolved base cations (and hence of atmospheric CO2 consumption) by 80 %. This increase is
driven by a major increase in the water drainage initiated by the evapotranspiration collapse.
However, those tests have been performed assuming unchanged climatic conditions with or
without vegetation, a factor that has to be considered in future studies.
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ScOcean CORINNA SCHRUM
Name: Corinna Schrum
Born: 27.6.1962, Germany
Nationality: German
Present position: Professor, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen.
Academic degrees:
1994: Dr. rer. nat., Department of Geosciences, University of Hamburg, Germany.
1990: Diploma in Oceanography, University of Hamburg, Germany.
Work experience:
1989-1990 Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg, Germany.
1990-1997 Institute of Oceanography, University of Hamburg, Germany.
1997- 2004 Scientific Assistant (Associate Professor level) Institute of Oceanography,
University of Hamburg, Germany
2004-2006 Senior Scientist, Danish Institute of Fisheries Research, Copenhagen,
Denmark.
2006-2006 (Feb-Aug): Associate Professor, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway
2006 - from Sep Professor, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway.
2008- from Aug Researcher II (additional 20% position), NIVA, Bergen, Norway.
Fields of interest and present research activities
My general research interests comprise the understanding of marine ecosystems and their climatic
induced variability. I do address these topics while using observational data in combination with
high resolution regional modelling. My research is focused on a number of different regional and
coastal ecosystems with the aim to understand both, the abiotic as well as biotic system
components. Together with PhD- and postdoc researchers and in cooperation with biologist
chemists, I developed some modules for ecosystem and biogeochemical dynamics, to be coupled
to hydrodynamic models. Processes which are simulated and investigated are the lower trophic
level dynamics, the structuring of the marine ecosystems and larvae and egg drift and growth.
Moreover ocean acidification modules are under development and I got interested in pollution
problems in marine environments. In this context, I´m cooperating on the development of
chemistry modules, simulating e.g. the transport and fate of different substances.
These research topics are addressed in the frame of a number of funded projects, funded by
national (RCN), bi-national (RCN, BMBF Germany) and international research funding (EU). The
projects I was working with in the reporting period or ongoing in future, are the EU projects
ECOOP, RECLAIM and MEECE, the EraNet project ECODRIVE and the NFR projects BIAC
(coordinated at GFI), TBECO (coordinated at BIO, University of Bergen) and BIOWAVE
(coordinated at met.no). Through my research activities performed at NIVA (bi-stilling), I´m
currently involved in the pollution transport modelling in Norwegian Waters (Tilførsel project,
KLIF financed) and modelling of fjord systems (FJORDMIX, RCN-funded).
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 50%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Review of scientific publications for:
Boreal Environment Research, Climate Dynamics, Climate Research, Continental Shelf Research,
Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, Fisheries Oceanography, Geophysical Research Letters,
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ScOcean CORINNA SCHRUM
ICES Journal of Marine Science, Journal of Geophysical Research, Journal of Marine Systems,
Journal of Physical Oceanography, Journal of Plankton Research, Nature, Ocean Dynamics, Ocean
Science, Oceanologica, Progress in Oceanography, Tellus.
Review of research proposals and projects for:
European Union; The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research Mistra,
Canadian Research Foundation, US National Science Foundation, CLISAP-University of
Hamburg, Germany
Review of climate impact studies:
Regional UK climate projections UKCP09, UK
Climate Report Metropol Region Hamburg.
Editorial Board for the ICES position paper on Climate Change Research in ICES waters
Scientific Steering Committees
KLIWAS project, Ministry of Transport, Germany
Doctoral students presently under supervision
• Sturla Winger Svendsen (to be completed in 2011): Tidal impact on marine ecosystems, PhDthesis,
University of Bergen.
• Marius Årthun (to be completed in 2011): Air-sea fluxes and bottom water formation in the
Barents Sea, PhD-thesis, University of Bergen, project IPY-BIAC (NFR).
• Johannes Röhrs, PhD-thesis (to be completed in 2014), University of Bergen, project
BIOWAVE (NFR).
• Andre Staalstrøm, PhD-thesis (to be completed in 2012), University of Oslo, project
FJORDMIX (NFR), co-supervisior (NIVA responsible)
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Peer-reviewed journal papers
Harms, I, Schrum, C, Hatten, K (2005). Numerical sensitivity studies on the variability of climate
relevant processes in the Barents Sea. JGR, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C06002
10.1029/2004JC002559.
Floeter, J, Kempf, A , Vinther, M, Schrum, C, Temming, A (2005). Grey gurnard
(Chelidonichthys gurnardus (L.)) in the North Sea: An emerging key predator? Canadian
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 62 (8), 1853-1864.
Schrum, C, Harms, I, Hatten, K (2005): Modelling Air-sea exchange in the Barents Sea By using a
coupled regional ice-ocean model. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 14, No. 6, 1-3, DOI:
10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0075.
Schmitt, L, Larsson, S, Schrum, C, Alekseeva, I, Tomczak, M, Svedhage, K (2006):Why they
came; an explanatory model concerning the seasonal colonization of western Sweden during
the close of the Late Glacial period. Oxford Journal of Archeology, 25(1), 1-28.
Schrum, C, Alekseeva, I, St. John, M (2006): Development of a coupled physical–biological
ecosystem model ECOSMO Part I: Model description and validation for the North Sea,
Journal of Marine Systems, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.01.005.
Schrum, C, St. John, M, Alekseeva, I (2006): ECOSMO, a coupled ecosystem model of the North
Sea and Baltic Sea: Part II. Spatial-seasonal characteristics in the North Sea as revealed by
EOF analysis. Journal of Marine Systems, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.01.004
Christensen, A, Daewel, U, Jensen, H, Mosegaard, H, St. John, M, Schrum, C (2007):
Hydrodynamic backtracking of fish larvae by individual-based modelling, Mar. Ecol. Prog.
Ser., 347, 221-232.
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ScOcean CORINNA SCHRUM
Rindorf, A, Jensen, H, Schrum, C (2008): Growth, temperature and density relationships of North
Sea. Canadian Journal of Fisheries Res, 456-470.
Daewel, U, Peck, MA, Schrum, C, St. John, M (2008). How best to include the effects of climatedriven
forcing on prey fields in larval fish individual based models. Journal of Plankton
Research, 30, 1-5.
Christensen, A, Jensen, H, Mosegaard, H, St. John, M, Schrum, C (2008). Sandeel larval transport
patterns in North Sea from an individual-based hydrodynamic egg and larval model.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 65-7, 1498-1511.
Alekseeva, I, Jarsjö, J, Destouni, G, Schrum, C (2008). Reproducing the Aral Sea water budget
and sea–groundwater dynamics between 1979 and 1993 using a coupled 3-D sea-ice–
groundwater model. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.03.018.
Daewel, U, Peck, MA, Alekseeva, I, St. John, MA, Kühn, W, Schrum, C (2008). Coupling
ecosystem and individual-based models to simulate the influence of climate variability on
potential growth and survival of larval fish in the North Sea. Fisheries Oceanography, 17-5,
333-351, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2419.2008.00482.x.
Rose, K, Allen, IJ, Artioli, Y, Barange, M, Balckford, J, Carlotti, F, Cropp, R, Daewel, U, Flynn,
K, Hill, S, Hille Ris Lambers, R, Huse, G, Mackinson, S, Megrey, BA, Moll, A, Rivkin, R,
Salihoglu, B, Schrum, C, Shannon, L, Shin, Y, Smith, L, Smith, C, Soldoro, C, St John, M,
Zhou, M (2009). End-To-End Models for the Analysis of Marine Ecosystems: Challenges,
Issues, and Next Steps, in press, Marine and Coastal Fisheries.
Alekseeva, I, Schrum, C (2008). Historical reconstruction of the Aral Sea shrinking by a full 3-d
wetting and drying model ECOSMO. Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 1, 243-283.
R. A. Ibrayev, RA, Özsoy, E, Schrum, C, Sur, H (2009). Seasonal variability of the Caspian Sea
three-dimensional circulation, sea level and air-sea, Ocean Sci. Discuss., 6, 1913-1970.
Other papers (including scientific reports)
Floeter, J, Kempf, A , Vinther, M, Schrum, C, Temming (2005), Recruitment of North Sea whiting
(Merlangius merlangus (L.): The interplay of bottom-up and top-down processes. Paper part
of Dr. rer nat. Thesis of Jens Floeter, University of Hamburg, Faculty of Biology.
Floeter, J, Schrum, C, Rückert, C, Kempf, A, St John, M, Temming, A (2007). Distribution of
North Sea fish in relation to hydrographic fronts: discussing predator-prey overlap. Paper
part of Dr. rer nat. Thesis of Jens Floeter, University of Hamburg, Faculty of Biology.
Hoepffner, N, Dowell, MD, Edwards, M, Fonda-Umani, S, Green, DR, Greenaway, B, Hansen, B,
Heinze, C, Lepaennen, J-M, Lipiatou, E, Oezsoy, E, Phillippart, K, Salomons, W, Sanchez-
Arcilla, A, Schrimpf, W, Schrum, C, Theocharis, A, Tsimplis, M, Veloso Gomes, F,
Wakenhut, F, Zaldivar, JM, Marine and Coastal Dimension of Climate Change in Europe,
2006. European Commission-Joint Research Centre Ispra, Italy.
BACC, Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Basin Report, 2008. Springer Press,
Berlin Heidelberg.
Literature review including conceptual framework, A.D. Rijnsdorp and M. Peck (Eds.), 2009, EU-
Project RECLAIM, reviewed and in press as ICES cooperative research report.
Drinkwater, K, Skogen, M, Hjøllo, S, Schrum, C, Alekseeva, I, Huret, M, Leger, F, 2008. The
effects of future climate change on the physical oceanography and comparisons of the mean
and variability of the future physical properties with present day conditions. EU-RECLAIM
project report.
Drinkwater, K, Skogen, M, Hjøllo, S, Schrum, C, Alekseeva, I, Huret, M, Leger, F, 2009. Effects
of future climate change on primary and secondary production as well as ecosystem structure
in lower to mid-­‐trophic levels. EU-RECLAIM project report.
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ScOcean CORINNA SCHRUM
Report of the Workshop on Cod and Future Climate Change, ICES WKCFCC report, 2009, Keith
Brander, Ken Drinkwater, Corinna Schrum (Eds.). Submitted to ICES as cooperative
research report.
International conference proceedings.
Wehde, H., F. Schroeder, F. Colijn, U. Callies, S. Reinke, W. Petersen, C. Schrum, A. Plüß, and
D. Mills, 2006. FerryBox observations in the Southern North Sea- Application of numerical
models for improving the significance of the FerryBox data-. In: European Operational
Oceanography: Present and Future, eds. H. Dahlin, N. C. Flemming and S. Petersson.
Proceedings of the 4th EuroGOOS Conference, Brest, France, 6-9 June 2005, 169-173.
Corroboration complementing the publication list
Soon after completion of my PhD, I got the change to develop my own research plans. Starting
from project financed research in the region North Sea & Baltic Sea, I got interested in the
dynamics of the regional coastal systems and its response to varying climate situations. I aimed in
developing a model system which can be used for regional downscaling of global climate change
signals. I aimed in testing the system for hindcasts and worked in cooperation with my first PhD
student Frank Janssen (now leading the operational modelling work in the Bundesamt fuer
Seeschifffahrt and Hydrography in Germany) on validation and assessment of model errors
devloping different metrics. The aim of this work was to allow for error and uncertainty measures
of the regional model system which can be used to assess the models ability to reproduce present
day climate variations. The work was thought as a pre-requisite for regional climate impacts
studies. It is impossible to assess the models performance for projections, but we build on the idea,
that the models ability to reproduce present day climate variations provides a good indication for
its sensitivity and performance to assess future climate change. The validation excercises were
quite successful and we found, that the regional modell could well be used for future climate
assessments, if forced with good boundary data from global climate models. The latter turned out
to be the limiting factor for marine projections, this particularly due to the large inconsistency of
GCM projections with respect to atmospheric dynamics and cloudiness, which are the 2 key
parameter responsible for structering of marine ecosystems (Drinkwater et al., 2008&2009).
More generally, I focused during my research carrier on the understanding of the exchange of
mass, heat and momentum between the different regional climate sub-systems. The highly
dynamic atmospheric-ocean exchanges are strongly modulated by sea ice, and their quantification
and variability on climate time scales for different regimes (e.g. Barents Sea, Baltic Sea, Aral
Sea/Lake) are among my most important research achievements. Modelling of coupled systems
reacting on similar times scales requires imperatively the use of coupled models, available as
standard tools only now. Hence a significant part of the research efforts went into the development
of such coupled models resulting in one of the first regional coupled atmosphere-ocean models
(Schrum et al. 2003), a NPZD-hydrodynamic model (Schrum et al. 2006) and a coupled ground
water-sea model (Alekseeva et al. 2009).
International and interdisciplinary research and cooperation was one element of my research
carrier from beginning on. This was intensified during the last 10 years and I intensified
cooperations with marine biologists and fisheries biologists. In the frame of these collaborations, I
developed, in cooperation with PhD and postdoc researchers, modules for lower trophic level
production and early life stages for fish whish have found a wider user group since than and are
used and further developed at the University of Hamburg, Germany and the DTU Aqua, Denmark.
Together with Ute Daewel and Asbjørn Christensen number of key paper were published or are
under review contributing to resolving early life cycle aspects for a number of key species in the
North Sea. Moreover the ecosystem module ECOSMO, which models 2 phyto- and 2 zooplankton
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ScOcean CORINNA SCHRUM
groups and resolves 3 nutrient cycles. The model is used in a number of interdisciplinary EU
projects, and long-term data sets have been made public to a wider user group. The model is
currently further developed and also used by a number of PhD students within and outside the
group. Research paper introducing the model and discussing the modelled variability in the North
Sea, further research paper, adressing also the ecosystem dynamics in the Baltic Sea are under
development.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 134

