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Dames & Moore, 1999 - USDA Forest Service

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Constituent<br />

Chromium<br />

Copper<br />

Acute Toxicity Summary<br />

The major acute effect from oral exposure is renal tubular<br />

necrosis. Inhalation of chromate salts results in irritation<br />

and inflammation of nasal mucosa, ulceration, and<br />

perforation of nasal septum.<br />

Inhalation of copper dusts results in symptoms similar to<br />

metal fume fever. Exposure to metal fumes results in<br />

upper respiratory tract irritation, metallic or sweet taste,<br />

metal fume fever, and skin and hair discoloration.<br />

Exposure to dusts and mists of copper salts result in<br />

congestion of nasal mucous membranes, sometimes of the<br />

pharynx, and occasional ulceration and perforation of nasal<br />

septum. Acute copper sulfate poisoning in humans (oral)<br />

is sometimes fatal; symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea,<br />

hypotension, coma, and jaundice.<br />

TABLE 7.1-44 (CONTINUED)<br />

TOXICITY PROFILES FOR INDICATOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES<br />

Chronic Toxicity Summary<br />

Chronic exposure to hexavalent chromium<br />

has resulted in kidney damage in animals and<br />

humans. Inhalation exposures to chromates<br />

in industrial settings have resulted in nasal<br />

membrane inflammation, chronic rhinitis,<br />

laryngitis, and pharyngitis. Exposures to<br />

skin can result in allergic skin reactions in<br />

sensitive individuals. Overall, hexavalent<br />

forms are usually more toxic than trivalent<br />

forms.<br />

Hemolytic anemia occurs after chronic<br />

exposure in some dialysis patients. Sensitive<br />

to individuals with metabolism disorders<br />

(Wilson's disease and Menke's disease).<br />

Cancer Potential<br />

Hexavalent chromium is<br />

considered a known human<br />

carcinogen. Excess lung cancer<br />

has been associated with workers<br />

in the chromate-producing<br />

industry. Chromate salts have<br />

been shown to be carcinogenic in<br />

rats exposed by inhalation in<br />

some studies.<br />

Copper is not known to be<br />

carcinogenic in humans or<br />

laboratory animals.<br />

Other<br />

Trivalent chromium is an essential'<br />

element in human nutrition.<br />

Chromium toxicity is related to<br />

valence state.<br />

Copper is an essential nutrient in<br />

human nutrition. The organoleptic<br />

threshold in water is I to 5 mgll.

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