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Architectural Implementation Pilot, Phase 3 Version: 2.0 Global Drought Monitoring and European Drought Observatory-Water SBA Engineering Report Date: 11/Feb/2011 Drought Monitoring and Water Activities within the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) A. Global Drought Monitoring Service and the Global Drought Community of Practice 1.1 Scope of this document This is an overview and documentation of the drought monitoring service as implemented through the Group on Earth Observations System of Systems (GEOSS) and the European Drought Observatory implementation of advanced semantic search capability through the EuroGEOSS Discovery Broker tools. A key deliverable is the specification of a set of tools that will access information published through a distributed water data infrastructure. The development of the specification of these tools includes: 1) capturing user requirements through expressing the GEO Water Societal Benefit Area users within a “scenario,” that is, who might use the GEO Global Drought Monitoring Service and the types of data and functionality that these users require or expect; 2)Design of a system architecture and the enabling framework for this at the component level; 3) integration of this system architecture within the Global Earth Observation System of System (GEOSS) architecture and its components; and 4) implementation. The development efforts of the GEO Global Drought Monitoring Portal have involved multiple parties, including the Architectural Implementation Pilot (AIP) Water and Drought Working Group, through the GEO Architecture and Data Committee level; the Scientific Officer for Water of the GEO Secretariat (through the Global Drought Monitoring Initiative); drought task activities of the Integrated Global Water Cycle Observations (IGWCO) Community of Practice; Princeton University Land Surface Hydrology Group, USA National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS), the European Drought Observatory, Italian National Research Council, the Joint Research Centre, the University College of London, the Technical University of Vienna, Canadian Group on Earth Observations (CGEO), Argentina Servicio Meteorologico Nacional, Australia Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), and the Australia Bureau of Meteorology. This report is divided into two sections to increase its accessibility. The first section explains why certain portal Information Technology (IT) capabilities (“user requirements”) were selected for implementation and deployment within the global drought monitoring service. The first section deals with development of a web-based, real-time Geographic Information System GIS server with a distributed database federation, used for hydrologic alerts in drought conditions, a prototype global drought early warning system. The second section explains why certain advanced search capabilities (including “semantic” search and discovery)—again, user requirements—were developed for implementation within the European Drought Observatory and the EuroGEOSS discovery broker. These technologies can also be eventually migrated for implementation within the Global Drought Monitoring Portal (GDMP), combining with concurrent semantic components being built within the Global Earth Observation System of System through the Data Integration and Analysis System (DIAS), the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) contribution to GEO, and the EuroGEOSS European Union contribution. Page 8
Architectural Implementation Pilot, Phase 3 Version: 2.0 Global Drought Monitoring and European Drought Observatory-Water SBA Engineering Report Date: 11/Feb/2011 1.2 Importance of Global Drought Monitoring as a Critical Earth Concern and a Prime Activity for GEO Given current concerns with the increasing frequency and magnitude of droughts in many regions of the world, especially in the light of expected climate change, drought monitoring and dissemination of early warning information in a timely fashion is a critical concern. The European Union experienced intense drought and heat waves in 2003, Argentina in 2008/2009, southeast Australia in 2009, while, at the same time, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate projections for the 21 st century suggests an increased frequency of severe droughts in continental USA and Mexico, Mediterranean Basin, parts of northern China, Southern Africa, Australia, and parts of South America. In addition, current agricultural production is being maintained by multiple crop cycles over the course of a single year in India and China, for example, and drought is exhausting secondary supplies of groundwater , as the drought exhausts surface water supplies, creating a dependency upon the groundwater sources needed to maintain these multiple crop cycles. Droughts and famine are inseparable from one another: droughts lower agricultural production. Current agricultural monitoring efforts, such as the European Union (EU) Monitoring of Agricultural Resources with Remote Sensing (MARS Food-Sec), the USA Department of Agriculture (USDA) Foreign Agricultural Service, and the Famine Early Warning System (FEWSNET) have developed methodologies for estimating the impact of drought upon agricultural production, such as the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Water Requirements Satisfaction Index (WRSI)(as renamed Global Water Satisfaction Index by MARS and GeoWRSI by FEWSNET). The MARS convention implies that a WRSI or GWSI of 50 represents a famine condition (actual evapotranspiration of half the plant water requirement). Advances in Land Surface Modeling, as in more sophisticated representation of soil water process, including linkage of groundwater with surface water, is just one way in which new technologies are available to upgrade the more schematic soil water balances incorporated within WRSI. Additional new technologies are coming online with respect to satellite-based soil moisture sensors. Standardization of global meteorological datasets has permitted the running Land Surface Models and distributed hydrological models in near-real-time (NRT). IT infrastructure and informatics methodologies, combined with all these scientific advances, have now created the opportunity to develop a more up-to-date, comprehensive, useful-to-decision making drought monitoring capability. Additional advances in web-based, real-time (RT) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with supporting distributed databases (Wangmutitakul, et. al., 2003; Wang 2005; Chalainanont, et. al. 2007 or web map services in time-critical applications (Zhang and Li 2005; Ozdilik and Seker). The role that GEO plays in this process is to provide a rich collaborative environment, fostering collaboration among the USA, Canada, European Community, Asia, Australia, and South America. 1.3 Identification of Starting Conditions Fostering Drought is not straightforward Page 9
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