METEO MELVIN SHAPIRO
Name: Dr. Melvyn A. Shapiro
Nationality: American
EDUCATION
1969 Ph.D. in Meteorology, Florida State University
1964 M. S. in Meteorology, Florida State University
1962 B.S. in Meteorology, Florida State University
PROFESSIONAL RECORD/ACTIVITIES
Positions
2007-2010 Professor II, University of Bergen
March 1983 - Present Senior Meteorologist, NOAA/Environmental Technology
Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado.
Oct. 1982 - Mar. 1983 Research Associate, Cooperative Institute for Research in
Environmental Sciences. Boulder, Colorado.
Oct. 1981 - Sept. 1982 Private consultant to:
1) University Corporation for Atmospheric Research; mesoscale
meteorology).
2) NASA-Goddard; satellite ozone measurements.
3) NASA-Langley; satellite ozone measurements.
4) NASA-Langley; C02 laser systems.
5) NASA-Lewis; airline flight routing.
Nov. 1977 - Sept. 30, 1981 Director of Stratospheric-Tropospheric Exchange Project,
Atmospheric Chemistry and Aeronomy Division, National Center
for Atmospheric Research (NCAR).
July 1977 Five-year scientific appointment, NCAR.
July 1975 Second three-year scientific appointment, NCAR.
Jan. 1970 - Jan. 1975 Two two-year appointments as senior scientist under Chester
Newton's Synoptic Meteorology Group, NCAR.
Jan. 1969 - Jan. 1970 One-year appointment under Philip Thompson, Advanced Study
Program, NCAR
Aug. 1968 - Dec. 1968 Full-time student research associate under Philip Thompson.
Advanced Study Program, NCAR.
1965, 1966, 1968 Summer student visitor, NCAR
Research Panels and Advisory Positions
2003-Present co-chair THORPEX Science advisory Board
1999 Co-chair, North American THORpex Science Steering Committee
1998 Co-convener with Robert Gall: AMS Symp. on the U.S. Weather Research
Program, Phoenix, AZ.
1998 Organizing Committee, AMS Symp. in honor of the 100' birthday of
Carl-Gustav Rossby, Phoenix, AZ.
1994-97 U.S. Weather Research Program, Scientific Advisory Committee.
1996 Co-convener with Richard Lindzen; AMS/MIT, AGenerations, A Symp. in
honor of the 80 th birthday of Armt Eliassen, Boston, MA.
1994 Co-convener with Sigbjorn Gronas: AMS/Univ. of Bergen, Internal Symp. on
Life Cycles of Extratropical Cyclones, Bergen, Norway. Co-editor of AMS
book on invited papers from this symposium.
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METEO MELVIN SHAPIRO
1981 Member, Organizing Panel for the 1981 JAAMAP Meeting, Hamburg,
Germany, Subsection on Mesoscale Meteorology, I. Orlanski, Organizer.
1979? Advisor, Project GAMETAG: D. Davis, Director (terminated 1979).
1979 Advisor, NARC, Albany, Phill Falconer, Director.
1978 Organizer and Chairman, New Orleans AGU Meeting on Oceanographic
Frontal Zones, Atmospheric Fronts Session, Chris Moore, Conference
Convener.
1979-80 Advisor, NASA Lewis, Robert Steinberg, Project Director.
1980-81 Advisor, NASA Goddard, Arlin Krueger.
1994 Member, Norwegian Academy of Sciences
1998-9 Member, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Committee on Mesoscale Meteorology.
1998-present Member, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Committee on the History of Meteorology.
1997 Core Science Group (CSG), Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track Experiment
(FASTEX), serving member.
Honors and Awards
1971 NCAR Technology Advancement Award (Isentropic objective analysis and
numerical prediction advances)
1977 NCAR Outstanding Publication (Honorable Mention) Award
1981 NCAR Outstanding Publication Award.
1986 ERL Outstanding Publication Award (2)
1987 ERL Outstanding Publication Award
1988 Dept. Commerce Gold Medal
1988 ERL Outstanding Publication Award
1988 Elected AMS Fellow
1989 AMS Jule G. Charney Award
1994 Elected Member, National Academy of Science and Letter of Norway
1995 ERL Outstanding Publication Award
REFEREED PUBLICATIONS
Wernli, H., M.A. Shapiro, and J. Schmidli. Upstream development in idealized baroclinic wave
experiments. Tellus.
Zamora, R.J. M.A. Shapiro, and L.F. Bosart, (2006): The diagnosis of pre-convective mesoscale
atmospheric circulations. Mon. Wea. Rev.
Doyle, J.D., M.A. Shapiro, Q. Jiang, D. Bartells, 2005: Large-amplitude mountain wave breaking
over Greenland, 62, 3106-3126.
Shapiro, M. A., and coauthors, 2007: The socio-economic and environmental benefits of a
revolution in weather, climate and Earth-system analysis and prediction. The Full Picture,
Group on Earth Observations, Tudor Rose, pp 137-139.
Brunet, G., M. A. Shapiro, B. Hoskins, M. Moncrieff, R. Dole, G. N. Kiladis, B. Kirtman, A.
Lorenc, B. Mills, R. Morss, S. Polavarapu, D. Rogers, 2009: Toward a seamless process for
the prediction of weather and climate: the advancement of sub-seasonal to seasonal
prediction. Bull. Amer. Met.,
Meehl, G.A., L. Goddard, J. Murphy, R.J. Stouffer, G. Boer, G. Danabasoglu, K. Dixon, M.A.
Giorgetta, A. Greene, E. Hawkins, G. Hegerl, D. Karoly, N. Keenlyside, M. Kimoto, B.
Kirtman, A. Navarra, R. Pulwarty, D. Smith, D. Stammer, and T. Stockdale, 2009: Decadal
prediction: Can it be skillful? Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc.
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METEO MELVIN SHAPIRO
Moncrieff, M., D. Waliser, M.A. Shapiro, 2009: The mesoscale organization of tropical
convection and its interaction with the global circulation: the Year of Tropical convection
(YOTC). Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., this issue.
Schiermeier, Q, 2009: International Polar Year: In from the cold, 25 February 2009. |Nature 457,
1072-1077, doi:10.1038/4571074a.
Shapiro, M. A. and many coauthors, 2010: An Earth System Prediction initiative for the 21 st
Century. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. In press.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 137

LaScOcean ANDERS SIREVAAG
Name: Anders Sirevaag
Born: 17.07.1976
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: PostDoc, Geophysical Institute, UiB
Academic degrees:
2009: PhD in physical oceanography, UiB
2003: Cand. Scient. in physical oceanography, UiB
Work experience:
2009 - : PostDoc, Geophysical Institute, UiB
2008 – 2009 : Researcher, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
2004 – 2008 : PhD student, Geophysical Institute, UiB
2004 : Research Assistant, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
Fields of interest and present research activities (maximum one page):
My field of interest is high latitude oceanography with special focus on small scale processes and
air-sea-ice interaction. My research is highly based on field experiments, with special emphasize
on deployment of instruments from drifting ice for measurements of turbulence and exchange in
the ocean boundary layer. I have participated in various field experiments annually since 2002,
covering the areas around Svalbard, the central Arctic and the Weddell Sea, Antarctica.
My main scientific interests are:
• Exchange- and melting processes in the marginal ice zone and modifications of the of the
inflow of Atlantic Water to the Arctic
• Exchange processes and role of the upper ocean for the changing ice cover in the central
Arctic
• Ice freezing/melting processes
• Ice export through the Fram Strait
My current research activities include working with data from some recent high Arctic field
experiments, covering both summer and winter seasons, in order to investigate the role of the
upper ocean in the energy balance between the ocean and the atmosphere. I’m also involved in a
project addressing the temporal variability of the ice export through the Fram Strait based on
satellite measurements. My third current project is a newly started cooperation with Max Planck
Institute in Hamburg were we are planning a series of laboratory experiments to investigate ice
freezing processes under the influence of waves and the impacts on the ocean boundary layer.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 75 %
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Have served as a reviewer of papers for Ocean Dynamics and have also reviewed a proposal for
the National Science Foundation, USA
Have authored popular science articles for Klima and for Aka (UiB)
Doctoral students presently under supervision: None
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 138

LaScOcean ANDERS SIREVAAG
Peer-reviewed:
Sirevaag, A., M. G. McPhee, J. H. Morison, W. J. Shaw, and T. P. Stanton (2010). Wintertime
mixed layer measurements at Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C02009,
doi:10.1029/2008JC005141.
Sirevaag, A. and I. Fer (2009). Early Spring Oceanic Heat Fluxes and Mixing Observed from Drift
Stations North of Svalbard. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 3049–3069, doi:
10.1175/2009JPO4172.1
Sirevaag, A. (2009). Turbulent exchange coefficients for the ice/ocean interface in case of rapid
melting, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L04606, doi:10.1029/2008GL036587.
Other papers:
Sirevaag, A (2009). Small-scale dynamics of the under-ice boundary layer. PhD thesis in physical
oceanography, University of Bergen
Sirevaag, A (2007). Til Antarktis for å simulere fremtiden, Aka(31):10-12 (in norwegian).
Fer, I and A. Sirevaag (2008). Indre bølger i Polhavet, Klima, 3, 41-43 (in norwegian)
Corroboration complementing the publication list
The ocean ice cover at high latitudes serves as an important player in moderating the climate
locally and globally by forming an effective barrier between the ocean and the atmosphere and by
moderating water masses directly through melting/freezing processes. Ice/ocean interaction
processes are poorly known due to lack of oceanographic data from the underice boundary layer,
as well as the remoteness of the area of interests. However, over the recent decades,
instrumentation has improved and several experiments have taken advantage of the sea ice as a
very stable platform for conducting measurements in the ocean boundary layer. This has given an
increased understanding of the processes that are at play in ice/ocean interaction in general.
My scientific papers so far have focussed on these processes in areas where the ice/ocean
interaction is intense and of particle importance for the modification of water masses. This is the
case for the area north of Svalbard, where the inflowing Atlantic Water is modified by cooling and
mixing and for the eastern Weddell Sea where mixing and exchange processes in the only
marginally stable upper ocean are important for transfer of heat from the warm deeper layers.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 139

METEO ANNA SJØBLOM
Name: Anders Sirevaag
Born: 17.07.1976
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: PostDoc, Geophysical Institute, UiB
Academic degrees:
2009: PhD in physical oceanography, UiB
2003: Cand. Scient. in physical oceanography, UiB
Work experience:
2009 - PostDoc, Geophysical Institute, UiB
2008 – 2009 Researcher, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
2004 – 2008 PhD student, Geophysical Institute, UiB
2004 Research Assistant, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
Fields of interest and present research activities
My field of interest is high latitude oceanography with special focus on small scale processes and
air-sea-ice interaction. My research is highly based on field experiments, with special emphasize
on deployment of instruments from drifting ice for measurements of turbulence and exchange in
the ocean boundary layer. I have participated in various field experiments annually since 2002,
covering the areas around Svalbard, the central Arctic and the Weddell Sea, Antarctica.
My main scientific interests are:
• Exchange- and melting processes in the marginal ice zone and modifications of the of the
inflow of Atlantic Water to the Arctic
• Exchange processes and role of the upper ocean for the changing ice cover in the central Arctic
• Ice freezing/melting processes
• Ice export through the Fram Strait
My current research activities include working with data from some recent high Arctic field
experiments, covering both summer and winter seasons, in order to investigate the role of the
upper ocean in the energy balance between the ocean and the atmosphere. I’m also involved in a
project addressing the temporal variability of the ice export through the Fram Strait based on
satellite measurements. My third current project is a newly started cooperation with Max Planck
Institute in Hamburg were we are planning a series of laboratory experiments to investigate ice
freezing processes under the influence of waves and the impacts on the ocean boundary layer.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: 75 %
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
• Have served as a reviewer of papers for Ocean Dynamics and have also reviewed a proposal for
the National Science Foundation, USA
• Have authored popular science articles for Klima and for Aka (UiB)
Doctoral students presently under supervision: None
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Peer-reviewed:
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 140

METEO ANNA SJØBLOM
Sirevaag, A., M. G. McPhee, J. H. Morison, W. J. Shaw, and T. P. Stanton (2010). Wintertime
mixed layer measurements at Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C02009,
doi:10.1029/2008JC005141.
Sirevaag, A. and I. Fer (2009). Early Spring Oceanic Heat Fluxes and Mixing Observed from
Drift Stations North of Svalbard. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 3049–3069, doi:
10.1175/2009JPO4172.1
Sirevaag, A. (2009). Turbulent exchange coefficients for the ice/ocean interface in case of rapid
melting, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L04606, doi:10.1029/2008GL036587.
Other papers:
Sirevaag, A (2009). Small-scale dynamics of the under-ice boundary layer. PhD thesis in physical
oceanography, University of Bergen
Sirevaag, A (2007). Til Antarktis for å simulere fremtiden, Aka(31):10-12 (in norwegian).
Fer, I and A. Sirevaag (2008). Indre bølger i Polhavet, Klima, 3, 41-43 (in norwegian)
Corroboration complementing the publication list
The ocean ice cover at high latitudes serves as an important player in moderating the climate
locally and globally by forming an effective barrier between the ocean and the atmosphere and by
moderating water masses directly through melting/freezing processes. Ice/ocean interaction
processes are poorly known due to lack of oceanographic data from the underice boundary layer,
as well as the remoteness of the area of interests. However, over the recent decades,
instrumentation has improved and several experiments have taken advantage of the sea ice as a
very stable platform for conducting measurements in the ocean boundary layer. This has given an
increased understanding of the processes that are at play in ice/ocean interaction in general.
My scientific papers so far have focussed on these processes in areas where the ice/ocean
interaction is intense and of particle importance for the modification of water masses. This is the
case for the area north of Svalbard, where the inflowing Atlantic Water is modified by cooling and
mixing and for the eastern Weddell Sea where mixing and exchange processes in the only
marginally stable upper ocean are important for transfer of heat from the warm deeper layers.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 141

METEO ANNA SJØBLOM
Name: Anna Sjöblom
Born: 31 October 1972
Nationality: Swedish
Present positions: Associate Professor in Meteorology at the Department of Arctic Geophysics,
The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Norway.
Adjunct Associate Professor in Meteorology at the Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen,
Norway.
Academic degrees:
2002: Ph.D. in Meteorology at Uppsala University, Sweden. Thesis: “Turbulent Structure of the
Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer and its Implications for the Inertial Dissipation
Method”. Supervisor: Prof. A. Smedman. Degree awarded within the funding period.
1996: B.Sc. in Physics (Meteorology) at Uppsala University, Sweden. Thesis: “Case studies of
the Bora wind. Numerical simulations in three dimensions”
Work experience:
2005 - : Associate Professor, Meteorology, UNIS, Norway. Department Leader for Arctic
Geophysics June 2005 – December 2006.
2006 - : Adjunct Associate Professor, Meteorology, University of Bergen, Norway.
2004 -2005: Post-Doctoral research fellow, Meteorology, Bjerknes Centre for Climate
Research, Bergen, Norway.
2003: Associate Professor, Meteorology, UNIS, Norway (August-December).
2002 - 2003: Researcher, Wind Energy Meteorology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
1997 - 2002: Ph.D.-student, Uppsala University, Sweden.
Fields of interest and present research activities:
Boundary layer meteorology and turbulence - Arctic meteorology – Air-ice-sea interaction - Local
scale climate - Connection between weather and avalanches - Meteorological measuring
techniques and instruments - Field experiments, including Arctic and marine environments as well
as scientific cruises.
Air-ice-sea interaction in the Arctic: Processes controlling momentum and heat fluxes at the airice-sea
interface, with special emphasis on the atmospheric boundary layer over open water and
sea ice. Other participants: T. Vihma and E. Mäkiranta (Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finland);
T. Kilpeläinen (UNIS). Supervisor for one graduated Master student: E. Mäkiranta
(UNIS/University of Helsinki, Finland, 2008) “Observations of Atmospheric Boundary Layer over
Sea Ice in a Svalbard Fjord”. One scientific paper currently in preparation.
Atmospheric boundary layer and its interaction with snow and sea ice in Svalbard fjords
(BL-SF): ARCFAC (ARCFAC-026129-2009-34) funded project (2009-2010). Investigation of the
atmospheric boundary layer over Svalbard fjords and the interaction with the spring snow melt.
Other participants: J. Jaagus, T. Palo and E. Jakobson (University of Tartu, Estonia); T. Vihma
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METEO ANNA SJØBLOM
and M. Manninen (Finnish Meteorological Institute); T. Kilpeläinen (UNIS). Supervisor for one
graduated Master student: M. Manninen (UNIS/University of Helsinki, 2009): “Structure of the
atmospheric boundary layer in Isfjorden, Svalbard, in late winter 2009”. Two scientific papers
currently in preparation.
Climate change effects on High Arctic mountain slope processes and their impact on traffic
in Svalbard (CRYOSLOPE Svalbard): Three year project (2007-2009) funded by the
Norwegian Research Council (project number 176236/S30). Leader of Work Module 1:
Meteorological monitoring and surface exchange processes. The scientific work continues in 2010.
Other participants: H. Christiansen, M. Eckerstorfer and U. Neumann (UNIS); O. Humlum
(University of Oslo, Norway), K. Stalsberg and L. Rubensdotter (Geological Survey of Norway,
Norway), M. Hallerstig (UNIS/University of Bergen, Norway); S. Vogel (UNIS/University of
Oslo, Norway). Supervisor for one graduated Master student: M. Hallerstig (UNIS/Univeristy of
Bergen, Norway, 2010): “The effect of local weather conditions on avalanche danger in Svalbard”.
One scientific paper currently in preparation.
Local scale metrology: Controls of climate on a local scale, where varying topography and
different surfaces such as tundra, snow, ice, etc. plays a significant role. Supervisor for three
graduated Master students: C. Peterson (UNIS/Uppsala University, Sweden, 2007) “An Analysis
of the Local Weather Around Longyearbyen and an Instrument Comparison”, C. Nilsson (Uppsala
University, Sweden, 2003): “Calculation of turbulent fluxes according to the inertial dissipation
method using data from a specially constructed light weight cup anemometer and a comparison
with the eddy-correlation method”, B. Carlsson (Uppsala University, Sweden, 2003): “Evaluation
of the inertial dissipation method over land”.
Influence of a solar eclipse on the Artic atmospheric boundary layer: Study of the solar
eclipse 1 August 2008 as seen from Longyearbyen, Svalbard. One scientific paper is submitted:
Sjöblom, A., 2010: A solar eclipse seen from the High Arctic during the period of midnight sun:
Effects on the local meteorology, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research:
According to my work contract I have 60% dedicated to research and 40% to teaching and
administration. However, in reality less is spent on research. During my time as department leader
(June 2005 - December 2006), hardly any time could be used for research due to administrative
duties associated with the department leader role, such as attending leader group meetings, writing
departmental reports, representing the department on various meetings and committees etc. In
addition, as a new employee during this period, I also had to organise my teaching and course
responsibilities (course responsibility and/or teaching on: “Polar Meteorology and Climate”,
“Processes in Snow and Ice”, “Polar Atmosphere Chemistry”, “Air-Ice-Sea Interaction”, “Winter
Ecology”, “Arctic Nature Guide” “IPY-field school”). I still have the same teaching
responsibilities, but the actual time spent on research has increased since 2007 and today, about
50% can be dedicated to research.
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Memberships:
� American Meteorological Society
� European Geosciences Union
� Norwegian Meteorological Society
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METEO ANNA SJØBLOM
� Swedish Meteorological Society
Committee work:
2009 -: Member of the national steering committee for the Norwegian Research School in
Climate Dynamics (ResClim, http://www.resclim.no).
2008 - 2009: Member of the committee for new permanent working contracts at UNIS.
2005 - 2006: Member of the leader group at UNIS.
2005 -: Participation in several committees for evaluating and employing new staff at
UNIS.
1999 - 2000: Board member of the Swedish Meteorological Society.
Reviewer of international journals, e.g.:
� Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
� The Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
Reviewer of research applications, e.g.:
� European Centre for Arctic Environmental Research in Ny-Ålesund (ARCFAC V), 2008
EC contract no. 026129.
� Italian Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (Programma Nazionale di Rierche in
Antartide, PNRA).
� Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), United Kingdom.
Examiner on external courses and Master thesis’s:
2008: Master degree for Ragnhild Lundmark Daae, “Long periodic waves in Kongsfjorden”,
2008, University of Bergen, Norway.
2008: Graduate course at the University of Oslo, Norway, “Transport of pollution to the
Arctic”,10 ECTS.
2007: Master degree for Marius Årthun, “Seasonal variation in cross-shelf flow on the West
Spitsbergen slope”, 2007, University of Bergen, Norway.
Selected outreach activities:
2008: Interview about Arctic weather and climate on “Hjärnkontoret”, a scientific TV-program
for children in Sweden.
2007: Invited speaker, Swedish Meteorological Society.
2006: Interview on “Verdt å vite”, a radio program about science in Norway.
2006: Participation in the “open day” at the Svalbard Science Centre.
Several articles and interviews with newspapers from Norway, Sweden, France and Germany.
Academic awards:
2004: Finn Malmgrens Prize (61.000 SEK), Västmanlands-Data Nation, Uppsala, Sweden. For
outstanding Ph.D. thesis and work on experimental boundary layer meteorology.
(http://nyheter.uib.no/?modus=vis_nyhet&id=270404152406)
2003: Gösta Liljequists Award for Polar Research (20.000 SEK), Uppsala University,
Uppsala, Sweden. For outstanding Ph.D. thesis.
Doctoral students presently under supervision:
Tiina Kilpeläinen: Air-Ice-Sea Interaction in the Fjords of Svalbard
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METEO ANNA SJØBLOM
UNIS and University of Bergen, Norway, 2007-2011. Main supervisor: A. Sjöblom; Cosupervisors:
F. Nilsen (UNIS), H. Ólfasson (University of Bergen, Norway and University of
Iceland, Iceland).
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009:
Publications in scientific journals:
1) Kilpeläinen, T., and A. Sjöblom (accepted for publication in 2009): Momentum and sensible
heat exchange in an ice-free Arctic fjord. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 143, 1573-1472,
2010.
2) Ávila-Jiménez, M.L., S.J. Coulson, T. Solhøy and A. Sjöblom, (accepted for publication in
2009): Overwintering of terrestrial Arctic arthropods; the case of the fauna of Svalbard now
and in the future. Polar Research, 29, 127-137, 2010.
Conference proceedings and contributions:
1) Manninen, M., T. Vihma, T. Palo, E. Jakobson, A. Sjöblom, T. Kilpeläinen, J. Jaagus, and M.
Maturilli: Structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over Svalbard fjords in late winter and
spring. DAMOCLES symposium, Brussels, Belgium, 10-12 November, 2009.
2) Humlum, O., H. Christiansen, U. Neumann, M. Eckerstorfer, A. Sjöblom, K. Stalsberg, and
L. Rubensdotter: Monitoring and modelling snow avalanches in Svalbard. Geophysical
Research Abstracts, Vol. 11, EGU2009-9663. EGU General Assembly 2009.
3) Kilpeläinen, T., and A. Sjöblom: Long-term turbulent flux measurements over Arctic fjords in
Svalbard. 18 th AMS Symposium on Boundary Layer and Turbulence. Stockholm, Sweden, 9-
12 June, 2008.
4) Christiansen, H., O. Humlum, K. Stalsberg, A. Sjöblom, and U. Neumann: Cryoslope
Svalbard – climate change effects on high Arctic mountain slope processes and their impact
on traffic in Svalbard. 33 rd International Geological Congress. Oslo, Norway, 6-14 August,
2008a.
5) Sjöblom, A.: Research and Education in Arctic Meteorology at the University Centre in
Svalbard (UNIS). Nordic Meteorological Meeting 2006. Uppsala, Sweden, 7-11 September,
2006.
Reports:
• Sjöblom, A., C. Nilsson, and H. Bergström: A modified inertial dissipation method applied on
light weight cup anemometers. Wind Energy Report WE2005:2, Department of Earth Sciences
– Air and Water Science, Uppsala University, 22 pp, 2005.
Other publications:
1) Christiansen, H. H., J. E. Hansen, U. Neuman, O. Humlum, K. Stalsberg, and A. Sjöblom:
Vintertrafikk på Svalbard krever viten om snøras. Klima, Norsk magasin for klimaforskning,
2008 (1): pp.38-40, 2008b.
2) Christiansen, H.,H., M. Eckerstorfer, U. Neumann, O. Humlum, K. Stalsberg, and A.
Sjöblom: Vintertrafikk på Svalbard krever viten om snøras. IYPE Information. Norsk
Geologisk Forening. 3p, 2008c.
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
During my whole professional career I have been working with experimental meteorology with
special emphasis on atmospheric boundary layers and turbulence over land, the ocean and in
coastal areas. Main focus has been on the exchange processes between the atmospheric boundary
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METEO ANNA SJØBLOM
layer and the surface. Some of the research has initiated cross-disciplinary work outside
geophysics with especially geologists and biologists and work has also been done in co-operation
with the wind energy industry on air-sea interaction.
Global climate models show a large uncertainty in future climate predictions for the Arctic and
weather forecasts are often unreliable here. One reason is that the physical processes in the
atmospheric boundary layer and the exchange processes with the different Arctic surfaces are
poorly described in the numerical models, since the parameterisations are usually developed for
mid-latitude boundary layers. This has much to do with the fact that few measurements have been
taken in the Arctic compared to mid-latitudes due to obvious logistical reasons, and even fewer
have been taken over the sea. Therefore, there is insufficient data to evaluate and improve model
parameterisations, i.e. more measurements from the Arctic are needed!
Oceans cover approximately 70 % of the earth’s surface and the physical processes taking place
over sea differ in many respects from those over land. The obvious difference being that the
surface is mobile due to surface waves and in Arctic areas sea ice also come into play (Sjöblom
2006). The study of air-sea interaction has received a lot of attention during the last years and our
knowledge is increasing fast. Nonetheless, limited research has been undertaken in the Arctic and
especially in coastal areas, where fjord systems often are present. Here, topography plays a
significant role as well as sea ice and glacial melt. In ice-free areas of Arctic fjords, the heat fluxes
between the water and the atmosphere can be extreme during winter. To investigate the
momentum and heat fluxes in an Arctic fjord system, a 30 m tower on the coast line of a large
Arctic fjord in Svalbard was instrumented in January 2008 with one level of turbulence
instruments and four levels of slow-response instruments (wind, temperature, humidity). The
tower has a large section with over water flux footprint and these long-term data of air-ice-sea
interaction in a fjord are unique for the Arctic, where most data series are very short (weeks or
possibly months). The measurements have been running continuously since installation (except for
shorter periods with technical problems) in January 2008 so the data set now consist of over two
years of data. In Kilpeläinen and Sjöblom (2008) and Kilpeläinen and Sjöblom (2009/2010) we
analyse data from the ice-free spring of 2008. The exchange processes of momentum and heat
between the air and the water differ from the processes taking place over the open ocean, mainly
due to topographic effects. In addition, low frequency eddies which cause large cross wind
momentum transfer and upward momentum flux sometimes invalidate conventional stability and
scaling parameters. However, when the wind is blowing along the fjord with at least moderate
strength, the commonly used Monin-Obukhov similarity theory can still be used. In addition, the
exchange processes in other fjords on Svalbard have been investigated in order to understand how
dissimilar fjords affect the exchange processes (Manninen et al. 2009).
Air-sea interaction is not only important for weather and global climate models, it is also an
important research area for the industry, especially within off-shore based wind energy; an
industry that is rapidly increasing. Hence, it is important to understand how the wind field and
turbulence structure over water is different from on land in order to build the most efficient wind
energy installations. Turbulence parameters, which are important for wind energy installations are
usually measured with quite expensive and fragile instruments that are sensitive to flow distortion
and moving platforms. A key issue is therefore to find a way to take these measurements with
relatively cheap instruments and still receive high quality data. In Sjöblom et al. (2005), it was
shown that using the right type of instruments and the right evaluation methods, i.e., light weight
cup anemometers and a modified inertial dissipation method, turbulence parameters can be
obtained with satisfactory results. The study also showed that even if measurements are made over
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METEO ANNA SJØBLOM
relatively shallow water, there is a wave influence on the atmospheric boundary layer which can
not be ignored and which has to be taken into account in the calculations.
In addition to the atmospheric boundary layer over water and sea ice, there are still many unknown
factors in the boundary layer over land as well, especially during the period with polar night,
where boundary layers with strong stable stratification occur commonly.
Most research areas in the Arctic are dependent on weather and physical processes in the
atmospheric boundary layer. One example is the connection between weather and avalanches.
Most of the winter traffic in Svalbard is done with snow mobiles and many of the trafficked winter
tracks go through avalanche prone areas. Since global climate models projects increases in both
temperature and precipitation for Arctic areas it is important to understand how this will affect the
winter roads and thereby the safety of people in the future (Christiansen et al. 2008b, Christiansen
et al. 2008c). In 2007, a cross-disciplinary research project between meteorologists and geologist,
funded by the Research Council of Norway, called CRYOSLOPE-Svalbard (Christensen et al.
2008a) was initiated in order to observe and model slope processes, such as avalanche activity, as
well as how the weather influences these slope processes, both today and in the future (Humlum et
al. 2009). Weekly avalanche inspection rounds have been made in most commonly used winter
tracks around Longyearbyen, as well as the roads in the settlement, for two years. Two weather
stations with profile instruments (wind, temperature and humidity) was installed in spring 2008,
one at an inland site, and one at a more marine location, both with high avalanche activity. The
atmospheric boundary layer has been studied in detail at these two locations, and data is currently
being analysed in order to determine how important the processes in the atmospheric boundary
layer are for avalanche activity and slope processes in general.
Terrestrial ecology is another scientific area that is dependent on weather and atmospheric
boundary layer processes. There are about 1,100 species of terrestrial invertebrates (for example
spiders and insects) known on Svalbard, most of which live and overwinter at the surface or in the
soil. These animals have to survive over nine months of frozen ground and have therefore
developed survival strategies which are often specific for polar areas. With a changing climate it is
uncertain how they will be affected. Therefore a cross-disciplinary cooperation was made between
meteorologists and biologist and in Ávila-Jiménez et al. (2009/2010), we discuss how these
invertebrates will be effected in a changing climate by factors such as warmer winter temperatures,
more frequent freeze-thaw cycles, surface icing, changes in snow fall and lie, pollutant load and
dispersal. This project has resulted in further ongoing collaboration on dispersal of this fauna in
the Arctic.
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ChemOcean INGUNN SKJELVAN
Name: Ingunn Skjelvan
Born: 9 November 1964
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Associate professor II Geophysical Institute, Researcher II UNI-Bjerknes Centre
Academic Degrees
• 1999 PhD, Chemical Oceanography, University of Bergen (UiB), Norway. Thesis: Carbon and
oxygen fluxes in the Nordic Seas. Advisors: Truls Johannessen and Leif G. Anderson
• 1990 MSc, Experimental physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU),
Trondheim, Norway. Thesis: Utvikling av teknikk for måling av uorganisk karbon i sjøvatn (in
Norwegian). Advisor: Reidar Nydal
Work Experience
Positions
• Research scientist at Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR) (since 2004) and associate
professor II at Geophysical institute, University of Bergen (since Fall 2007).
• Post doctoral position at Geophysical institute, UiB (1999-2003). Started the carbon time series
at Ocean Weather Station M in the Norwegian Sea, involved in an iron fertilization project in
the Southern Ocean, EISENEX, and initiated tracer (SF6) measurements at BCCR.
• Department engineer, Centre for Environment and Resources, UiB (1993-1995). Coresponsible
for establishing and developing a laboratory for chemical oceanography.
• Research assistant at NTNU (1992). Experimental work with hydrate formation in water-freon
systems.
• Research assistant at the Norwegian Polar Research Institute and NTNU (1990-91). Developed
analysis method for inorganic carbon content in seawater.
Teaching
• Guest lecturer - Introduction to marine subjects (MNF150), UiB, 1997
• Teaching assistant, undergraduate and graduate classes - Chemical oceanography (GFO250,
GEOF236, GEOF336), UiB, 1998, 2007, 2008.
• Lecturer, undergraduate class - Oceanography (GEOF130), 2008, 2009.
• Coordinator/lecturer, graduate class – Operational oceanography (GEOF231), UiB, 2010.
Fields of interest and present research activities
My scientific interests are connected to the marine carbon cycle, its natural behaviour through
seasonal and interannual variation, and changes in the cycle due to anthropogenic input. Of interest
are processes controlling the variability of the carbon cycle, as well as effects connected to climate
change. Ocean acidification, air-sea gas exchange rates and parameterizations are particularly
interesting topics.
At present, I am primarily working with time series data from Ocean Weather Station M (OWSM)
in the Norwegian Sea; a site where marine and atmospheric data has been collected for years. Data
from this site shows an increasing inorganic carbon content over the years. For the surface water
this increase is connected to an increased atmospheric CO2 concentration.
At present, use of inorganic carbon and alkalinity data are one of very few ways to determine, with
high degree of precision, the ocean acidification in an area. The OWSM time series of these
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ChemOcean INGUNN SKJELVAN
parameters will be used in such calculations in the near future, and hopefully we will be able to
determine how ocean acidification has changed over the years.
A five years continuous series of fCO2 from OWSM contains valuable information about the state
of inorganic carbon, and based on this series processes with different timescales (hours to
interannual) are being examined. Oceanic and atmospheric fCO2 data from OWSM are also used
in cooperation with scientist from the National Oceanographic Centre in Southampton. This
project started in 2005 and the objective is to improve the parameterization of the air-sea fluxes.
Present day CO2 gas transfer coefficients vary with a factor 2. If ocean uptake of CO2 is to be
determined with a high degree of confidence, it is of vital importance to improve the gas transfer
coefficients. OWSM has been a good site for this study since high wind speed regime has been of
particular interest.
In addition, I’m involved in constructing a carbon budget of the Nordic Seas, with the aim of
identifying sinks and sources for carbon, and quantifying the different processes contributing to
the carbon cycle, and this work is about to consolidate in a paper.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research:
About 10% of my time is dedicated to research activities, du to the heavy involvement in
administrative activities, teaching and non-scientific projects;
- participation in science educational EU project CarboSchools, which includes project work with
pupils and teachers at several upper secondary schools in Bergen
- involvment in a NOMA project (NORAD) in Sudan, where the aim is to develop master
programs in chemical and physical oceanography at Red Sea University in Sudan (teaching and
supervising several Sudanese master students are included)
- heavy load of administrative issues connected to the time series (ended Dec 2009)
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
• Member of the European Geophysical Union
• Review of manuscripts for Journal of Marine Systems, Geophysical Research Letters, and
Biogeosciences
• Several events on radio, at television, in newspapers and popular scientific journals during
2009 in connection with termination of weather ship R/V Polarfront and the time series from
the site
• Manager of the Norwegian part of the science educational EU project CarboSchools
Doctoral students presently under supervision
• Co-supervisor of doctoral student Siv Lauvseth (UiB, 2008 - present)
Master students presently under supervision
• Supervisor of master student Salma Salman and Waleed Omer (UiB, 2008 - present)
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
(i) Peer-reviewed
Submitted
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ChemOcean INGUNN SKJELVAN
• Taylor, P.K., M.J. Yelland, R.W. Pascal, B.I. Moat, I. Skjelvan, C.C. Neill, Determining the
Magnitude of the CO2 Flux over the Ocean, Geophysical Research Letters, submitted, 2009.
• Lauvset, S.K., A. Olsen, R. Wanninkhof, T. Takahashi, A.V. Borges, W.J. Cai, I. Skjelvan,
X.A. Padin, F.F. Perez, A.F. Rios, N. Lefevre, Y. Dandonneau, M. Gonzalez Davila, T.
Johannessen, A. Körtzinger, D. Pierrot, J.M. Santana-Casiano, U. Schuster, T. Steinhoff, D.
Wallace, A. Watson, North Atlantic relationships between surface fCO2 and hydrography,
evaluated using fCO2-SST relationships, Deep Sea Res., submitted, 2010.
Published
• Bakker D.C.E., Y. Bozec, P.D. Nightingale, L. Goldson, M-J. Messias, H.J.W. de Baar, M.
Liddicoat, I. Skjelvan, V. Strass, and A.J. Watson, Iron and mixing affect biological carbon
uptake in SOIREE and EisenEx, two Southern Ocean iron fertilization experiments, Deep Sea
Res. I, 52, pp. 1001-1019, 2005
• Drange, H. T.M. Dokken, T. Furevik, R. Gerdes, W. Berger, A. Nesje, K.A. Orvik, Ø.
Skagseth, I. Skjelvan, and S. Østerhus, The Nordic Seas: An overview. In: The Nordic Seas -
An Integrated Perspective (eds.: H. Drange, T. Dokken, T. Furevik, R. Gerdes, and W.
Berger), Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union (AGU), AGU Geophysical
Monograph 158, ISBN 0-87590-423-8, pp. 1-10, 2005.
• Skjelvan, I., A. Olsen, L.G. Anderson, R.G.J. Bellerby, E. Falck, Y. Kasajima, C. Kivimäe, A.
Omar, F. Rey, K.A. Olsson, T. Johannessen, and C. Heinze, A Review of the Inorganic Carbon
Cycle of the Nordic Seas and Barents Sea. In: The Nordic Seas - An integrated perspective
(eds.: H. Drange, T. Dokken, T. Furevik, R. Gerdes, and W. Berger), Washington, DC:
American Geophysical Union (AGU), AGU Geophysical Monograph 158, ISBN 0-87590-423-
8, pp. 157-175, 2005.
• Kasajima, Y., K.A. Olsson, T. Johannessen, M-J. Messias, E. Jeansson, R.G.J. Bellerby, and I.
Skjelvan, A submesoscale coherent eddy in the Greenland Sea in 2003, J. Geophys. Res., 111,
C07013, doi:10.1029/2005JC003130, 2006.
• Skjelvan, I., E. Falck, F. Rey, and S.B. Kringstad, Inorganic carbon time series at Ocean
Weather Station M in the Norwegian Sea, Biogeosciences, 5, pp. 549-560, 2008.
• Findlay, H.S., T. Tyrrell, R.G.J. Bellerby, A. Merico, and I. Skjelvan, Carbon and nutrient
mixed layer dynamics in the Norwegian Sea, Biogeosciences 5, 1395-1410, 2008.
• Brooks, I.M., M.J. Yelland, R.C. Upstill-Goddard, P.D. Nightingale, S. Archer, E. d'Asaro, R.
Beale, C. Beatty, B. Blomquist, A.A. Bloom, B.J. Brooks, J. Cluderay, D. Coles, J. Dacey, M.
DeGrandpre, J. Dixon, W.M. Drennan, J. Gabriele, L. Goldson, N. Hardman-Mountford, M.K.
Hill, M. Horn, P-C. Hsueh, B. Huebert, G. De Leeuw, T.G. Leighton, M. Liddicoat, J.J.N.
Lingard, C. McNeil, J.B. McQuaid, B.I. Moat, G. Moore, C. Neill, S.J. Norris, S. O'Doherty,
R.W. Pascal, J. Prytherch, M. Rebozo, E. Sahlee, M. Salter, U. Schuster, I. Skjelvan, H.
Slagter, M.H. Smith, P.D. Smith, M. Srokosz, J.A. Stephens, P.K. Taylor, M. Telszewski, R.
Walsh, B. Ward, D.K. Woolf, D. Young, and Henk Zemmelink, Physical Exchanges at the
Air–Sea Interface: UK–SOLAS Field Measurements, Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society, 90 (5), 629–644, 2009.
• Olsen, A., R.M. Key, E. Jeansson, E. Falck, J. Olafsson, S. van Heuven, I. Skjelvan, et al.,
Overview of the Nordic Seas CARINA data and salinity measurements, in Earth System
Sciences Data Special Issue: CARINA: A consistent carbon-relevant data base for the Arctic,
Atlantic and Southern Oceans, 1, 25-34, 2009.
(ii) Other
Invited Talks
• Skjelvan, I., Ocean Weather Station Mike - Historical and recent measurements. Bjerknes
Days, Bergen, Norway, May 2006.
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ChemOcean INGUNN SKJELVAN
• Skjelvan, I., Oxygen measurements at the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research. International
meeting at Aanderaa, Bergen, Norway, November 2006.
• Skjelvan, I., Oxygen optode versus Winkler method; experience and improvement. Aanderaa
Data Instrument Workshop, Bergen, Norway, April 2007.
• Skjelvan, I. and A. Volbers, Experience from a Norwegian CarboSchools project. Bjerknes
Get Away, Geilo, Norway, January 2008.
• Skjelvan, I., Ocean Weather Ship Station M. Time-series meeting, La Jolla, CA, USA,
November 2008.
• Skjelvan, I., Education and outreach. EPOCA Training Workshop on The Fundamentals of
carbon biogeochemistry, Bergen, Norway, February 2009.
Selected Conference Presentations
• Skjelvan, I., Ocean Weather Station M – a site for early detection of climate change. Poster,
SOLAS conference, Xiamen, China, March 2007.
• Skjelvan, I., Carbon time series at Ocean Weather StationM, Oral presentation at Polar
Dynamics conference, Bergen, Norway, August 2007.
• Yelland, M.J., R.W. Pascal, P. K. Taylor, B.I. Moat, I. Skjelvan, C.C. Neill, High Wind Air-
Sea Exchanges (HiWASE) – Continuous air-sea flux measurements at Station Mike. Poster,
15 th Conference on Air-Sea Interaction, Portland, Oregon, USA, August 2007.
• Yelland, M.J. , C. Gommenginger, R.W. Pascal, B.I. Moat, K. Bjorheim, I. Skjelvan and C.C.
Neill, Continuous salinity, SST and wave measurements at Station Mike. Poster, ESA Cal/Val
workshop for the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity, Rome, Italy, October 2007.
• Skjelvan, I., Carbon Time Series at Ocean Weather Station M in the Norwegian Sea. Poster,
Bjerknes Days, Bergen, Norway, November 2007.
• Skjelvan, I. and E. Falck, Carbon Time Series at Ocean Weather Station M in the Norwegian
Sea, Poster, AGU meeting, Orlando, USA, March 2008.
• Skjelvan, I. and E. Falck, Carbon time series at Ocean Weather Station M, Poster, EGU
meeting in Vienna, Austria, April 2008.
• Yelland, M.J, N.P. Holliday, I. Skjelvan, S. Østerhus, and T.J. Conway, Continuous
observations from the weather ship Polarfront at station M, Poster, OceanObs meeting,
Venice, Italy, September 2009.
• Skjelvan, I., Ocean Weather Station M - From weather forecast to climate monitoring, Oral
presentation at CARBOOCEAN final meeting, Solstrand, Norway, October 2009.
• Skjelvan, I. and E. Falck, CarboSchools in Bergen, Norway. Poster, CARBOOCEAN final
meeting, Solstrand, Norway, October 2009.
Selected Seminars and Talks
• Skjelvan, I, Ocean Weather Station Mike - What does 5 years of carbon measurements tell
us? Oral presentation, Geophysical Colloquium, Bergen, Norway, December 2006.
• Skjelvan, I., 2008, The Norwegian CarboSchools project. Oral presentation at CarboSchools
Kick-off meeting, Norwick, UK, March 2008.
• Skjelvan, I, and A. Volbers, CarboSchools - European network of schools partnership projects
on climate change research. Oral presentation for students and teachers from Danish Institute
for study abroad, Bergen, Norway, June 2008.
• Skjelvan, I., Essentials of the carbon cycle, and a taste of our research, Oral presentation for
students and teachers from Danish Institute for study abroad, Bergen, Norway, June 2008.
• Skjelvan, I., Den marine karbonsyklusen - treng vi vite noko om den (in Norwegian), Oral
presentation, Fag-pedagogisk dag, Bergen, Norway, February 2009.
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Corroboration complementing the publication list
The carbon content of the ocean is over 40 times that of the atmosphere, which is why the ocean
controls the atmospheric content. In 2005 a review of the Nordic Seas was performed (Skjelvan et
al., 2005), where processes controlling the inorganic carbon content of the sea were thoroughly
discussed, and a simplified carbon budget was proposed. This budget is used as a starting point for
the new budget work mentioned in part I. For the latter budget, seasonal fluctuations and
variability in water transport is taken into consideration, and the work is based upon and dependent
on numerous hydrographic, current, and carbon measurements all over the area. For the carbon
measurements an effort like the CARINA data base (Olsen et al., 2009) has been of vital
importance for the budget work.
The Olsen et al. paper (2009) on the CARINA (CARbon IN the Arctic) data base summarize the
enormous effort put into collecting, controlling, and quality checking data sets collected in the
North Atlantic over the years 1982 to 2006. Such a data base is of invaluable importance for all
who want to focus on carbon related issues in these areas, and it secure research which is possible
to compare when it comes to data quality.
In contrast to the spatial resolution represented by the whole CARINA data base, time series from
a fixed position has the potential to tell a different part of the story. Monthly carbon data from
OWSM has documented how this parameter varies with depth, seasons, and over years (Skjelvan
et al., 2008). Surface water carbon content increases over the years at a higher rate compared to the
atmosphere, and in the future the area might change from being a sink of atmospheric carbon to
become a source. The fact that some ocean areas absorb less atmospheric carbon compared to
previously have been documented by several others, and these changes might be connected to
circulation changes or surface waters with a higher carbon concentration compared with
previously. Also, a slight increase of the deep water carbon content is observed. Parts of this have
anthropogenic origin, and the remaining is connected to change in the deep water circulation in the
Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean.
The ocean absorbs between 30 and 50% of the anthropogenic CO2 released to the atmosphere.
Precise predictions of future climate depend on good knowledge of the process of air-sea gas
exchange, and one important factor in this picture is the gas exchange coefficient. As mentioned,
present parameterisations of the exchange coefficient result in CO2 uptake estimates which vary
with a factor 2. The work to improve the present day air-sea flux parameterization is important for
a future improvement of the CO2 uptake by the ocean. The cooperation has started to give fruits in
form of publications, and more to come.
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CLIMATE ASGEIR SORTEBERG
Name: Asgeir Sorteberg
Born: 06.02.1970
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Associate Professor
Academic degrees:
� 1998: Dr. Scient. meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen. Topic:
Modelling of chemistry and long range transport of air pollution.
� 1994: Cand. Scient. meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen.
� 1992: Cand. Mag. with mathematics, physics and meteorology. University of Bergen .
Work experience:
� 2008-present: Associate Professor Meteorology, Geophysical Institute.
� 2002-2008: Researcher, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR)
� May-Oct 2006: Guest Researcher, International Arctic Research Center (IARC), Univ. of
Fairbanks.
� 1999-2001: Researcher, Research and Development Department, Norwegian
Meteorological Institute (DNMI)
� 1998: Researcher, Department for Integrated Environmental Systems, Norwegian Institute
for Air Research (NILU)
Teaching:
� 2008-present: Geophysical Institute: GEOF120: Meteorology (2009, 2010), GEOF212:
Physical Climatology (2008), GEOF324 - The General Circulation of the Atmosphere
(2009), GDC08-05: Research Methods in Climate and Health (2008, 2010)
� 2002-2007: Guest Lecturer University Center at Svalbard (UNIS). ) and AGF-211:
Air/Ice/Sea Interaction (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007), AGF-213: Polar Meteorology (2000,
2001, 2002). AGF-212: Processes in Snow and Ice (2002). AG-204: The Physical
Geography of Svalbard (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005).
Fields of interest and present research activities
My research interest has mainly focussed on different aspects of the hydrological cycle and the
role of extratropical cyclones in climate variability and extreme weather events.
Climate modelling
From 2002-2006 I was part of the group that worked with the coupled climate model called the
Bergen Climate Model and I was leading the effort to deliver simulations for the IPCC AR4 report
(2007). Up to now I have contributed to 6 peer reviewed papers using results from this model. In
2007 we started to work with a global stretched version of the atmospheric part of the coupled
model and the first results from this were published in 2009. The last year we have also started
activity on modelling of the tropics and subtropics using a regional tropical channel model
covering the tropics and subtropics. In addition, I am working on a stand alone snow and glacier
model and we published some results from this in 2010.
The importance of extratropical cyclones on climate variability
My main interest has been on the variability of extratropical cyclones and the mechanisms behind
the variability in cyclone tracks and intensity. Geographically the focus has been on the North
Atlantic and Arctic region and I have contributed to 7 peer reviewed papers were we perform
cyclone tracking to look at the importance of cyclone variability for different aspects of Arctic
and North Atlantic climate variability. More recently we have started to use a Lagrangian model
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 153

CLIMATE ASGEIR SORTEBERG
for calculating air parcel trajectories in order to investigate the pathways of water vapour in the
atmosphere and one of the aims is to link this to the cyclone variability.
The hydrological cycle and climate change
Since 2007 I have also been active in research related to the subtropics, this work is all linked to
variability and long term changes in the hydrological cycle. Both precipitation and snow/ice
changes. In addition to modelling I have worked on statistical bias correction of GCM output for
use in hydrological modelling and we presented some new methodology for this in a paper in
2009. I have a PhD student working on investigating the pathways of water vapour into Ethiopia
using the above mentioned Lagrangian air parcel model and I hope to further investigate different
aspects of the moisture transport in Asia. The finances for a new PhD have been secured and we
are in the process of choosing a suitable candidate.
I am currently the main supervisor for 4 PhD students (and co-supervisor for 3) and 6 master
students which are all working with different aspects of the above topics.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research:
Officially 50% of the time is dedicated to research, in reality about 40%.
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
2009-2011: Lead author IPCC Special Report “Managing the risks of extreme events and
disasters'”
2004-2007: Member of the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR) leader group.
2004-2007: Leader BCCR research group: Future Climate Change (RG5).
2007: Scientific co-ordinator Nile Basin Research Programme
2005-2007: Board member Norwegian Climate Research Centre for the Arctic and Atlantic
Region (joint Norwegian climate centre consisting of six national institutions).
Review duties since 2005: I have been reviewer for the following international journals: Journal of
Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Journal of Climate, Climate Dynamics, Quarterly
Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Climatic Change and Journal of Marine
Systems.
Presentations since 2005: About 20 invited lectures at international conferences, international
institutions and international summer schools, about 10 presentations at international
conferences and workshops, 30 presentations at project meetings.
Grey literature since 2005: 8 technical reports.
Outreach activities since 2005: 5 popularized articles, 4 interviews for TV, 2 for radio,
participating in around 40 newspaper and magazine stories.
Research grants and contracts
Funding Agency Project Title Period Role
Research Council The Influence of Snow and Ice Changes on Water 2009- Project
Norway
Resources in Himalaya. (http://snowhim.uib.no/) 2011 leader
Norwegian Prog. for Ethiopian Malaria Prediction System. Observations 2007- Module
Development, and modelling of the relationship between climatic 2012 leader
Research, Education variability and malaria in Ethiopia.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 154

CLIMATE ASGEIR SORTEBERG
Research Council
Norway
Research Council
Norway
Research Council
Norway
The University Cooperation
Tibet -
Norway
Norwegian Ministry
of Foreign Affairs
Research Council
Norway
Research Council
Norway
Research Council
Norway
Research Council
Norway
(www.emaps.uib.no)
Polar Climate and Heat Transport.
(http://pocahontas.nersc.no/).
Climate of Norway and Arctic in the 21 st century –
NorClim. (www.norclim.no)
Geohazards, Climatic Change, and Extreme Weather
Events. (www.geoextreme.no)
Environmental Physics in Tibet.
(http://www.hf.uio.no/tibetnorway/)
2007-
2011
2007-
2010
2005-
2009
2007-
2010
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 155
Module
leader
Partner
Module
leader
Partner
Nile Basin Research Programme (http://nile.uib.no/) 2007 Module
leader
Improved forecasting of adverse weather in the Arctic 2007- Module
region – present and future (www.ipy-thorpex.no) 2008 leader
Norwegian Component of the Ecosystem Studies of 2005- Partner
Sub-Arctic Seas (NESSAS).
2008
Effects of North Atlantic Climate Variability On the 2003- Partner
Barents Sea Ecosystem (ECOBE)
2006
2002-2006: Regional Climate development under 2002- Partner
global warming. (http://regclim.met.no/)
2006
Doctoral students presently under supervision
Main superviser
Rooholla Azad - extratropical cyclones
Ellen Viste - moisture transport and precipitation.
Diriba Korecha - mesoscale modelling of rainfall and drought.
Dereje Tesfahun Mengistu - hydrological modelling.
Co-superviser
Iselin Medhaug - Decadal to multidecadal variability in Arctic climate
Gunn Elisabeth Olsen - moisture transport and extreme precipitation
Thorleif Markusen Lunde – physical based modelling of malaria
Selected academic and professional publications
Peer Reviewed Papers
1. Caidong C. and Sorteberg A. (2010). Modelled Mass Balance of a Tibetan Plateau Glacier -
Sensitivity to Climate Change. Accepted J. of Glaciology
2. Azad R. and Sorteberg A. (2009) A diagnosis of warm-core and cold-core extratropical
cyclone development using the Zwack–Okossi equation. Atmospheric Science Letters. Vol. 10,
p 220-225
3. Elshamy M. E., Seierstad I. A., and Sorteberg A. (2009). Impacts of climate change on Blue
Nile flows using bias-corrected GCM scenarios. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., Vol. 13, pp.551-565.
4. Orsolini Y. J. and Sorteberg A. (2009). Projected changes in Arctic summer cyclones under
global warming in the Bergen climate model. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters. Vol.
2, No 1, pp. 62-67.
5. Zhang X., Sorteberg A., Zhang J., Gerdes R. and Comiso J. C. (2008). Recent Radical Shifts of
Atmospheric Circulations and Rapid Changes in Arctic Climate System. Geophysical Res.
Letter , Vol. 35, L22701, doi:10.1029/2008GL035607.

CLIMATE ASGEIR SORTEBERG
6. Smedsrud L. H, Sorteberg A. and Kloster K. (2008). Recent and future changes of the Arctic
sea-ice cover. Geophysical Res. Letter , Vol. 35, L20503, doi:10.1029/2008GL034813.
7. Barstad I., Sorteberg A., Flatøy F. and Deque M. (2008). Precipitation, Temperature and Wind
in Norway - dynamical downscaling of ERA40. Climate Dynamics , DOI 10.1007/s00382-
008-0476-5
8. Sorteberg A. and Walsh J. (2008). Seasonal Cyclone Variability at 70N and its Impact on
Moisture transport into the Arctic. Tellus A, Vol. 60, Issue 3, pages 570-586
9. Kvamstø N. G., Song Y., Seierstad I. A., Sorteberg A. and Stephenson D. B. (2008).
Clustering of cyclones in the ARPEGE general circulation model (2008). Tellus A, Vol. 60,
Issue 3, pages 547-556
10. Mesquita dos Santos M., Kvamstø N. G., Sorteberg A. and Atkinson D. E. (2008).
11. Climatological properties of summertime extra-tropical storm tracks in the Northern
Hemisphere. Tellus A, Vol. 60, Issue 3, pages 557-569.
12. C. Jaedicke, A. Solheim, L. H. Blikra, K. Stalsberg, A. Sorteberg, A. Aaheim, K. Kronholm,
D. Vikhamar-Schuler, K. Isaksen, K. Sletten, K. Kristensen, I. Barstad, C. Melchiorre, Ø. A.
Høydal, and H. Mestl (2008). Spatial and temporal variations of Norwegian geohazards in a
changing climate, the GeoExtreme. Nat. Hazards Earth System Sci., 8, 893-904
13. Sorteberg A., Katsov V., Walsh J. and Palova T. (2007). The Arctic Surface Energy Budget as
Simulated with the IPCC AR4 AOGCMs (2007). Climate Dynamics, DOI: 10.1007/s00382-
006-0222-9
14. Sorteberg, A. and Kvamstø, N. G., (2006). The Effect of Internal Variability om
Antropoghenic Climate Projections (2006). Tellus A, Vol 58, Issue 5 p. 565-574.
15. Sorteberg, A. and Kvingedal B. (2006). Atmospheric forcing on Barents Sea Ice. Journal of
Climate, Vol. 19, No. 19. p. 4772-4784
16. Collins M., Botzet M., Carril A., Drange H., Jouzeau A., Latif M., Otterå O. H., Pohlmann H.,
Sorteberg A., Sutton R. and Terray L. (2006). Interannual to Decadal Climate Predictability: A
multi-Perfect-model-Ensemble Study. Journal of Climate, Vol 19, No. 8 p. 1195-1203.
17. Sorteberg, A., Furevik T., Drange H. and Kvamstø, N.G. (2005). Effects of simulated natural
variability on Arctic temperature projections. Geophysical Research Letter, Vol. 32, L18708,
doi:10.1029/2005GL023404
18. Sorteberg, A., Kvamstø, N.G. and Byrkjedal Ø. (2005) . Wintertime Nordic Seas cyclone
variability and its impact on oceanic volume transport into the Nordic Seas. The Nordic Seas:
An integrated Perspective. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 158. Editor: Drange H.
Official Norwegian Reports (NOU-Reports)
Hanssen-Bauer, I., H. Drange, E.J. Førland, L.A. Roald, K.Y. Børsheim, H. Hisdal, D. Lawrence,
A. Nesje, S. Sandven, A. Sorteberg, S. Sundby, K. Vasskog og B. Ådlandsvik (2009). Klima i
Norge 2100 (translation: Climate in Norway – 2100). Bakgrunnsmateriale til NOU
Klimatilplassing. Norsk klimasenter, pp. 148
Other Scientific Reports and proceedings
See homepage: www.folk.uib.no/gbsag
Corroboration and complements to the publication list
The main part of my research focuses on different aspects of the hydrological cycle and the role of
extratropical cyclones in climate variability and extreme weather events. The research has been
conducted mainly using different types of models ranging from fully coupled global climate
models via atmospheric models to stand alone snow and ice models.
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CLIMATE ASGEIR SORTEBERG
Several members of the climate dynamics group at GFI has a leading position in the development
of the coupled Bergen Climate Model which was the first Nordic coupled global climate model
and one of five European models to provide data to the IPCC AR4. In addition to being an
important part of my scientific work, this development laid the foundation for a joint national
collaboration (Univ. of Bergen, Univ. of Oslo, the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and the
Norwegian Meteorological Office) on the development of a coupled earth system model that will
be used for IPCC AR5 (the NOR-ESM).
In my research I have used the coupled model to investigate the importance of internal natural
variability on climate change projections and the interplay between long term changes due to
anthropogenic forcings and shorter term (decadal to multidecadal) internal variability of the
climate system that may amplify or mask long term changes. Much of the research has focused on
the Arctic as a region which has both large natural variability and a strong response to
anthropogenic forcings through strong feedback mechanisms. My interest in extraptropical
cyclone development is also linked to this as they are main drivers of the poleward transport of
energy and through their influence on the oceanic heat transport through wind forcing. Thus
understanding how extratropical cyclones may respond to anthropogenic forcings is of key
importance in order to do advance the understanding of regional climate changes and variability in
high and mid latitudes. In order to better represent the smaller scale physical and dynamical
aspects of extratropical cyclones development I have together with colleagues at the Bjerknes
Centre for Climate Research worked with a global stretched version of the atmospheric part of the
coupled model as well as on a framework for investigating how different aspects of cyclone
development may change due to anthropogenic forcings. I foresee that much of my future work
will be directed towards more in-depth studies of cyclone formation and intensification.
Development-related research is a declared area of priority of research at the University of Bergen
and I am together with colleagues in the group involved in several research projects and
educational activities related to the hydrological cycle in the tropics and subtropics. My main
focus is on the importance of snow and ice on water availability and investigation into the
variability in atmospheric transport of moisture and its effect on precipitation variability. So far
this research has mainly been confined to the supervision of master and PhD students and being
scientific co-ordinator for the Nile Basin Research Programme. The first paper on aspects of the
subtropical hydrological cycle was published in 2009 and one more is accepted. Of unpublished
material I would emphasis the effort made in the Nile Basin programme in gathering of over 500
stations with records of monthly precipitation for the Nile basin. This will provide a valuable
resource for understanding and documenting precipitation variability in the region. Our group at
GFI has close connections to the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and I closely cooperate
with several of their scientists on a regional atmospheric tropical channel model to be used for
climate downscaling of the IPCC AR5 global models. Thus I expect this part of my research to be
strengthen considerably in the next few years as new projects has recently been initiated and work
together with my PhD students will be published.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 157

CLIMATE DAVID STEPHENSON
Name: David Brian Stephenson
Born: 7 August 1963
Nationality: British
Present appointment: Professor in the Statistical Analysis of Weather and Climate, University of
Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
Education
10/1985 – 08/1988 PhD in theoretical particle physics, University of Edinburgh. Thesis title:
Non-perturbative field theories. (Supervisor: Prof. P. Higgs).
10/1982 – 07/1985 BA (1st Class Honours) in Physics, University of Oxford. Oriel College
Scholar from 1982-1985.
Appointments
04/2007 – present Professor in the Statistical Analysis of Weather and Climate, Director and
founder of the Exeter Climate Systems research centre, Mathematics Research Institute,
University of Exeter, U.K.
06/2004 – present Adjunct Professor at the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University
of Bergen, Norway.
10/2000 – 03/2007 Reader in Statistical Climatology, Department of Meteorology, University
of Reading, U.K.
10/1999 – 09/2000 Lecturer, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, U.K.
08/1998 – 09/1999 European Union fellowship, Department of Probability & Statistics,
University of Toulouse, France.
12/1992 – 07/1998 Visiting Scientist, French National Weather Service (Météo-France),
Toulouse, France.
09/1991 – 11/1992 European Union fellowship, Department of Meteorology, University of
Reading, U.K.
09/1989 – 08/1991 Visiting Scientist, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL),
University of Princeton, U.S.A.
Awards and prizes
� 1997 Citation for Excellence in Refereeing, American Geophysical Union.
� 1995 1st Prize in the Seymour Cray computational science competition, France.
Awarded for innovative development of coupled ocean-atmosphere models.
� 1985 Oriel college prize for outstanding performance in final examinations.
� Professional affiliations
� 1999–present Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society
� 1999–present Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society
Research
My research is targeted on the development of novel statistical methodologies in order to provide
deeper understanding of climate variations and improve the quality of weather and climate
forecasts. I am nationally and internationally renowned for my expertise in three main areas of
statistical climatology: time series analysis of climate modes/regimes, the diagnosis of weather
and climate extreme events, and the verification and calibration of climate forecasts. My research
activities benefit from strong interdisciplinary collaboration with statisticians that I have initiated
and developed over recent years. More information on my current research can be found on the
Exeter Climate Systems website: www.secam.exeter.ac.uk/xcs.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 158

CLIMATE DAVID STEPHENSON
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Committees and expert teams
07/2003 – present Member of the World Meteorological Organisation World Weather
Research Programme Joint Working Group on Forecast Verification.
05/2003 – present Special advisor to the World Meteorological Organisation CLIVAR/CCl
Expert Team on Climate Change Detection, Monitoring, and Indices.
08/2002 – present Member of the World Meteorological Organisation World Climate
Programme Expert Team on Forecast Verification.
08/2000 – present International associate of the Norwegian RegClim regional climate change
programme.
03/2001 – present Corresponding member of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in
Research (NCCR) on climate variability, predictability and climate risks.
Editorial positions
01/2004 – present Editor for the Journal of Climate published by the American
Meteorological Society. This journal is the leading international journal
in climate research having the highest citation impact factor (3.6 in
2003).
11/2002 – present Associate Editor for the Brazilian Journal of Meteorology – an international
journal published by the Brazilian Meteorological Society.
01/2001 – present Associate Editor for Meteorological Applications – a leading weather
impacts journal published by the Royal Meteorological Society
Research grants and contracts
Period Funding agency Title of Project/Grant Amount
10/2004–
09/2009
03/2004–
06/2005
05/2003–
09/2004
11/2002–
10/2004
01/2001–
12/2004
11/2001–
10/2004
03/2000–
02/2003
European Union
6 th Framework
NERC
N/T/S/2003/0012
6
Risk Prediction
Initiative
NERC
N/T/S/2002/0015
4
ENSEMBLES GOCE-CT03-
505539
(with Prof. J. Slingo and R. Sutton
5 PDRA years allocated to me)
Environmental Mathematics and
Statistics discipline-bridging
award (with Prof. I.T. Jolliffe)
Reinsurance-funded project on:
The clustering of North Atlantic
storms
COAPEC user-driven science
project on the use of seasonal
climate forecasts for electricity
demand forecasting
DEFRA Indo-UK programme on impacts
of climate change in India
European Union
5 th Framework
PRUDENCE
00132)
(ENVK2-CT01-
European Union
5
Prediction of Regional scenarios
and Uncertainties for Defining
EuropeaN Climate change risks
and Effects
th Framework
PROMISE (ENVK2-CT99-00022)
PRedictability and variability Of
Monsoons and the agricultural
and hydrological ImpactS of
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 159
£749,666
£9,766
£25,622
£107,162
£8,000
£131,756
£120,000

CLIMATE DAVID STEPHENSON
10/2000–
09/2003
05/2000–
04/2003
10/1997–
04/2001
07/1995–
08/1996
Met Office
climatE change
Full funding for a PhD project:
New approaches for the
evaluation
forecasts
of spatial rainfall
Home Grown Improved decision making in
Cereal AuthoritY management of wheat varieties
European Union
4 th Framework
STOEC (ENV4-CT97-0499)
Storm Track upper Ocean
interaction and its impact on
European Climate
Electricité Seasonal predictability of
de France European climate
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 160
£39,890
£14,352
£73,890
£105,000
These awards amount to £1.38 million of research funding. They have enabled my colleagues and
I to produce internationally acclaimed research. In addition to these projects, I have also initiated
and managed several non-funded international research projects, for example, the World
Meteorological Organisation Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) sub-project on the
North Atlantic Oscillation.
Research staff and PhD students supervised
In 1999, I created the Climate Analysis Group in the Department of Meteorology and have since
successfully developed it into an internationally recognised research group. I have managed the
following post-doctoral scientists/statisticians and PhD students:
Research staff (PDRA) supervised:
Note: ( * ) – indicates funding agency
01/2007 – present Dr Renato Vitolo Clustering of severe storms (Willis Research Fellow)
10/2002 – present Dr Chris Ferro Statistical analysis of extreme events (EU FP5)
11/2001 – 10/2004 Dr Sergio Pezzulli Seasonal forecasting of electricity demand (NERC)
01/2000 – 12/2006 Dr Abdel Hannachi Large-scale modes and regimes (CGAM)
03/2000 – 11/2000 Dr Martina Junge The role of the N. Atlantic ocean (EU FP4)
Senior long-term visitors
03/2004 – present: Prof. I.T. Jolliffe Former Head of the Department of Mathematics and
Statistics, University of Aberdeen. (NERC)
PhD students supervised:
10/2002 – present: Pascal Mailier, Clustering of extra-tropical storms (to submit 10/2005),
NERC COAPEC studentship
10/2001 – present: Matt Sapiano, Trends in global precipitation, (to submit 11/2004), NERC
studentship
10/2001 – present: Caio Coelho, Forecast calibration/combination, (to submit 11/2004),
CNPq funded from Brazil
10/2001 – 10/2004: Timothy Mosedale, North Atlantic Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction,
(awaiting viva) using Simple and Complex Models, NERC COAPEC
studentship
10/2000 – 10/2004: Fotis Panagiotopolous, Recent trends in the Siberian High (awaiting viva),
Joint RETF student with Dept. of Geography
10/2000 – 05/2004: Barbara Casati, New approaches for the verification, (PhD awarded with of
spatial precipitation forecasts only minor revisions), 100% funded by the Met
Office

CLIMATE DAVID STEPHENSON
I have also successfully co-supervised PhD students based at other Universities:
10/2002 – present N. Teeluk, Dept. of Statistical Science, University College London, U.K.
10/1994 – 10/1998 J. Macias, Dept. of Oceanography, University of Paris VI, France.
10/1994 – 10/1998 G. Garric, University of Toulouse, France.
Teaching
Courses taught at the University of Reading
Since 1999, I have convened and taught the following courses:
Years Module Module title Hours
2003 MTMG05 Scientific research communication
skills (MSc/PhD)
9
2001 – 2004 MTMG37 Data analysis for weather and
climate research (MSc/PhD)
18
2000 – 2004 MTMW14 Num. modelling of the atmospheres
and oceans (MSc/PhD)
23
2004 –present MT37C Data analysis for weather and
climate research (BSc)
30
2001 – 2003 MT500 Statistical concepts in
environmental science (BSc)
30
2000 – 2001 MT626 Microscale meteorology (BSc) 20
Note: hours denotes total number of lecture and practical contact hours per year. I have also
participated in the following courses:
1999 – 2002 MTA34 Experiencing the weather (2-day MSc field trip in Dorset)
2000 – 2001 MTA03 Weather and climate issues (MSc/PhD)
I completely redesigned two of the courses so as to be more relevant to atmospheric science
students (MTMG37 and MTMG05). I have created web sites for both these courses that contain
many useful links so that students can get the most benefit out of material available on the
internet. I also wrote up the data analysis course MTMG37 as a 96 page self-contained course
handbook. The notes and the web pages were greatly appreciated by the students. I have been
invited by three major publishers (Oxford University Press, Chapman & Hall, and Wiley & Sons)
to publish the notes as a textbook on environmental statistics.
Invited courses taught overseas
The quality of my teaching is evidenced by invitations to give courses overseas:
27-31/8/2005: Climate Modes in the Anthropocene (accepted), 4th International NCCR Summer
School, Grindelwald, Switzerland.
30-31/5/2005: Bayesian methods for calibration and verification of forecasts (accepted), NATO
Advanced Study Institute school on climate variability, Gallipolli, Italy.
01/2001:Three-day course on global circulation of the atmosphere, 01/2002, European Research
Course on Atmospheres, University of Grenoble, France.
9/2001: One-week course on environmental statistics for climate researchers, Institute of
Geophysics, University of Bergen, Norway.
Media activities
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CLIMATE DAVID STEPHENSON
As media/publicity officer for the Department of Meteorology since October 2000, I have
frequently provided advice and interviews on weather and climate for:
� National television channels (BBC documentaries, Channel 4 News).
� National newspapers (Sunday Telegraph, The Times, The Observer).
� local radio stations (BBC Radio Berkshire)
I have also contributed to public understanding of science outreach activites, for example, in
December 2003 I led a public SciBar debate in Newbury on “Are white Christmas’s a thing of the
past?” organised by the British Association for the Advancement of Science.
As media officer, I have been responsible for instigating and directing the development of
the current Department of Meteorology and School of Mathematics, Meteorology, and Physics
web sites. In my role as member of the Network Information Panel Policy (NIPP) committee, I
have contributed to and helped draft the University of Reading’s Policy for University Web
Information (approved by the committee of Deans 9/7/2002).
My other media achievements have included completely rewriting the Department of
Meteorology’s research brochure, MSc handbook, and Departmental handbook to be more
informative and visually appealing. I also played a key role in redesigning the entrance lobby and
stairwell of the Department of Meteorology in Spring 2004 so as to bring out the exciting visual
content involved in the study of weather and climate.
Scientific publications
My contribution to joint publications below is indicated by the use of asterisks:
*** the principal contribution, ** a major contribution, * a minor contribution.
Articles in press (in 07/2008):
1. Bøe, A.G., Stephenson, D.B. and Dahl, S.O. (2006): Point process methods for the
diagnosis of extreme events in palaeoclimate records: Norwegian mega-floods in the
Holocene, Quaternary Science Reviews (submitted)
2. Baldwin, M.P., D.B. Stephenson, and I.T. Jolliffe (2008): Spatial weighting and iterative
projection methods for EOFs, J. Climate (in press).
Books, chapters in books, reviews of books, and memoranda
1. Stephenson, D.B. (2008): Chapter 1: Definition, diagnosis, and origin of extreme weather
and climate events,In “Climate Extremes and Society”, R. Murnane and H. Diaz (Eds),
Cambridge University Press, 348 pp.
2. Stephenson, D.B. (2008): An Introduction to Probability Forecasting, A. Troccolli et al.
(eds.): Seasonal Climate: Forecasting and Managing Risk, Springer. pp. 93-129.
3. Mason, S.J. and D.B. Stephenson (2008): How do we know whether seasonal climate
forecasts are any good?, A. Troccolli et al. (eds.): Seasonal Climate: Forecasting and
Managing Risk, Springer. pp. 93-129.
4. Jolliffe, I.T. and D.B. Stephenson 2003: “Forecast Verification: A Practitioner’s Guide in
Atmospheric Science” Editors: Wiley and Sons, 240 pp. **
5. Stephenson, D.B., H. Wanner, S. Brönnimann, and J. Luterbacher, 2002: The History of
Scientific Research on the North Atlantic Oscillation. In: The North Atlantic Oscillation,
(J. W. Hurrell, Y. Kushnir, G. Ottersen, M. Visbeck, Eds.), American Geophysical Union
2002, pp. 37-50. ***
6. Coelho, C.A.S., S. Pezzulli, M. Balmaseda, F. J. Doblas-Reyes and D.B. Stephenson,
2004:: Skill of coupled model seasonal forecasts: A Bayesian assessment of ECMWF
ENSO forecasts. ECMWF Technical Memorandum No. 426, 16pp. **
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CLIMATE DAVID STEPHENSON
Refereed publications in international journals (2005-2008)
1. Casati, B., L. J. Wilson, D.B. Stephenson, P. Nurmi, A. Ghelli, M. Pocernich, U. Damrath,
E. E. Ebert, B. G. Brown, S. Mason, (2008): Forecast verification: current status and future
directions, Meteorological Applications, Special Issue: Forecast Verification, Vol. 15, 3-
18. *
2. Coelho, C.A.S., C. A. T. Ferro, D. B. Stephenson, and D. J. Steinskog, 2008: Methods for
Exploring Spatial and Temporal Variability of Extreme Events in Climate Data, Journal of
Climate, Volume 21, Issue 10 (May 2008), pp. 2072–2092. **
3. Stephenson, D.B., B. Casati, C. A. T. Ferro, C. A. Wilson (2008): The extreme
dependency score: a non-vanishing measure for forecasts of rare events, Meteorological
Applications, Special Issue: Forecast Verification, Vol. 15, 41-50. ***
4. Doblas-Reyes, F.J., C. A. S. Coelho, D. B. Stephenson (2008): How much does
simplification of probability forecasts reduce forecast quality? Meteorological
Applications, Special Issue: Forecast Verification, Vol. 15, 155-162. **
5. Jolliffe, I.T. and Stephenson, D.B. (2008): Proper Scores for Probability Forecasts Can
Never Be Equitable, Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 136, No. 4., 1505–1510. ***
6. Kvamsto, N-G., Song, Y., Seierstad, I., Sorteberg, A. and D.B. Stephenson, 2008:
Clustering of cyclones in the ARPEGE general circulation model, Tellus A, Vol. 60, No. 3.
(May 2008), pp. 547-556. *
7. Stephenson, D.B., Coelho, C.A.S. and Jolliffe, I.T. (2008): Two extra components in the
Brier Score Decomposition, Weather and Forecasting, Vol. 23, No. 4., pp. 752–757. ***
8. Cox, P.M., and Stephenson, D.B. (2007): A changing climate for prediction, Science, 317,
pp 208-208 **
9. Challinor, A.J., Wheeler, T.R., Craufurd, P.Q., Ferro, C.A.T. and Stephenson, D.B. (2007):
Adaptation of crops to climate change through genotypic responses to mean and extreme
temperatures, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 119, pp 190-204 *
10. Seierstad, I.A., Stephenson, D.B., and Kvamsto, N.G. (2007): How useful are
teleconnection patterns for explaining variability in extratropical storminess?, Tellus A, 59
(2), pp 170–181 ***
11. Beniston, M., Stephenson, D.B., Christensen, O.B., Ferro, C.A.T., Frei, C., Goyette, S.,
Halsnaes, K., Holt, T., Jylha, K., Koffi, B., Palutikof, J., Scholl, R., Semmler, T. and Woth,
K. (2007): Future extreme events in European climate: an exploration of regional climate
model projections, Climatic Change, 81 (Supplement 1), pp 71-95 ***
Total publications (published and in press): 65
Total single or lead-author publications: 19
Total citations for all papers: more than 500 citations
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LaScOCean SVEIN SUNDBY
Name: Svein Sundby
Born: 24 January 1949
Nationality: Norwegian
Present position: Adjoint professor (20%) at Geophysical institute / Research leader at Institute of
Marine Research
Academic degrees: Cand real. and Dr. philos
Work experience:
Present:
2007- Director for Institute of Marine Research (IMR) Programme on Climate and Fish.
2003- Adjunct Professor at Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen (GFI-UoB)
lecturing physical-biological couplings.
2002- Chief scientist at Bjerknes Centre of Climate Research (BCCR) – A Norwegian
Research Centre of Excellence.
1991- Principal Oceanographer at Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen.
Past:
Programme director for IMR Research Programmes: Fish recruitment and Ocean Climate and the
Mare Cognitum (Norway-GLOBEC) 1990-1998.
Executive Secretary for Collaboration between North-West and Alaska Fisheries Center and
Institute of Marine Research, 1984-1989.
Fields of interest and present research activities
• Ocean climate studies.
• Effects of physical processes and ocean climate fluctuations on marine ecosystems and fish
populations.
• Worked in Arctic and Arcto-boreal ecosystems as well as in upwelling ecosystems in the
Southern Hemisphere.
• Formerly worked on issues related to coastal pollution and aquaculture research.
Indicate portion of time dedicated to research: ~40%
Membership in academic and professional committees, scientific review work including
peer-review, outreach activities, and other professional merits:
Present:
• Member of the Norwegian Governmental Commission on advisory on impacts of climate
change and adaptation strategies for Norway January 2009-
• Member of Norwegian Research Council’s Review Committee on Environmental and
Developmental Research (FRIMUF) July 2007-
• Member ICES Study Group on Recruitment Variability in North Sea Planktivorous Fish 2006-
Past (some selected):
• Vice chairman of GLOBEC SSC 2006-2010.
• Member of the Norwegian Research Council’s Advisory Committee for Global Change, 2004-
2010.
• System leader for EUROCEANS (a European Network of Excellence) System 1 Arctic and the
Nordic Seas, 2004-2009.
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LaScOCean SVEIN SUNDBY
• Project leader for the Norwegian integrated climate project ECOBE (Effects of Climate
Variations on the Barents Sea Ecosystem) (2003-2006) funded by the Norwegian Research
Council, an affiliated with Norway-GLOBEC.
• Member of the IGBP Task Team that developed the IMBER (Integration of Marine
Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Research) Science Plan (2002-2003).
• Member NORAD (Norwegian International Developemental Agency) Steering Committee for
marine science and education programmes in Southern Africa (1995-2003).
• Member of various SCOR committees.
• Chairman of Working Group on Cod and Climate Change (1995-1998).
• Co-convenor of ICES Symposium on Cod and Climate Change (1993).
• Member of ICES Cod and Climate Change Working Group (1992-1994).
• Member of ICES Cod and Climate Change Steering Committee (1991).
• Chairman of Study Group on Cod Stock Fluctuation (Initiation of the Cod and Climate Change
Programme) (1989-1990).
• GLOBEC Scientific Steering Committee (1995-1998) that developed the GLOBEC Science
and Implementation Plan.
• Member of the GLOBEC International Interim Science Committee (1991-1994) that developed
the GLOBEC scientific fundament and ideas.
• Member of the Standing Committee for the OPEN (Ocean Production Enhancement Network
Research) Programme under the Canadian Research Council (1991-1993).
• Member of Committee for Natural Sciences of the Norwegian Research Council (1985-1989).
• Member of the ICES Steering Committee for International Recruitment Programme (IREP)
(1986-1988).
• Member of the ICES Study Group on the Application of aerospace remote sensing in
hydrobiological monitoring (1984).
• Executive Secretary of Norwegian Association of Marine Scientists (1984-86).
Doctoral students presently under supervision
Kyungmi Jung (Fishery biology) Institute of Biology, UoB, From October 2008
Mari Myksvoll (Physical oceanography), Geophysical Institute, UoB, From Jan 2009
Selected academic and professional publications 2005-2009
Peer review publication:
Ito, S-I, Rose, K., Miller, AJ., Drinkwater, K., Brander K., Overland,JE., Sundby, S., Curchitser,
E., Hurrell, JW., and Yamanaki,Y. 2010. Ocean ecosystem responses to future global change
scenarios: a way forward. p. 287-322, Chapter 10 in Marine Ecosystems and Global Change.
Ed. by M Barange, JG Field, RP Harris, EE Hofmann, RI Perry and FE Werner. Oxford
University Press. 412 p.
Drinkwater, K., Hunt, G., Lehodey, P., Lluch-Cota, S., Murphy, EJ., Sakurai, Y., Schwing, F.,
Beaugrand, G. and Sundby, S. 2010. Climate forcing on marine ecosystems. p. 11-39.
Chapter 2 in Marine Ecosystems and Global Change. Ed. by M Barange, JG Field, RP
Harris, EE Hofmann, RI Perry and FE Werner. Oxford University Press. 412 p.
Kuhlbrodt, T., S. Rahmstorf and K. Zickfeld, F. Vikebø, S. Sundby, M. Hofmann, P. M. Link, A.
Bondeau, W. Cramer and C. Jaeger. 2009. An Integrated Assessment of Changes in the
Thermohaline Circulation. Climatic Change. 49 p. DOI 10.1007/s10584-009-9561-y
Fox, C., Harris, R., Sundby,S., Achterberg, E:, Allen JI., Allen, I., Baker, A., Brussard, CPD.,
Buckley, P., Cook, E., Dye, SR. Edwards, M., Fernand, L., Kershaw, P., Metcalfe, J.,
Østerhus, S., Potter, T., Sakshaug, E., Speirs, D., Stenevik, E., St.John, M., Thingstad, F. and
Wilson, B. 2009.Transregional linkages in the northeastern Atlantic – an end-to-end analysis
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LaScOCean SVEIN SUNDBY
of pelagic ecosystems. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 2009, 47, 1-
76.
Stenevik, EK., Sundby, S., and Agnalt, AL. 2008. Buoyancy and vertical distribution of
Norwegian coastal cod (Gadus morhua) eggs from different areas along the coast. ICES
Journal of Marine Science, 65, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsn101
Kristiansen, T., Vikebø, F., Sundby, S., Huse, G., Fiksen, Ø. 2008, Growth of larval cod (Gadus
morhua) in large-scale seasonal and latitudinal environmental gradients, Deep Sea Res. II
(2008), doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.11.011
Sundby, S., and Nakken, O. 2008. Spatial shifts in spawning habitats of Arcto-Norwegian cod
related to multidecadal climate oscillations and climate change. ICES Journal of Marine
Science, 65: doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsn085
Lilly, GR., Wieland,K., Rothschild, BJ., Sundby, S.,Drinkwater, KF., Brander, K., Ottersen, G.,
Carscadden, JE., Stenson, GB.,Chouinard, GA., Swain, DP., Daan, N., Enberg, K., Hammill,
MO., Rosing-Asvid, A., Svedäng, H., Vázquez, A. 2008. Decline and Recovery of Atlantic
Cod (Gadus morhua) Stocks throughout the North Atlantic Resiliency of Gadid Stocks to
Fishing and Climate Change. Alaska Sea Grant College Program. AK-SG-08-01: 39-66.
Sundby, S. and Drinkwater, K. 2007. On the mechanisms behind salinity anomaly signals of the
northern North Atlantic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography DOI 10.1016/j.
pocean.2007.02.002
Vikebø, F, Sundby, S. Ådlandsvik, B, and Otterå, OH. 2007. Impacts of a reduced THC on
transport and growth of Arcto-Norwegian cod. Fisheries Oceanography 16(3): 216-228.
Stenevik, EK, Sundby, S. and Cloete, R. 2007. Diel vertical migration of anchovy (Engraulis
encrasicolus) larvae in northern Benguela. African Journal of Marine Science 29 (1): 127-
136
Stenevik, E.K. and Sundby, S. 2007. Impacts on climate change on commercial fish stocks in
Norwegian waters. Marine Policy 31:19-31.
Svendsen, E., Skogen, M., Budgell, P., Huse, G., Stiansen, JE., Ådlandsvik, B., Vikebø, F.,
Asplin, L., and Sundby, S. 2007. An ecosystem modeling approach to predicting cod
recruitment. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 54: 2810-2821.
Vikebø, F, Sundby, S. Ådlandsvik, B, and Fiksen, Ø. 2005. The combined effect of transport and
temperature on distribution and growth of larvae and pelagic juveniles of Arcto-Norwegian
cod. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62 (7): 1375-1386.
Other papers:
Hanssen-Bauer, I., H. Drange, E.J. Førland, L.A. Roald, K.Y. Børsheim, H. Hisdal, D. Lawrence,
A. Nesje, S. Sandven, A. Sorteberg, S. Sundby, K. Vasskog og B. Ådlandsvik 2009. Klima i
Norge 2100. Bakgrunnsmateriale til NOU Klimatilplassing, (Climate in Norway 2100.
Background report to the Norwegian Committee on Climate Adaptations). Norsk
klimasenter, september 2009, Oslo, 148 s. (In Norwegian).
Sundby, S. 2006. Klimavariasjoner, klimaendringer og virkninger på marine økosystemer.
(Climate variations, climate change and effects on marine ecosystems) Cicerone 4/2006, 37-
39 (In Norwegian).
Drinkwater, K. og Sundby S. 2006. Tapere og vinnere blant atlantiske torskebestander under
klimaendringer (Loosers and winners of Atlantic cod populations under climate change).
Cicerone 5/2006, 28-30 (In Norwegian).
Corroboration complementing the publication list
My work over the recent years has been on impacts of climate variability and climate change on
marine ecosystems in general and particularly on fish populations. Within this area I have been
involved in both observations and modeling. I have also been involved in review articles of this
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LaScOCean SVEIN SUNDBY
topic. In most of the publications the physical oceanography is embedded with ecosystem
research. The exception is the Sundby and Drinkwater (2007) (Progress in Oceanography) and the
Hanssen-Bauer et al (2009) paper which pure physical oceanography papers. In addition to the
publication on impacts of climate on ecosystems I have also some publications on how physical
(small-scale) processes impacts distributions of planktonic organisms and their behavioural
responses to such physical processes (Stenevik et al. 2008; Stenevik et al. 2007; Kristiansen et al.
2008). These publications are those probably most related to the Small-scale Oceanography Group
at Geophysical Institute. However, also several of the climate impact papers have embedded
important aspects of physical small-scale processes like impacts of turbulence on planktonic
feeding and vertical distributions.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 167

ChemOcean JERRY TJIPUTRA
Name: Jerry Tjiputra
Born: 2 March 1979
Nationality: Indonesian
Present position: Postdoc
Academic Degrees
2007: Ph.D. In Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin, USA
Thesis: Regional sensitivity analysis of marine carbon uptake to ecosystem dynamics
2004: M.S. In Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin, USA
Thesis: Assimilation of chlorophyll and nutrient into an adjoint ocean carbon cycle model
2001: B.S. In Computer Science, Missouri State University, USA
Magna Cum Laude
Work Experience
Academic Research
2009-present:Postdoc, University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute, Norway.
Investigate seasonal variability in global carbon cycle
2007-2008: Postdoc, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Norway.
Analyse marine and terrestrial carbon cycle feedbacks using Earth system model
2002-2007: Research Assistant, University of Wisconsin, USA.
Sensitivity analysis and assimilation of global oceanic carbon cycle model
Other
2005-2006: Teaching Assistant, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
“Atmospheric, environment, and society” and “Weather and Climate” courses
2001-2001: Software Engineer, Sprint Telecommunication, Kansas, USA
“Implemented business solution software”
Fall 2001: Instructor, Labette Community College, Kansas, USA
Designed and taught “Introduction to computer information system” course
Fields of interest and present research activities
My past studies focused on analyzing the sensitivity of present oceanic carbon uptake to natural
variability of marine ecosystem dynamics by applying a new approach of inverse modeling. Now,
my research interest has evolved around understanding the complex interactions and associated
feedbacks between the climate and ocean biogeochemical cycles. In doing so, I apply an Earth
system model, in particular the Bergen Earth system model, which development is recently
completed. We are also in a phase of implementing a new more complicated Earth system model.
This project is a collaboration project involving various people from the Bjerknes centre (Mats
Bentsen, Ingo Bethke, Odd Helge Otterå, Karen Assmann, Caroline Roelandt, and Christoph
Heinze), and as well as other institutions (University of Oslo and NCAR).
Presently, I am also involve in the CARBOSEASON project, which plan to systematically validate
the model simulated seasonal variabilities. Here, I collaborate with Are Olsen who has compiled a
large number of oceanic pCO2 observation in the North Atlantic Ocean. Are and I will look
closely whether or not the model simulated modern-day seasonal variability of pCO2 as well as its
governing processes fit reasonably with the observation.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 168

ChemOcean JERRY TJIPUTRA
More than 80% of my time are dedicated to to research activities including model development,
experiment designs, results analysis, and manuscript preparation. The rest of my time are used for
administration and general 'scientific service' activities, such as manuscript reviews, attending
seminars, etc.
Membership and professional activities:
Member of the American Geophysical Union
Manuscripts reviewer for: Biogeosciences and Tellus
Publications 2005-2009
Tjiputra, J. F., K. Assmann, M. Bentsen, I. Bethke, O. H. Otterå , C. Sturm, and C. Heinze (2009,
accepted), Bergen Earth system model (BCM-C): model description and regional climate-carbon
cycle feedback assessment, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 123-141.
Friedrichs, M. A. M., et al. (2009), Assessing the uncertainties of model estimates of primary
productivity in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Journal of Marine Systems, 76, 113-133.
Tjiputra, J. F., and A. M. E. Winguth (2008), Sensitivity of Sea-to-air CO2 flux to ecosystem
parameters from an adjoint model, Biogeosciences, 5, 615-630.
Tjiputra, J. F., D. Polzin, and A. M. E. Winguth (2007), Assimilation of seasonal chlorophyll and
nutrient data into an adjoint three-dimensional ocean carbon cycle model: Sensitivity analysis and
ecosystem parameter optimization, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB1001, doi:10.1029/
2006GB002745.
Corroboration complementing the publication list
The manuscript recently published in the Geoscientific Model Development, which titled 'Bergen
Earth system model (BCM-C): model description and regional climate-carbon cycle feedback
assessment', highlight the recently developed Bergen Earth system model.
The paper is also significant not only for documenting the improvements to the Bergen Climate
Model (BCM), but also validate the capacity of the new model in simulating the large scale
climate-carbon cycle feedbacks as compared to other similar models. The Bergen Earth system
model (BCM-C) is the first coupled climate and global carbon cycle model ever developed in
Norway.
The study further reduce the uncertainties of the expected climate-carbon cycle feedbacks
in the future. Furthermore, different feedback processes acting in different ocean and terrestrial
regions are examined and discussed in the paper. In the future, the BCM-C will participate in
appropriate model inter-comparisons studies with other climate centres. This will improve the
visibility of the University of Bergen to a wider audience.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 169

From the scientific point of view, the study emphasizes the role of oceanic and terrestrial
carbon cycle in controlling future climate forecast. The model reveals that future warming over
land will generally increase the respiration rate of plants, thus release more CO2 to the
atmosphere. Over the ocean, increasing surface temperatures, especially at high latitudes, reduces
the solubility of CO2 gas in seawater and hence slows down the oceanic uptake rate of carbon.
Both of these processes illustrate the decreasing amount of anthropogenic carbon can be taken up
in the future. Therefore, more carbon will remain in the atmosphere and intensify future climate
change. Finally, the study was published online at the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
website (http://www.bjerknes.uib.no/pages.asp?kat=8&id=1844&lang=1) and the University of
Bergen news website (på høyden, http://nyheter.uib.no/?modus=vis_nyhet&id=45851). It was also
picked up by the local newspaper (Bergen Tidende) which is published on Tuesday, March 9,
2010.
Selv evaluation Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen 170

APPENDIX III Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
This document describes the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, its origins and
organisation and serves as a common appendix to the self-­‐evaluation reports from the
individual departments and units participating in the Centre.
April 16, 2010
Eystein Jansen
1. Background and history
The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR, www.bjerknes.uib.no) was
established in 2000 through a formal agreement between the UiB, the NERSC and IMR
(all located in Bergen). The NERSC (www.nersc.no= is a research foundation affiliated
with the UiB that carries out environmental research through modeling and remote
sensing. The IMR (www.imr.no) is a public research institute under the Ministry of
Fisheries and Coastal Affairs and is the main provider of research and management of
marine resources, and the marine environment in Norway. In 2009 Uni Research, UiB´s
Research Company, joined the collaboration as a formal partner.
This joint venture brought together research groups into a formal collaboration
with a common strategy and under the leadership of Prof. Eystein Jansen. The idea was
to cluster existing excellent groups and individuals and research infrastructure in a
synergetic effort towards achieving excellence in research on climate change and the
climate system. An example of this were joint efforts to develop coupled climate models
which resulted in the Bergen Climate Modell, a state-­‐of-­‐the-­‐art, fully coupled global GCM,
later used for the CMIP4 experiments for the IPCCs 4th assesment report.
In 2002 the BCCR was among the 13 proponents (out of 129 proposals across all
disciplines) which were awarded status as a national centre of excellence (CoE) in a peer
review competition organised by the RCN. The CoE scheme would last 10 years, subject
to a midt-­‐term, peer review evaluation to secure the funding of the final 5 years. The
evaluation of the BCCR was very positive, concluding that the centre had become a
success and delivered extraordinary results. The annual CoE support to BCCR is 17 mill
NOK (2,2 mill €).
The scientific merits achieved by the BCCR in such a limited period and the
building up of an outstanding expertise in climate research have recently been
acknowledged by the government of Norway which in its 2010 budget allocated an
annual contribution of 20 mill NOK (2,5 mill €) to further develop a national competence
centre for climate system research in Bergen, based on BCCR and its four partners,
under UiB´s leadership. At the time of writing the final organisational structure is being
drafted with the Ministry of Higher Education and Research.
2. Science objectives
2.1 The present scientific objectives of the BCCR are :
1. Enhance our understanding of the nature, causes and likelihood of rapid climate change
and the role of ocean circulation in abrupt climate changes
2. Understand and predict climate variability in the North Atlantic-Arctic regions
3. Understand key processes that drive climate change of the past, present and future, both
natural climate changes and those originating from human influences
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APPENDIX III Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
3. Organisation
The organisation of the BCCR is shown below. The board consists of the head of the
Bjerknes Centre-­‐UiB Board, and the directors of Uni Research, NERSC and IMR. A
Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) consisting of international scholars assesses the science
and provide strategic recommendations to the Director and the Leader Group
UiB is the host of the BCCR . The UiB and Uni Research scientists are integrated at
the UiB campus, and comprise about 75% of the staff (see figure), publications, outreach
and other activities of the centre.
The Leader Group consists of the Director (Eystein Jansen, UNI) and Vice Director
(Tore Furevik, UIB) and the leaders of BCCR´s Research Groups (RG). The RGs are cross-­‐
institutional and interdsciplinary teams which combine empirical and modelling
expertise in the following topics:
RG1 Past Climate variability –Leader Trond Dokken (UNI Research)
RG2 Present-­‐day climate changes –Leader Svein Østerhus (UNI Research)
RG3 Ocean, sea ice and atmosphere processes – Leader Tor Eldevik (UiB)
RG4 Ocean Carbon Cycle – Leader Christoph Heinze (UiB)
RG5 Future climate and regional effects – Leader Erik Kolstad (UNI Research)
Co-­‐ordinator of climate modeling: Helge Drange (UiB)
4. Development and status in numbers
4.1 Funding
The Bjerknes Centre is funded from three sources:
1. CoE funding from the Research Council
2. In kind contributions from partners
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APPENDIX III Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
3. Research grants and contracts
Specification of funds as of 2009:
In the period 2003 to 2009 the centre has expanded in terms of funding and personnel
as follows:
• Funding: from 62.5 to 89.7 mill NOK. This increase is due to enhanced success in
fund raising (14.5 mill in 2003 to 42 mill NOK in 2009) notably research grants
from the RCN (24mill NOK), European Commission Framework Programmes (10
mill NOK) and private and public sources.
• Personnel (in person years): scientists: 64 to 86; technical and administrative 10
to 16 person-­‐years
4.2 Scientific publications
The annual scientific output in the form of peer reviewed literature has also
increased (see table below). The Centre publishes regularly in high impact journals both
within the disciplines and in general science publications such as Nature and Science. 2-­‐
3 papers are normally published in Science or Nature annually with Bjerknes Centre
authors/co-­‐authors. The publication activity is fairly equally distributed between the
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APPENDIX III Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
research groups, with the activities in Palaeoclimatology (RG 1) being the most active.
For more information, see under headline ”publications”: www.bjerknes.uib.no.
Year
Peer reviewed
papers
2003 61
2004 73
2005 91
2006 72
2007 70
2008 88
2009 91
4.2 Outreach activities
The Bjerknes centre has an extremely active outreach activity which includes
popular science lectures to audiences, outreach towards schools and towards media,
both nationally and internationally. For the last few years we have used a media tracking
system. The number of media items (articles, radio and TV news and documentaries)
with Bjerknes Centre presence is listed in the figure below for 2006-­‐09.
The use of media tracking since 2006 shows the presence of BCCR in the national and
international media (in newspaper, TV, Radio shows and internet media)
Of particular mention is the Centre´s participation in 6 documentaries played on
national and international TV, and the Europe-­‐wide project Carbo-­‐Schools where
secondary school teachers and students in a number of countries meet scientists
engaged in field activities in the investigation of the terrestrial and marine carbon cycles
(see: http://www.carboeurope.org/education/)
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APPENDIX III Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
4.3 Recruitment and research training
The BCCR has a strong international visibility and is able to recruit young talented
scientists and to some extent also merited senior scientists internationally. The Centre is
able to recruit from the foremost research environments in its field. At present there are
22 nationalities among its staff from Europe, America, Africa and Asia.
The centre has emphasised the expansion of research capacity within Earth System
Modelling, in particular modelling of atmospheric dynamics, palaeoclimate and the
carbon cycle. The centre today gathers a modelning community of 30 persons working
with Coupled Earth System Models (ESMs) and with models of intermediate complexity
(EMICs).
The Bjerknes Centre is a central resource in the Norwegian Research School in
Climate Dynamics (ResClim, www.resclim.no). ResClim is funded by RCN in the period
2009-­‐2015, gathers are all major academic and research institutions in climate research
in Norway. ResClim is coordinated by Bjerknes Centre-­‐UiB, hosted by the GFI, UiB
5. Scientific development of the centre
At the outset the centre consisted of groups with a long and solid track record within
terrestrial and marine palaeoclimatology and physical oceanography, in particular in
polar regions. Added to this were newly formed groups integrating competence in ocean
modeling and atmospheric modeling and in chemical oceanography/marine carbon
cycle studies.
5.1 Modeling capacity
The CoE plans focussed on utilising these strengths, while adding more capacity in
modelling across all subdisciplines. Hence, young and experienced scientists have been
recruited in modelling of the coupled physical system, in particular in atmospheric
dynamics which was the weaker part; in modelling the global carbon cycle and
integrating these models into the physical model system, thereby creating an Earth
System Model; and in palaeoclimate modelling using both AOGCMs and EMICs. Due to
these efforts the Centre was one of four European groups to perform CMIP4 model
experiments for the 4th Assessment Report of the IPCC. We also see an increasing
integration of empiral and modelling studies in the publications, and a combination of
model and empirical competence in succesful research proposals from the Centre. The
first results from the 2nd version of the Earth System model with fully interactive C-­‐
cycle modules have been published, and the Bjerknes Centre leads the national project
of developing the next generation of Earth System Model which is now running the
CMIP5 experiments for the next report of the IPCC.
During the past two years the Centre has also formed a group in regional climate
modelling, developing high resolution atmospheric downscaling tools. The group is
growing and has several new projects funded.
5.2 Climate variability and dynamics
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APPENDIX III Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
The Bjerknes Centre comprises leading international groups studying various
aspects of climate variability associated with the northward heat transport in the
Atlantic. Several studies delineating the ocean/atmospheric drivers and dynamics of
ocean circulation towards the Arctic, as well as water mass transformation and deep
water formation and variability have been published in high impact journals. A number
of studies have documented potential predictable aspects of this system, which may
open avenues for research into decadal to multidecadal predictability.
The strong palaeoclimate groups in the Centre has developed novel methods for
reconstructing the past behaviour of glaciers in Scandinavia, wintertime wind-­‐patterns
associated with this variability and the multidecadal to centennial scale varibility of
inflow and outflow in the Nordic Seas as well as studies on low-­‐to-­‐high latitude and
interhemispheric couplings.
Studies of abrupt changes have focussed on the mechanisms of millennial scale
variability in glacials, potential connections to the low latitudes and documented events
of reduction in ocean overturning connected with major freshwater releases to the
Atlantic.
5.3 Carbon Cycle and biogeochemistry
The Bjerknes Centre has built a strong group that integrates observations with
modelling of the carbon cycle. The group has lead the main European research project
on the marine carbon cycle (CarboOcean), has been central in developing the new
generation of autonomous measurement platforms for marine carbon cycle studies, and
quanitified the Atlantic sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide. It has contributed to the
development of the Earth System Model, and has been a major contributor to
international efforts studying ocean acidification due to CO2-­‐invasion both with
experimental studies, open ocean measurements and model tools.
5.4 Laboratory and measurement facilities
The Centre has also funded/co-­‐funded with UiB the development of state-­‐of-­‐the-­‐
art laboratory and mesurement facilities for studies of the marine carbon system and in
palaeoceanography/palaeoclimatology (stable isotope, trace element instruments, and
various core-­‐scanning facilities). Through its integration with the laboratories of the
Geophysics and Earth Science departments at UiB, the centre has access to state-­‐of –the-­‐
art instrumentation, and leads international efforts on collecting data on the global
operation of the marine carbon system. For process studies of ocean/atmosphere/sea
ice interactions there is also available state-­‐of-­‐the-­‐art instrumentation.
5.5 Summary statements
Strengths
The Bjerknes Centre comprises several groups with high international standing. It
is a major player in international research on climate change, climate variability and the
dynamics of the Atlantic-­‐Arctic, but has also key activities in the Southern Ocean. Its
palaeoclimatic activities are very strong and well integrated with the international
communities. The carbon cycle group is one of the major international research
environments on the marine carbon cycle.
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APPENDIX III Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
The Centre is well connected to key international research centres. Besides strong
partnerships with leading US and European groups it is developing interesting ties in
Asia, e.g. the Nansen Zhu Centre at IAP in Beijing, and new intiatives on regional climate
modelling in other Asian countries.
Bjerknes Centre scientists are members of several steering commitees and panels
within programmes of the WCRP and IGBP. The Centre had one co-­‐ordinating lead
author, one lead author and six contributing authors in Working Group 1 of IPCC AR4.
Weaknesses
Lack of co-­‐location: The core groups of the Centre consists of UiB and UniResearch
employees located in joint premises, but in different buildings. This means that key
groups with basis in emprirical research are not co-­‐located with the modeling groups.
This leads to untapped potential and lost synergies. The building quality of the premises
of the centre a clearly under the standard one would expect for an integreted research
centre of this type.
The international networks of the Bjerknes Centre scientists have strengthened
and the emerging new generation of scientists are expanding and building up new
networks. However, the established networks are too dependent on few senior
scientists and the centre´s representation in scientific committees within the WCRP
must be strengthened.
There is a clear need for a more permanent funding base in order to secure long-­‐
term model development, improvement of model code and adaption to new
supercomputing platforms. Too much technical work now rests with the scientists,
which hampers publication of scientific results This problem has been addressed in a
strategic white paper commissioned by the Government and released in 2010 (Klima
21), hence there is hope for improvement.
6. Future perspectives
The CoE ends in 2012, and with the decision of a long-­‐term funding commitment from
the government, the process of defining the new directions of the research community of
the Bjerknes Centre has started.
Directions and special foci that have been identified in this process are
(pending final agreement ):
• Natural and anthropogenic climate change
• Process understanding and uncertainties
• Regionalisation, extremes and thresholds
• Sea level
• Carbon cycle and the marine ecosystem
The support from the government demands somewhat more policy-­‐relevant research
orientation than was the case for the CoE . Yet the core of the actvities will continue to
have an academic orientation, with the ambition of pursuing scientific excellence of the
highest international standards.
7